References

• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Barratt, E. S. (1959). Anxiety and impulsiveness related to psychomotor efficiency. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 9(3), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1959.9.3.191
   Google Scholar
• Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, P. B. N., Kimhi, S., Fachter, S., Shamai, M., & Canetti, D. (2020). Coping with moral threat: Moral judgment amid war on terror. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(2-3), 231–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002719854209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., Morrow Chad, E., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2016). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the mMoral Injury Events Scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115590855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90. Administration, scoring & procedures manual-I for the (revised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. John Hopkins University.
   Google Scholar
• DiGangi, J. A., Gomez, D., Mendoza, L., Jason, L. A., Keys, C. B., & Koenen, K. C. (2013). Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 728–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohrenwend, B., Yager, T., Wall, M., & Adams, B. (2013). The roles of combat exposure, personal vulnerability, and involvement in harm to civilians or prisoners in Vietnam-war-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(3), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612469355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., Evans, W., & Walser, R. D. (2017). A functional approach to understanding and treating military-related moral injury. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(4), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forkus, S. R., Schick, M. R., Goncharenko, S., Thomas, E. D., Contractor, A. A., & Weiss, N. H. (2021). The moderating role of emotion dysregulation in the relation between potentially morally injurious experiences and alcohol misuse among military veterans. Military Psychology, 33(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2020.1842640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankfurt, S. B., & Coady, A. (2021). Judgments of morality in war: Commentary on Watkins (2020). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1456–1460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankfurt, S., & Frazier, P. (2016). A review of research on moral injury in combat veterans. Military Psychology, 28(5), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gal, R. (1986). A portrait of the Israeli soldier (No. 52). Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gelkopf, M., Berger, R., & Roe, D. (2016). Soldiers perpetrating or witnessing acts of humiliation: A community-based random sample study design. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000154
   Google Scholar
• Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Adult Israeli community norms for the brief symptom inventory (BSI). International Journal of Stress Management, 9, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, B. J., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Litz, B. T., Bryan, C. J., Schmitz, M., Claudia, V., Jessica, W., & Maguen, S. (2019). Moral injury: An integrative review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotional regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gvion, Y., Horresh, N., Levi-Belz, Y., Fischel, T., Treves, I., Weiser, M., Shem, D. H., Orit, S., & Apter, A. (2014). Aggression–impulsivity, mental pain, and communication difficulties in medically serious and medically non-serious suicide attempters. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, N. A., Everson, A. T., Billingsley, M. R., & Miller, M. B. (2022). Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(1), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick, H. C., Kelley, M. L., & Bravo, A. J. (2020). Morally injurious events, moral injury, and suicidality among recent-era veterans: The moderating effects of rumination and mindfulness. Military Behavioral Health, 8(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2019.1669509
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924–936. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.3.924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., Mcgurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa040603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holowka, D. W., Wolf, E. J., Marx, B. P., Foley, K. M., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2012). Associations among personality, combat exposure and wartime atrocities. Psychology of Violence, 2(3), 260–272. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0026903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakšić, N., Brajković, L., Ivezić, E., Topić, R., & Jakovljević, M. (2012). The role of personality traits in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychiatria Danubina, 24(3), 256–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, A. H., Eisen, E., Bolton, E., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2017). Distinguishing war-related PTSD resulting from perpetration-and betrayal-based morally injurious events. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(6), 627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, M. L., Bravo, A. J., Davies, R. L., Hamrick, H. C., Vinci, C., & Redman, J. C. (2019). Moral injury and suicidality among combat-wounded veterans: The moderating effects of social connectedness and self-compassion. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research. Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G., Youssef, N. A., & Pearce, M. (2019). Assessment of moral injury in veterans and active duty military personnel with PTSD: A review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Belz, Y., Dichter, N., & Zerach, G. (2022). Moral injury and suicide ideation among Israeli combat veterans: The contribution of self-forgiveness and perceived social support. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), NP1031–NP1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520920865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Belz, Y., Krispin, O., Galilee, G., Bodner, E., & Apter, A. (2018). Where are they now? Longitudinal follow-up and prognosis of adolescent suicide attempters. Crisis, 39(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Litz, B., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz, B. T., & Kerig, P. K. (2019). Introduction to the special issue on moral injury: Conceptual challenges, methodological issues, and clinical applications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Vogt, D., Hoffmire, C. A., Blosnich, J. R., Bernhard, P. A., Akhtar, F. Z., Cypel, Y. S., & Schneiderman, A. I. (2022). Moral injury and peri-and post-military suicide attempts among post-9/11 veterans. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen, S., Metzler, T., Bosch, J., Marmar, C., Knight, S., & Neylan, T. (2012). Killing in combat may be independently associated with suicidal ideation. Depression and Anxiety, 29(11), 918–923. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, C., Alisic, E., & Jobson, L. (2021). Moral injury and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Traumatology, 27(3), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000287
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M. W. (2003). Personality and the etiology and expression of PTSD: A three-factor model perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(4), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, W. P., Carper, T. L. M., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazarov, A., Fikretoglu, D., Liu, A., Thompson, M., & Zamorski, M. A. (2018). Greater prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in deployed Canadian armed forces personnel at risk for moral injury. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 137(4), 342–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netto, L. R., Pereira, J. L., Nogueira, J. F., Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Santana, R. C., Teles, C. A., Karestan C., K., & Quarantini, L. C. (2016). Impulsivity is relevant for trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in a non-clinical population. Psychiatry Research, 239, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pencea, I., Munoz, A. P., Maples-Keller, J. L., Fiorillo, D., Schultebraucks, K., Galatzer-Levy, I., Rothbaum Barbara, O., Ressler, K. J., Stevens, J. S., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. (2020). Emotion dysregulation is associated with increased prospective risk for chronic PTSD development. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 121, 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rademaker, A. R., van Zuiden, M., Vermetten, E., & Geuze, E. (2011). Type D personality and the development of PTSD symptoms: A prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(2), 299. . https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tortella-Feliu, M., Fullana, M. A., Pérez-Vigil, A., Torres, X., Chamorro, J., Littarelli, S. A., Solanes, A., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Vilar, A., González-Parra, J. A., Andero, R., Reichenberg, A., Mataix-Cols, D., Vieta, E., Fusar-Poli, P., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Stein, M. B., Radua, J., & de la Cruz, L. F. (2019). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zuiden, M., Kavelaars, A., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., Heijnen, C. J., & Geuze, E. (2011). A prospective study on personality and the cortisol awakening response to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to military deployment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(6), 713–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Wisco, B., Marx, B., May, C., Martini, B., Krystal, J., Southwick, S., & Pietrzak, R. (2017). Moral injury in U.S. Combat veterans: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Depression and Anxiety, 34(4), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2018). Moral injury process and its psychological consequences among Israeli combat veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(9), 1526–1544. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2019). Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association between potentially morally injurious events, suicide ideation and behavior among combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 424–436. doi.org/10.1002/jts.22366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2022). Moral injury, PTSD, and complex PTSD among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of self-criticism. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 14(8), 1314–1323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar