References

• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory–II. Published 1996. Accessed August 4, 2023. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi = 10.1037%2Ft00742-000.
   Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., Keane, & T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Veazey, C. H., Buckley, T. C., Freidenberg, B. M., Walsh, J. D., & Keefer, L. (2002). Treatment-related changes in cardiovascular reactivity to trauma cues in motor vehicle accident-related PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 33(3), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80036-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourassa, K. J., Hendrickson, R. C., Reger, G. M., & Norr, A. M. (2021). Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment effects on cardiovascular physiology: A systematic review and agenda for future research. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(2), 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourassa, K. J., Stevens, E. S., Katz, A. C., Rothbaum, B. O., Reger, G. M., & Norr, A. M. (2020). The impact of exposure therapy on resting heart rate and heart rate reactivity among active-duty soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 82(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, W., Pole, N., DePierro, J., Freed, S., & Wallace, D. B. (2013). Heterogeneity of defensive responses after exposure to trauma: Blunted autonomic reactivity in response to startling sounds. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. L., Rhudy, J. L., Pruiksma, K. E., Byrd, P., Williams, A. E., McCabe, K. M., & Bartley, E. J. (2011). Physiological predictors of response to exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy for chronic nightmares in a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 7(6), 622–631. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.1466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, R. L., Kenardy, J., & Sterling, M. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in the context of chronic whiplash. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 28(9), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318243e16b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galovski, T. E., Harik, J. M., Blain, L. M., Elwood, L., Gloth, C., & Fletcher, T. D. (2016). Augmenting cognitive processing therapy to improve sleep impairment in PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. G., Resick, P. A., & Galovski, T. E. (2012). Does physiologic response to loud tones change following cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Abueg, F. R., Manke, F. P., Brennan, J. M., & Stahura, C. (1996). Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maples-Keller, J. L., Rauch, S. A. M., Jovanovic, T., Yasinski, C. W., Goodnight, J. M., Sherrill, A., Black, K., Michopoulos, V., Dunlop, B. W., Rothbaum, B. O., Norrholm, S. D., et al. (2019). Changes in trauma-potentiated startle, skin conductance, and heart rate within prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD in high and low treatment responders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 68, 102147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Forgue, D. F., de Jong, J. B., & Claiborn, J. M. (1987). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(11), 970–975. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800230050009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pole, N. (2007). The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 725–746. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe, S., Dörfel, D., Zöllner, T., Maercker, A., & Karl, A. (2006). Cardiovascular correlates of motor vehicle accident related posttraumatic stress disorder and its successful treatment. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(4), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-006-9027-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., Uhlmansiek, M. O., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2017). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sack, M., Cillien, M., & Hopper, J. W. (2012). Acute dissociation and cardiac reactivity to script-driven imagery in trauma-related disorders. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), 17419. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17419
   Google Scholar
• Schumm, J. A., Dickstein, B. D., Walter, K. H., Owens, G. P., & Chard, K. M. (2015). Changes in posttraumatic cognitions predict changes in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangelin, B. C., & Tuerk, P. W. (2015). Taking the pulse of prolonged exposure therapy: Physiological reactivity to trauma imagery as an objective measure of treatment response. Depression and Anxiety, 32(12), 927–934. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, L. L., LoSavio, S. T., Calhoun, P., Resick, P. A., Sherwood, A., Coffman, C. J., Kirby, A. C., Beaver, T. A., Dennis, M. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2023). Effect of cognitive processing therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk in posttraumatic stress disorder patients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 170, 111351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M., Mady, N., & Linnaranta, O. (2021). Utility of psychophysiological metrics in guiding treatment of trauma symptoms: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 31(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2021.01.004
   Google Scholar