Effect of reprocessing on the service life properties of glass fiber-reinforced in-house polypropylene waste composites

References

• Meran C, Ozturk O, Yuksel M. Examination of the possibility of recycling and utilizing recycled polyethylene and polypropylene. Mater. Des. 2008;29(3):701–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F. Handbook of plastics recycling (F La Mantia, editor). Shrewsbury (UK): Rapra Technology: 2004. p. 441.
   Google Scholar
• Etcheverry M, Barbosa SE. Glass fiber reinforced polypropylene mechanical properties enhancement by adhesion improvement. Materials (Basel). 2012;5(6):1084–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrentino L, Simeoli G, Iannace S, et al. Mechanical performance optimization through interface strength gradation in PP/glass fibre reinforced composites. Compos. Part B: Eng. 2015;76:201–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AK, Bedi R, Kaith BS. Composite materials based on recycled polyethylene terephthalate and their properties – a comprehensive review. Compos. Part B: Eng. 2021;219:108928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achukwu EO, Dauda BM, Ishiaku US. Mechanical properties of plied cotton fabric-coated unsaturated polyester composites: effects of alkali treatments. Inter. BJAST. 2015;11(4):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Achukwu EO, Odey JO, Owen MM, et al. Physical and mechanical properties of flamboyant (delonix regia) pod filled polyester composites. Heliyon. 2022;8(1):e08724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen MM, Achukwu EO, Hazizan AM, et al. Characterization of recycled and virgin polyethylene terephthalate composites reinforced with modified kenaf fibers for automotive application. Polym. Compos. 2022;43(11):7724–7738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megan. 2020. Home Dynalon. Available from: https://www.dynalon.com/PublicStore/; https://citizensustainable.com/Fiberglass/#:∼:text=There%20are%20also%20concerns%20about,production%20to%20minimize%20air%20pollution. (Accessed: 12 Aug. 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Alfonso J, Valencia C, Sánchez M, et al. Rheological modification of lubricating greases with recycled polymers from different plastics waste. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009;48(8):4136–4144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaeian I, Jafari SH, Zahedi P, et al. An investigation on the rheology, morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) reinforced with modified short glass fibers. Polym. Compos. 2009;30(7):993–999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Addiego F, Bahlouli N, et al. Analysis of thermomechanical reprocessing effects on polyethylene/ethylene octane copolymer blends. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2012;97(8):1475–1484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Addiego F, Bahlouli N, et al. Impact response of recycled polypropylene-based composites under wide range of temperature: effect of filler content and recycling. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014;95:89–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu F, Guo J, Zhang W, et al. From waste plastics to industrial raw materials: a life cycle assessment of mechanical plastic recycling practice based on a real-world case study. Sci Total Environ. 2017;601–602:1192–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe H. Thermal degradation of environmentally degradable poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)s. Macromol Biosci. 2006;6(7):469–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbelaiz A, Fernández B, Ramos JA, et al. Mechanical properties of short flax fibre bundle/polypropylene composites: influence of matrix/fibre modification, fibre content, water uptake and recycling. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005;65(10):1582–1592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourmaud A, Le Duigou A, Baley C. What is the technical and environmental interest in reusing a recycled polypropylene–hemp fibre composite? Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2011;96(10):1732–1739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srebrenkoska V, Gaceva GB, Avella M, et al. Recycling of polypropylene-based eco-composites. Polym. Int. 2008;57(11):1252–1257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg MDH, Pickering KL. Recycling and its effects on the physical and mechanical properties of wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. KEM. 2007;334–335:497–500.
   Google Scholar
• Bourmaud A, Baley C. Investigations on the recycling of hemp and sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2007;92(6):1034–1045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabi MT, Behravesh AH, Shahi P, et al. Reprocessing of extruded wood-plastic composites; mechanical properties. J Biobas Mater Bioenerg. 2012;6(2):221–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahi P, Behravesh AH, Daryabari SY, et al. Experimental investigation on reprocessing of extruded wood flour/HDPE composites. Polym Compos. 2012;33(5):753–763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg MDH, Pickering KL. Reprocessing of wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Part I: effects on physical and mechanical properties. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2008;39(7):1091–1100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafiq MA, Saleem B, Ajmal M, et al. Effect of glass fibers reinforced polypropylene. J. Fac. Eng. Technol. 2012;19:125–134.
   Google Scholar
• Nadali E, Layeghi M, Ebrahimi G, et al. Effects of multiple extrusions on structure-property performance of natural fiber high-density polyethylene biocomposites. Mat. Res. 2018;21(2):e20170301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D638-14. Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E384-2003. Standard test methods for determining the vickers hardness of materials. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D790-2008. Standard test methods for determining the flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D256-10e1. Standard test methods for determining the izod pendulum impact resistance of plastics. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 1900.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E1252-98. Practice for general techniques for qualitative and quantitative infrared analysis. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D1238-13. Standard test method for melt flow rates of thermoplastics by extrusion plastometer. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E1131-08. Standard test method for compositional analysis by thermogravimetry. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM E986-04. Standard practice for scanning electron microscope beam size characterization. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson AR, Even D, Warnes JM, et al. The effect of reprocessing on the mechanical properties of polypropylene reinforced with wood pulp, flax or glass fibre. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2014;61:258–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morán J, Alvarez V, Petrucci R, et al. Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites based on natural fibers subjected to multiple extrusion cycles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007;103(1):228–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migneault S, Koubaa A, Erchiqui F, et al. Effect of fiber length on processing and properties of extruded wood-fiber/HDPE composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008;110(2):1085–1092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro R, Torre L, Kenny JM, et al. Thermal degradation of recycled polypropylene toughened with elastomers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003;82(2):279–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achukwu EO, Isma’il FD, Owen MM, et al. Influence of reprocessing cycles on the mechanical and morphological properties of recycled polypropylene. In Proc. Materials Science and Technology Society of Nigeria, 2020. 1, 91–99. Organized by Materials Science and Technology Society of Nigeria, 8–10 December 2020, OAU ILE-IFE, Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Jansson A, Möller K, Gevert T. Degradation of post-consumer polypropylene materials exposed to simulated recycling—mechanical properties. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2003;82(1):37–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlouli N, Pessey D, Raveyre C, et al. Recycling effects on the rheological and thermomechanical properties of polypropylene-based composites. Mater. Des. 2012;33:451–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colucci G, Simon H, Roncato D, et al. Effect of recycling on polypropylene composites reinforced with glass fibers. J. Thermoplas. Compos. Mater. 2017;30(5):707–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mofokeng TG, Ojijo V, Ray SS. The influence of blend ratio on the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PP/LDPE blends. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2016;301(10):1191–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmizadeh E, Tzoganakis C, Mekonnen TH. Degradation behavior of polypropylene during reprocessing and its biocomposites: thermal and oxidative degradation kinetics. Polymers. 2020;12(8):1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touati N, Kaci M, Bruzaud S, et al. The effects of reprocessing cycles on the structure and properties of isotactic polypropylene/cloisite 15A nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2011;96(6):1064–1073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achukwu EO, Owen MM, Danladi A, et al. Effect of glass fiber loading and reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of isotactic polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2023;140(10):e53588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertini F, Canetti M, Audisio G, et al. Characterization and thermal degradation of polypropylene–montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006;91(3):600–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik P, Kar KK. Kinetics of thermal degradation and estimation of lifetime for polypropylene particles: effects of particle size. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2008;93(1):24–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik P, Kar KK. Thermal degradation kinetics and estimation of lifetime of polyethylene particles: effects of particle size. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2009;113(2–3):953–961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dintcheva NT, Al-Malaika S, La Mantia FP. Effect of extrusion and photo-oxidation on polyethylene/clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2009;94(9):1571–1588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aumnate C, Rudolph N, Sarmadi M. Recycling of polypropylene/polyethylene blends: effect of chain structure on the crystallization behaviors. Polymers. 2019;11(9):1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo EAF, Visconte LLY, da Silva ALN, et al. Effect of clay amount and reprocessing cycles on thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of polypropylene/organovermiculite nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci. 2019;59(10):2110–2120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes AA, Cunha AM, Bernardo CA. Study of the degradation mechanisms of polyethylene during reprocessing. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2011;96(6):1125–1133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graupner N, Ziegmann G, Wilde F, et al. Procedural influences on compression and injection moulded cellulose fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites: influence of fibre loading, fibre length, fibre orientation and voids. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2016;81:158–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen MM, Achukwu EO, Shuib SB, et al. Effects of high-temperature optimization and resin coating treatment on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of natural kenaf fiber-filled engineering plastic composites. Polym. Compos. 2023;1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar