Experimental Investigations of Eastern Beringian Hunting Technologies

References

• Ackerman, R. E. 1996. “Kuskokwim Drainage, Southwestern Alaska.” In American Beginnings, edited by F. H. West, 451–478. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman, R. E. 2001. “Spein Mountain: A Mesa Complex Site in Southwestern Alaska.” Arctic Anthropology 38 (2): 81–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman, R. E. 2011. “Microblade Assemblages in Southwestern Alaska: An Early Holocene Adaptation.” In Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 255–269. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, D. 2010. “Projectile Points: How to Make a Bigger Hole, An Experimental Analysis of Projectile Point Morphology in Wound Creation.” Furthering Perspectives: Anthropological Views of the World 4: 37–57.
   Google Scholar
• Bader, O. N. 1998. “Sungir Paleolithic Burials.” In Upper Paleolithic Site Sunghir: Burials and Environment, edited by N. N. Bader and Y. A. Lavrushin, 5–150. Moscow: Scientific World.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, C. A. 1993. “The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective.” In Hunting Techniques and Technology in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G. L. Peterkin, H. Bricker, and P. Mellars, 95–105. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bettinger, R. L. 2013. “Effects of Bow on Social Organization in Western North America.” Evolutionary Anthropology 22 (3): 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettinger, R. L., C. Morgan, and L. Barton. 2015. “The North China Nanolithic.” In Lithic Technological Systems and Evolutionary Theory, edited by W. Andrefsky and N. Goodale, 100–116. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blitz, J. H. 1988. “Adoption of the Bow in Prehistoric North America.” North American Archaeologist 9 (2): 123–145. https://doi.org/10.2190/HN64-P1UD-NM0A-J0LR
   Google Scholar
• Blitz, J. H., and E. S. Porth. 2013. “Social Complexity and the Bow in the Eastern Woodlands.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22 (3): 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury, A. 1997. “The Bow and Arrow in the Eastern Woodlands: Evidence for an Archaic Origin.” North American Archaeologist 18: 207–233. https://doi.org/10.2190/F5CX-0PBD-EUPJ-D7NT
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, W. B. 1975. “The Atlatl: The Physics of Function and Performance.” Plains Anthropologist 20 (68): 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1975.11908735
   Google Scholar
• Cain, D. I., and E. A. Sobel. 2015. ““Sticks with Stones: An Experimental Test of the Effects of the Atlatl Weight on Atlatl Mechanics.” Journal of Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Experimental Studies 7 (2): 114–140.
   Google Scholar
• Cattelain, P. 1989. “Un Crochet de Propulseur Solutreen de la Grotte de Combe-Saunière I (Dordogne).” Bulletin de al Société Prehistorique Francaise 86 (7): 213–216. https://doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1989.9386
   Google Scholar
• Cattelain, P. 1997. “Hunting During the Upper Paleolithic: Bow, Spearthrower, or Both?” In Projectile Technology, edited by H. Knecht, 213–240. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Choy, K., B. A. Potter, H. J. McKinney, J. D. Reuther, S. W. Wang, and M. J. Wooller. 2016. “Chemical Profiling of Ancient Hearths Reveals Recurrent Salmon Use in Ice Age Beringia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (35): 9757–9762. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606219113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill, S. E. 1993. “Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.” Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4 (1): 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.11
   Google Scholar
• Churchill, S. E., and J. A. Rhodes. 2009. “The Evolution of the Human Capacity for “Killing at a Distance”: The Human Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of Projectile Weaponry.” In The Evolution of Hominin Diets, edited by J.-J. Hublin and M. P. Richards, 201–210. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, J. G. D. 1963. “Neolithic Bows from Somerset, England, and the Prehistory of Archery in North-Western Europe.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 29: 50–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00015358
   Google Scholar
• Cundy, B. J. 1989. “Formal Variation in Australian Spear and Spearthrower Technology.” In BAR International Series. Oxford: BAR Publishing, 546.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, O. S. 1936. “The Spear Thrower in Australia.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 76 (4): 445–483.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, B. D. 1985. “The Atlatl Assessed: A Review of Recent Anthropological Approaches to Prehistoric North American Weaponry.” Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 56: 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Dikov, N. 1979. Drevnie Kul’tury Severo-Vostochoi Azii. Moscow: Nauka.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, E. J. 1999. Bones, Boats, and Bison: Archaeology of the First Colonization of Western North America. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, E. J. 2001. “Human Colonization of the Americas: Timing, Technology and Process.” Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (1-3): 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00116-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, E. J. 2011. “Arrows, Atlatls, and Cultural-Historical Conundrums.” In From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 362–371. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, E. J. 2013. Arrows and Atl Atls: A Guide to the Archaeology of Beringia. Anchorage: National Park Service Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doelman, T. 2009. “Flexibility and Creativity in Microblade Core Manufacture in Southern Primorye, Far East Russia.” Asian Perspectives 47 (2): 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.0.0006
   Google Scholar
• Doelman, T., R. Torrence, N. Kluyev, I. Sleptsov, and V. Popov. 2009. “Innovations in Microblade Core Production at the Tigrovy-8 Late Palaeolithic Quarry in Eastern Russia.” Journal of Field Archaeology 34 (4): 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1179/009346909791070781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, C. 1997. “Factors Influencing the Use of Stone Projectile Tips: An Ethnographic Perspective.” In Projectile Technology, edited by H. Knecht, 37–74. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elston, R. G., and P. J. Brantingham. 2002. “Microlithic Technology in Northern Asia: A Risk-Minimizing Strategy of the Late Paleolithic and Early Holocene.” In Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization, edited by R. Elston and J. Brantingham, 103–116. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 12. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., S. J. Lycett, R. J. Patten, B. Buchanan, J. Pargeter, and M. J. O'Brien. 2016. “Test, Model, and Method Validation: The Role of Experimental Stone Artifact Replication in Hypothesis-Driven Archaeology.” Ethnoarchaeology 8 (2): 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2016.1213972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fackler, M. 1990. Wound Ballistics: Research of the Past Twenty Years. San Francisco: Letterman Army Institute of Research.
   Google Scholar
• Farjo, L. A., and T. Miclau. 1997. “Ballistics and Mechanisms of Tissue Wounding.” Injury 28: C12–C17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1383(97)90088-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flenniken, J. J., and W. Raymond. 1986. “Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication, Experimentation, and Technological Analysis.” American Antiquity 51 (3): 603–614. https://doi.org/10.2307/281755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison, G. C. 1978. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frison, G. C. 1987. “Prehistoric, Plains-Mountain, Large Mammal, Communal Hunting Strategies.” In The Evolution of Human Hunting, edited by M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki, 177–223. Boston: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Frison, G. C. 1989. “Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants.” American Antiquity 54 (4): 766–784. https://doi.org/10.2307/280681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison, G. C. 2004. Survival by Hunting: Prehistoric Human Predators and Animal Prey. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudzinski, S. 1999. “Middle Palaeolithic Bone Tools from the Open-Air Site Salzgitter-Lebenstedt (Germany).” Journal of Archaeological Science 26 (2): 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel, T. 2002. “The ‘Microblade Adaptation’ and Recolonization of Siberia During the Late Upper Pleistocene.” In Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization, edited by R. Elston and J. Brantingham, 103–116. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 12. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Goebel, T. 2004. “The Search for a Clovis Progenitor in Subarctic Siberia.” In Entering the Americas: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum, edited by D. B. Madsen, 311–356. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goebel, T., and N. Bigelow. 1992. “The Denali Complex at Panguingue Creek, Central Alaska.” Current Research in the Pleistocene 9: 15–18. Corvallis: Center for the Stud of the First Americans, Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Goebel, T., and I. Buvit, eds. 2011. From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goebel, T., and B. Potter. 2016. “First Traces.” In Handbook of Arctic Archaeology, edited by O. Mason and M. Friesen, 223–252. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez Coutouly, Y. A. 2016. “Migrations and Interactions in Prehistoric Beringia: The Evolution of Yakutian Lithic Technology.” Antiquity 90 (349): 9–31. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez Coutouly, Y. A., A. K. Gore, C. E. Holmes, K. E. Graf, and T. Goebel. 2021. “‘Knapping, My Child Is Made of Errors’: Apprentice Knappers at Swan Point and Little Panguingue Creek, Two Prehistoric Sites in Central Alaska.” Lithic Technology 46 (1): 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2020.1805201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf, K., and N. Bigelow. 2011. “Human Response to Climate During the Younger Dryas Chronozone in Central Alaska.” Journal of Quaternary Science 242: 434–451.
   Google Scholar
• Gronnow, B. 1996. “The Saqqaq Tool Kit-Technological and Chronological Evidence from Qeqertasussuk, Disko Bugt.” In The Paleo-Eskimo Cultures of Greenland: New Perspectives in Greenlandic Archaeology, edited by B. Gronnow, 17–34. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center.
   Google Scholar
• Grund, B. S. 2017. “Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self-bow Exacerbates Social Disparities.” American Anthropologist 119 (1): 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, R. D. 1983. “Osseous Projectile Points: Biological Considerations Affecting Raw Material Selection and Design Among Palaeolithic and Palaeoindian Peoples.” In Animals and Archaeology: Hunters and Their Prey, edited by J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson, 273–294. Oxford: BAR Press. BAR International Series 163.
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie, R. D. 2017. “Paleoecology of the Dry Creek Site and Its Implications for Early Hunters.” In Dry Creek: Archaeology and Paleoecology of a Late Pleistocene Alaskan Hunting Camp, edited by T. Goebel, 153–192. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Halffman, C. M., B. A. Potter, H. J. McKinney, B. P. Finney, A. T. Rodrigues, D. Y. Yang, and B. M. Kemp. 2015. “Early Human Use of Anadromous Salmon in North America at 11,500 Y Ago.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (40): 12344–12348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509747112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, P. G., S. Greer, R. Gotthardt, R. Farnell, V. Bowyer, C. Schweger, and D. Strand. 2004. “Ethnographic and Archaeological Investigations of Alpine Ice Patches in Southwest Yukon, Canada.” Arctic 57 (3): 260–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, P. G., C. D. Thomas, T. N. Topper, and R. M. Gotthardt. 2012. “The Archaeology of Yukon Ice Patches: New Artifacts, Observations, and Insights.” Arctic 65 (Suppl. 1): 118–135.
   Google Scholar
• Helwig, K., J. Poulin, V. Monahan, and C. Thomas. 2021. “Ancient Throwing Dart Reveals First Archaeological Evidence of Castoreum.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37: 102949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102949
   Google Scholar
• Heppner, A. 2017. “A Feminist Archaeological Approach to the Analysis of the Osseous Tool Suite from the Broken Mammoth Site, Interior Alaska.” MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska, Anchorage.
   Google Scholar
• Hirasawa, Y., and C. E. Holmes. 2017. “The Relationship Between Microblade Morphology and Production Technology in Alaska from the Perspective of the Swan Point Site.” Quaternary International 442: 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffecker, J. F. 2001. “Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Sites in the Nenana River Valley, Central Alaska.” Arctic Anthropology 38: 139–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffecker, J. F., and S. A. Elias. 2007. The Human Ecology of Beringia. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, C. E. 2011. “The Beringian and Transitional Periods in Alaska: Technology of the East Beringian Tradition as Viewed from Swan Point.” In From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 179–191. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, S. S. 1998. “Getting to the Point: Evolutionary Change in Prehistoric Weaponry.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5 (4): 345–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02428421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings, W. K. 2015. “Finding the Paleoindian Spearthrower: Quantitative Evidence for Mechanically-Assisted Propulsion of Lithic Armatures During the North American Paleoindian Period.” Journal of Archaeological Science 55: 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.12.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings, W. K., and L. W. Brüchert. 1997. “Spearthrower Performance: Ethnographic and Experimental Research.” Antiquity 71 (274): 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0008580X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, T. A., A. M. Smallwood, and C. D. Pevny. 2020. “Reviewing the Role of Experimentation in Reconstructing Paleoamerican Lithic Technologies.” PaleoAmerica 7 (1): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2020.1848269
   Google Scholar
• Knecht, H. 1997. Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lanoë, F. B., and C. E. Holmes. 2016. “Animals as Raw Material in Beringia: Insights from the Site of Swan Point CZ4B, Alaska.” American Antiquity 81 (4): 682–696. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.81.4.682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. M., and T. Goebel. 2016. “The Slotted Antler Points from Trail Creek Caves, Alaska: New Information on Their Age and Technology.” PaleoAmerica 2 (1): 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2015.1136727
   Google Scholar
• Letourneux, C., and J. M. Petillon. 2008. “Hunting Lesions Caused by Osseous Projectile Points: Experimental Results and Archaeological Implications.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (10): 2849–2862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipo, C. P., R. C. Dunnell, M. J. O'Brien, V. Harper, and J. Dudgeon. 2012. “Beveled Projectile Points and Ballistics Technology.” American Antiquity 77 (4): 774–788. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2020. “The Tip Cross-Sectional Areas of Poisoned Bone Arrowheads from Southern Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 33 (1): 102477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477
   Google Scholar
• Luis, J. R. L. P.-M., R. G.-B. and R, and J. Herrera. 2023. “Bidirectional Dispersals During the Peopling of the North American Arctic.” Scientific Reports 13: 1268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28384-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, Joshua J. 2020. “Exploring the Function and Adaptive Context of Paleo-Arctic Projectile Points.” PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station.
   Google Scholar
• Maschner, H., and O. K. Mason. 2013. “The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America.” Evolutionary Anthropology 22 (3): 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, O. 1884. “Throwing Sticks in the National Museum.” Smithsonian Annual Report 2: 279–289. Facsimile Reproductions 1967, SJI-1. Seattle: The Shorey Book Store.
   Google Scholar
• Meadows, J., C. Heron, M. Hüls, B. Philippsen, and M.-J. Weber. 2018. “Dating the Lost Arrow Shafts from Stellmoor (Schleswing-Holstein, Germany).” Quartär 65: 105–114.
   Google Scholar
• Milks, A., D. Parker, and M. Pope. 2019. “External Ballistics of Pleistocene Hand-Thrown Spears: Experimental Performance Data and Implications for Human Evolution.” Scientific Reports 9: 820. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37904-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movius, H. L. 1950. “A Wooden Spear of Third Interglacial Age from Lower Saxony.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6 (2): 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.6.2.3628638
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, E. W. 1899. “The Eskimo About Bering Strait.” In Eightenneth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-1897, Part I, edited by J. W. Powell, 19–526. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Nikolskiy, P., and V. Pitulko. 2013. “Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic Site, Arctic Siberia, Yields Clues to the Riddle of Mammoth Hunting.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (12): 4189–4197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley, K. P., P. Andrews, L. H. Keeley, and J. D. Clark. 1977. “A Reappraisal of the Clacton Spearpoints.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 43: 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00010343
   Google Scholar
• Odell, G. H., and F. Cowan. 1986. “Experiments with Spears and Arrows on Animal Targets.” Journal of Field Archaeology 13 (2): 195–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outram, A. K. 2008. “Introduction to Experimental Archaeology.” World Archaeology 40 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240801889456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterkin, G. L. 1993. “Lithic and Osseous Hunting Technology in the French Upper Paleolithic.” In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Europe, edited by G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker, and P. A. Mellars, 49–67. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association. American Anthropological Association Archeological Papers 4.
   Google Scholar
• Petillon, J.-M., O. Bignon, P. Bodu, P. Cattelain, G. Debout, M. Langlais, V. Laroulandie, H. Plisson, and B. Valentin. 2011. “Hard Core Cutting Edge: Experimental Manufacture and Use of Magdalenian Composite Projectile Tips.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (6): 1266–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitulko, V. V., E. Y. Pavlova, and A. E. Basilyan. 2016. “Mass Accumulations of Mammoth (‘Graveyards’) with Indications of Past Human Activity in the Northern Yana-Indighirka Lowland, Arctic Siberia.” Quaternary International 406: 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, B. A. 2005. “Structure and Organization in Central Alaska: Archaeological Investigations at Gerstle River.” PhD diss., University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, B. A. 2008. “Exploratory Models of Intersite Variability in Mid to Late Holocene Central Alaska.” Arctic 61 (4): 407–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, B. A. 2011. “Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Assemblage Variability in Central Alaska.” In From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 215–234. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, B. A., C. M. Halffman, H. J. McKinney, J. D. Reuther, B. P. Finney, F. B. Lanoё, J. A. Lopez, et al. 2023. “Freshwater and Anadromous Fishing in Ice Age Beringia.” Science Advances 9 (22): eadg6802. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg6802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, B. A., J. D. Irish, J. D. Ruther, and H. J. McKinney. 2014. “New Insights Into Eastern Beringia Mortuary Behavior: A Terminal Pleistocene Double Infant Burial at Upward Sun River.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (48): 17060–17065. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413131111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers, W. R., and H. E. Maxwell. 1986. “Lithic Remains from Panguingue Creek, an Early Holocene Site in the Northern Foothills of the Alaska Range.” In Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History 189. Anchorage: Alaska Historical Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Rasic, J. T. 2011. “Functional Variability in the Late Pleistocene Archaeological Record of Eastern Beringia: A Model of Late Pleistocene Land Use and Technology from Northwest Alaska.” In From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 1–30. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rasic, J. T., and W. Andrefsky. 2001. “Blade Cores and Technological Organization in Northwestern North America.” In Lithic Debitage Analysis: Context Form Meaning, edited by W. Andrefsky, 233–258. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rausing, G. 1967. The Bow: Some Notes on Its Origin and Development. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Reuther, J. D., C. E. Holmes, G. M. Smith, F. B. Lanoe, B. A. Crass, A. G. Rowe, and M. J. Wooller. 2023. “The Swan Point Site, Alaska: The Chronology of a Multi-Component Archaeological Site in Eastern Beringia.” Radiocarbon 65 (3): 693–720. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, L. H., A. C. Campbell, G. A. Brook, M. L. Murphy, and R. K. Hitchcock. 2012. “The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert: Bone Points from White Paintings Rock Shelter, Botswana.” Journal of African Archaeology 10 (1): 7–20. https://doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem, P. E., and S. E. Churchill. 2016. “Penetration, Tissue Damage, and Lethality of Wood-Versus Lithic-Tipped Projectiles.” In Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry, edited by R. Iovita and K. Sano, 203–212. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffer, M. B. 2001. “The Explanation of Long-Term Technological Change.” In Anthropological Perspectives on Technology, edited by M. B. Schiffer, 215–235. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, D., S. E. Churchill, and W. L. Hylander. 2003. “Experimental Evidence Concerning Spear Use in Neandertals and Early Modern Humans.” Journal of Archaeological Science 30 (1): 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoch, W. H., G. Bigga, U. Böhner, P. Richter, and T. Terberger. 2015. “New Insights on the Wooden Weapons from the Paleolithic Site of Schöningen.” Journal of Human Evolution 89: 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 1990. “A Further Note on Mousterian Spear Points.” Journal of Field Archaeology 17 (1): 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1179/009346990791548529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 1997. “The Origins of Lithic Projectile Point Technology: Evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe.” Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 823–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.015
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J., Z. Davis, and K. Brown. 2001. “Experimental Tests of Middle Paleolithic Spear Points Using a Calibrated Crossbow.” Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 823–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.015
   Google Scholar
• Shott, M. J. 1993. “Spears, Darts, and Arrows: Late Woodland Hunting Techniques in the Upper Ohio Valley.” American Antiquity 58 (3): 425–443. https://doi.org/10.2307/282105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shott, M. J. 1997. “Stones and Shafts Redux: The Metric Discrimination of Chipped Stone Dart and Arrow Points.” American Antiquity 62 (1): 86–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/282380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H., C. Thomas, V. Monahan, C. Alix, J. Poulin, K. Helwig, J. Herkes, Carcross/Tagish First Nation, and Kwanlin Dun First Nation. 2020. “The Alligator Lake Throwing Dart: New Insights into Ancient Hunting Technologies from Yukon Ice Patches.” Paper presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Alaska Anthropological Association Annual Meeting. Fairbanks.
   Google Scholar
• Straus, L. G. 1987a. “Hunting in Late Upper Paleolithic Western Europe.” In The Evolution of Human Hunting, edited by M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki, 147–176. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Straus, L. G. 1987b. “Upper Paleolithic Ibex Hunting in Southwest Europe.” Journal of Archaeological Science 14: 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(87)90004-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, M. Q. 2018. “Paleoindian-Era Osseous Rods: Distrabution, Dating, and Function.” PaleoAmerica 4 (3): 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2018.1525600
   Google Scholar
• Tankersley, K. B. 2002. In Search of Ice Age Americans. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith.
   Google Scholar
• Thieme, H. 1997. “Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany.” Nature 385 (6619): 807–810. https://doi.org/10.1038/385807a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme, H. 1999. “Lower Palaeolithic Throwing Spears and Other Wooden Implements from Schöningen, Germany.” In Hominid Evolution: Lifestyles and Survival Strategies, edited by H. Ullrich, 383–395. Gelsenkirchen/Schwelm: Edition Archaea.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. H. 1978. “Arrowheads and Atlatl Darts: How the Stones Got the Shaft.” American Antiquity 43 (3): 461–472. https://doi.org/10.2307/279405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomka, S. A. 2013. “The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow: A Model Based on Experimental Performance Characteristics.” American Antiquity 78 (3): 553–569. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrance, R. 1989. Time, Energy, and Stone Tools. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• VanderHoek, R. 1998. “The Atlatl and Dart.” MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
   Google Scholar
• VanPool, T. L. 2006. “The Survival of Archaic Technology in an Agricultural World: How the Atlatl and Dart Endured in the North American Southwest.” The Kiva 71 (4): 429–452. https://doi.org/10.1179/kiv.2006.71.4.004
   Google Scholar
• Waguespack, N. M., T. A. Surovell, A. Denoyer, A. Dallow, A. Savage, J. Hyneman, and D. Tapster. 2009. “Making a Point: Wood-Versus Stone-Tipped Projectiles.” Antiquity 83 (321): 786–800. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00098999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walde, D. 2014. “Concerning the Atlatl and the Bow: Further Observations Regarding Arrow and Dart Points in the Archaeological Record.” American Antiquity 79 (1): 156–161. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, M. R., T. W. Stafford, H. G. McDonald, C. Gustafson, M. Rasmussen, E. Cappellini, J. V. Olsen, et al. 2011. “Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunting 13,800 Years Ago at the Mantis Site, Washington.” Science 334 (6054): 351–353. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1207663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, F. H. 1996. “Beringia and New World Origins: The Archaeological Evidence.” In American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Beringia, edited by F. H. West, 537–559. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. 2010. “Weapon Trials: The Atlatl and Experiments in Hunting Technology.” In Designing Experimental Research in Archaeology: Examining Technology Through Production and Use, edited by J. Ferguson, 195–224. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. 2015. “The Aztec Atlatl in the British Museum.” Ancient Mesoamerica 26 (1): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536115000036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. 2016. “Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters.” In Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry, edited by R. Iovita and K. Sano, 65–74. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. C., D. B. Pettigrew, and R. J. Grohsmeyer. 2017. “Atlatl Dart Velocity: Accurate Measurements and Implications for Paleoindian and Archaic Archaeology.” Paleoamerica 3 (2): 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2017.1301133
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J., and B. Fitzhugh. 2018. “Wound Ballistics: The Prey Specific Implications of Penetrating Trauma Injuries from Osseous, Flaked Stone, and Composite Inset Microblade Projectiles During the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition, Alaska U.S.A.” Journal of Archaeological Science 91: 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wygal, B. T. 2009. “Prehistoric Colonization of Southcentral Alaska: Human Adaptations in a Post Glacial World.” PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno.
   Google Scholar
• Wygal, B. T. 2010. “Prehistoric Upland Tool Production in the Central Alaska Range.” Alaska Journal of Anthropology 8 (1): 107–119.
   Google Scholar
• Wygal, B. T. 2011. “The Microblade/Non-Microblade Dichotomy: Climatic Implications, Toolkit Variability, and the Role of Tiny Tools in Eastern Beringia.” In From the Yenisei to the Yukon: Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 234–254. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wygal, B. T. 2017. “The Peopling of Eastern Beringia and its Archaeological Complexities.” Quaternary International 466: 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wygal, B. T., C. E. Holmes, B. A. Crass, and K. M. Smith. 2021. “Mammoth Ivory Rods in Eastern Beringia: Earliest in North America.” American Antiquity 87 (1): 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2021.63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, P. 2006. “From Atlatl to Bow and Arrow: Implicating Projectile Technology in Changing Systems of Hunter-Gatherer Mobility.” In Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology of Mobility, edited by F. Sellet, R. Greaves, and P.-L. Yu, 201–220. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
   Google Scholar