References

• Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A., & Figley, C. R. (2006). Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulay, M., Storey, J. D., & Sood, S. (2002). Indirect exposure to a family planning mass media campaign in Nepal. Journal of Health Communication, 7(5), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730290001774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerny, B. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1201_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, T.-S., & Hsiao, W.-H. (2013). Factors influencing intentions to use social recommender systems: A social exchange perspective. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(5), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, M., Xue, D., Liu, T., Yang, H., & Hall, B. J. (2020). Media use and acute psychological outcomes during COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, J. W., Mitomo, H., Otsuka, T., & Jeon, S. Y. (2016). Cultivation effects of mass and social media on perceptions and behavioural intentions in post-disaster recovery–the case of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Telematics and Informatics, 33(3), 753–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinese airliner carrying 132 people crashes. THE HILL. Retrieved February 18, 2023, from https://thehill.com/policy/international/china/598993-chinese-airliner-carrying-132-people-crashes/.
   Google Scholar
• Coviello, L., Sohn, Y., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Franceschetti, M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLoS One, 9(3), e90315. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, T., Liang, C., & He, X. (2017). Social media and internet public events. Telematics and Informatics, 34(3), 726–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong, H. T., Nguyen, L. T. V., Julian McFarlane, S., Nguyen, H. T., & Nguyen, K. T. (2023). Preventing the COVID-19 outbreak in Vietnam: Social media campaign exposure and the role of interpersonal communication. Health Communication, 38(2), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1953729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, A., Audet, B., & Waknine, E. (2014). Witnessing images of extreme violence: A psychological study of journalists in the newsroom. JRSM Open, 5 (8), 2054270414533323. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054270414533323
   Google Scholar
• Goff, B. S. N., & Smith, D. B. (2005). Systemic traumatic stress: The couple adaptation to traumatic stress model. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 31(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01552.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F. Jr, Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. Journal of Geological Education, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-39.5.393
   Google Scholar
• Hall, B. J., Xiong, Y. X., Yip, P. S., Lao, C. K., Shi, W., Sou, E. K., Chang, K., Wang, L., & Lam, A. I. (2019). The association between disaster exposure and media use on post-traumatic stress disorder following Typhoon Hato in Macao, China. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1558709. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1558709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2014). Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316265110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, T. L., & Schutte, N. S. (2017). Psychological outcomes in reaction to media exposure to disasters and large-scale violence: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isobel, S., & Thomas, M. (2022). Vicarious trauma and nursing: An integrative review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellermann, N. P. (2001). Transmission of Holocaust trauma-An integrative view. Psychiatry, 64(3), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.64.3.256.18464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., Bi, J., Zhan, G., Xu, X., & Wang, L. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 916–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, X., Spence, P. R., & Lachlan, K. A. (2016). Social media and credibility indicators: The effect of influence cues. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisa Mccann, I., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490030110
   Google Scholar
• Liu, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Media exposure and anxiety during COVID-19: The mediation effect of media vicarious traumatization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, P., Wang, C., Guo, F., & Luo, L. (2021). Factors affecting individual online rumor sharing behavior in the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers in Human Behavior, 125, 106968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahamid, F. A., & Berte, D. Z. (2020). Portrayals of violence and at-risk populations: Symptoms of trauma in adolescents with high utilization of social media. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(4), 980–992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9999-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitova, E., Blassnig, S., Strikovic, E., Urman, A., Hannak, A., de Vreese, C. H., & Esser, F. (2022). News recommender systems: A programmatic research review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2022.2142149
   Google Scholar
• Nechushtai, E., & Lewis, S. C. (2019). What kind of news gatekeepers do we want machines to be? Filter bubbles, fragmentation, and the normative dimensions of algorithmic recommendations. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, C., Eason, M., & Kinghorn, G. (2019). Incidence of vicarious trauma in correctional health and forensic mental health staff in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 15(3), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, O., Agrawal, M., & Rao, H. R. (2013). Community intelligence and social media services: A rumor theoretic analysis of tweets during social crises. MIS Quarterly, 37, 407–426. https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2013/37.2.05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• One black box found at crash site, transferred for decoding. Global Times. Retrieved January 7, 2023, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202203/1256654.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk, R., Bergman, Y. S., Schiff, M., Goldberg, A., Cohen, A., Leshem, B., Jubran, H., Worku-Mengisto, W., Berkowitz, R., & Benbenishty, R. (2021). COVID-19 related difficulties and perceived coping among university and college students: The moderating role of media-related exposure and stress. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1929029. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1929029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, L., Zhang, W., Wang, X., & Liang, S. (2019). Moderating effects of time pressure on the relationship between perceived value and purchase intention in social E-commerce sales promotion: Considering the impact of product involvement. Information & Management, 56(2), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, Y., & Men, L. R. (2019). Exploring negative peer communication of companies on social media and its impact on organization-public relationships. Public Relations Review, 45(4), 101795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.05.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, R., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Guo, Z., Wu, D., Wang, W., & Zhu, X. (2022). The relationship between public mentality category characteristics and empathy ability in emergencies. Advances in Psychology, 12(11), 3767–3776. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2022.1211456
   Google Scholar
• Ricci, F., Rokach, L., & Shapira, B. (2015). Shapira B. Recommender systems handbook. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Seo, M. (2021). Amplifying panic and facilitating prevention: Multifaceted effects of traditional and social media use during the 2015 MERS crisis in South Korea. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 98(1), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019857693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., Andersen, J. P., Poulin, M., McIntosh, D. N., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2013). Mental-and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq War. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1623–1634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612460406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, H. A., & Hamill, C. (2007). Does vicarious traumatisation affect oncology nurses? A literature review. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 11(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2007.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L. E., Bernal, D. R., Schwartz, B. S., Whitt, C. L., Christman, S. T., Donnelly, S., Wheatley, A., Guillaume, C., Nicolas, G., & Kish, J. (2014). Coping with vicarious trauma in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 42(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2014.00040.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spialek, M. L., Houston, J. B., & Worley, K. C. (2019). Disaster communication, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth following Hurricane Matthew. Journal of Health Communication, 24(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1574319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullender, R. S. (2010). Vicarious grieving and the media. Pastoral Psychology, 59(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-009-0227-5
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, L., Rowe, S., Hammerton, G., & Billings, J. (2022). The contribution of organisational factors to vicarious trauma in mental health professionals: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2022278. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.2022278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. R., Jones, N. M., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2019). Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress. Science Advances, 5(4), eaav3502. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull, M., Watson, B., Jin, Y., Lok, B., & Sanderson, A. (2020). Vicarious trauma, social media and recovery in Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrklevski, L. P., & Franklin, J. (2008). Vicarious trauma: The impact on solicitors of exposure to traumatic material. Traumatology, 14(1), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765607309961
   Google Scholar
• What is Vicarious Trauma? Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://ovc.ojp.gov/program/vtt/what-is-vicarious-trauma.
   Google Scholar
• Wineburg, S., & Mcgrew, S. (2016). Evaluating information: The cornerstone of civic online reasoning. 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2023 from http://purl.stanford.edu/fv751yt5934.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J., & Liu, C. (2021). Infodemic vs. pandemic factors associated to public anxiety in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 723648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.723648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. (2016). Effects of popularity-based news recommendations (“most-viewed”) on users’ exposure to online news. Media Psychology, 19(2), 243–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2015.1006333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn, S., & Shin, W. (2019). Teens’ responses to Facebook newsfeed advertising: The effects of cognitive appraisal and social influence on privacy concerns and coping strategies. Telematics and Informatics, 38, 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z., Xu, S., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Li, G., Miao, J., Zhang, C., Yang, Y., & Sun, W. (2020). COVID-19 in Wuhan: Sociodemographic characteristics and hospital support measures associated with the immediate psychological impact on healthcare workers. SSRN Electronic Journal, 24, 100443. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3578747
   Google Scholar