Advanced search
Publication Cover
Virulence Volume 13, 2022 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
10,725
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Signature Reviews

Pathogenicity and virulence of Marburg virus

Mehedy Hasan Abira Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-4625View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Tanjilur Rahmanb Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4594-100XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ayan Dasb Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-1271View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Silvia Naznin Etuc Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8119-3454View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Iqbal Hossain Nafizb Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-1332View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ahmed Rakibd Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3335-0368View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Saikat Mitrae Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshView further author information
,
Talha Bin Emranf Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-2272View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Kuldeep Dhamag Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, IndiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-4752View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ariful Islamh EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA;i Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, AustraliaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9210-3351View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Abolghasem Siyadatpanahj Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IranView further author information
,
Shafi Mahmudk Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1604-8626View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Bonlgee Kiml Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaCorrespondence[email protected] [email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-156XView further author information
ORCID Icon &
Mohammad Mahmudul Hassanm Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia;n Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, BangladeshORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6495-4637View further author information
ORCID Icon show all
Pages 609-633 | Received 26 Jan 2022, Accepted 13 Mar 2022, Published online: 01 Apr 2022

References

  • Bente D, Gren J, Strong JE, et al. Disease modeling for Ebola and Marburg viruses. Dis Models Mech. 2009;2(1–2):12–17. DOI:10.1242/dmm.000471.
  • Mehedi M, Groseth A, Feldmann H, et al. Clinical aspects of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Future Virol. 2011;6(9):1091–1106. DOI:10.2217/fvl.11.79.
  • van Paassen J, Bauer MP, Arbous MS, et al. Acute liver failure, multiorgan failure, cerebral oedema, and activation of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in a case of Marburg haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(8):635–642. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70018-X.
  • Kuhn JH, et al. Family - filoviridae. In: King AMQ editor. Virus taxonomy. San Diego: Elsevier; 2012. pp. 665–671.
  • Carroll SA, Towner JS, Sealy TK, et al. Molecular evolution of viruses of the family Filoviridae based on 97 whole-genome sequences. J Virol. 2013;87(5):2608–2616. DOI:10.1128/JVI.03118-12.
  • Boadu A, Karpoormath R, Nlooto M. Exploration of alternate therapeutic remedies in Ebola virus disease: the case of reported antiviral phytochemical derived from the leaves Spondias Mombin linn. Adv Traditional Med. 2021. DOI:10.1007/s13596-021-00603-5
  • Brian RA, Jones MEB, Sealy TK, et al. OralShedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats(Rousettus Aegyptiacus). J Wildl Dis. 2015;51(1):113–124. DOI:10.7589/2014-08-198.
  • Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, et al. Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(7):e1000536. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536.
  • Swanepoel R, Smit SB, Rollin PE, et al. Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2007;13(12):1847. DOI:10.3201/eid1312.071115.
  • Stroher U, West E, Bugany H, et al. Infection and activation of monocytes by Marburg and Ebola viruses. J Virol. 2001;75(22):11025–11033. DOI:10.1128/JVI.75.22.11025-11033.2001.
  • Aronson JF, et al. Viral hemorrhagic fevers. In: Fraire AE editor. Viruses and the lung: infections and non-infectious viral-linked lung disorders. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2014. pp. 123–132.
  • Reynolds P, Marzi A. Ebola and Marburg virus vaccines. Virus Genes. 2017;53(4):501–515.
  • Bharat TAM, Riches JD, Kolesnikova L, et al. Cryo-Electron tomography of Marburg virus particles and their morphogenesis within infected cells. PLoS Biol. 2011;9(11):e1001196. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001196.
  • Welsch S, Kolesnikova L, Krähling V, et al. Electron tomography reveals the steps in filovirus budding. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(4):e1000875. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000875.
  • Feldmann H, Will C, Schikore M, et al. Glycosylation and oligomerization of the spike protein of Marburg virus. Virology. 1991;182(1):353–356. DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90680-A.
  • Feldmann H, Mühlberger E, Randolf A, et al. Marburg virus, a filovirus: méssenger RNAs, gene order, and regulatory elements of the replication cycle. Virus Res. 1992;24(1):1–19. DOI:10.1016/0168-1702(92)90027-7.
  • Sanchez A, Kiley MP, Holloway BP, et al. Sequence analysis of the Ebola virus genome: organization, genetic elements, and comparison with the genome of Marburg virus. Virus Res. 1993;29(3):215–240. DOI:10.1016/0168-1702(93)90063-S.
  • Mühlberger E. Filovirus replication and transcription. Future Virol. 2007;2(2):205–215.
  • Becker S, Rinne C, Hofsäß U, et al. Interactions of Marburg virus nucleocapsid proteins. Virology. 1998;249(2):406–417. DOI:10.1006/viro.1998.9328.
  • Becker S, Huppertz S, Klenk H-D, et al. The nucleoprotein of Marburg virus is phosphorylated. J Gen Virol. 1994;75(4):809–818. DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-75-4-809.
  • Muhlberger E, Weik M, Volchkov VE, et al. Comparison of the transcription and replication strategies of Marburg virus and Ebola virus by using artificial replication systems. J Virol. 1999;73(3):2333–2342. DOI:10.1128/JVI.73.3.2333-2342.1999.
  • Swenson DL, Warfield KL, Kuehl K, et al. Generation of Marburg virus-like particles by co-expression of glycoprotein and matrix protein. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2004;40(1):27–31. DOI:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00273-6.
  • Kolesnikova L, Bamberg S, Berghofer B, et al. The matrix protein of Marburg virus is transported to the plasma membrane along cellular membranes: exploiting the retrograde late endosomal pathway. J Virol. 2004;78(5):2382–2393. DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.5.2382-2393.2004.
  • Bamberg S, Kolesnikova L, Moller P, et al. VP24 of Marburg virus influences formation of infectious particles. J Virol. 2005;79(21):13421–13433. DOI:10.1128/JVI.79.21.13421-13433.2005.
  • Brauburger K, Deflubé LR, Mühlberger E. Filovirus transcription and replication Pattnaik, Asit K, Whitt, Michael A. In: Biology and pathogenesis of rhabdo- and filoviruses (Hackensack, New Jersey, USA: World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.); 2015. p. 515–555.
  • DiCarlo A, Biedenkopf N, Hartlieb B, et al. Phosphorylation of Marburg virus NP region II modulates viral RNA synthesis. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl_3):S927–S933. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jir319.
  • Liu B, Dong S, Li G, et al. Structural insight into nucleoprotein conformation change chaperoned by VP35 peptide in Marburg virus. J Virol. 2017;91(16):e00825–17. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00825-17.
  • Bale S, Julien J-P, Bornholdt ZA, et al. Marburg virus VP35 can both fully coat the backbone and cap the ends of dsRNA for interferon antagonism. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(9):e1002916. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002916.
  • Edwards MR, Liu G, Mire CE, et al. Differential regulation of interferon responses by Ebola and Marburg virus VP35 proteins. Cell Rep. 2016;14(7):1632–1640. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.049.
  • Bruhn JF, Kirchdoerfer RN, Urata SM, et al. Crystal structure of the Marburg virus VP35 oligomerization domain. J Virol. 2017;91(2):e01085–16. DOI:10.1128/JVI.01085-16.
  • Kolesnikova L, Mittler E, Schudt G, et al. Phosphorylation of Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 triggers assembly of nucleocapsids with the viral envelope at the plasma membrane. Cell Microbiol. 2012;14(2):182–197. DOI:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01709.x.
  • Koehler A, Pfeiffer S, Kolesnikova L, et al. Analysis of the multifunctionality of Marburg virus VP40. J Gen Virol. 2018;99(12):1614–1620. DOI:10.1099/jgv.0.001169.
  • Amiar S, et al. Lipid-Specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. J Biol Chem. 2021;296 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100796 .
  • Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, et al. Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann–Pick C1. Nature. 2011;477(7364):340–343. DOI:10.1038/nature10348.
  • Enterlein S, Volchkov V, Weik M, et al. Rescue of recombinant Marburg virus from cDNA is dependent on nucleocapsid protein VP30. J Virol. 2006;80(2):1038–1043. DOI:10.1128/JVI.80.2.1038-1043.2006.
  • Wenigenrath J, Kolesnikova L, Hoenen T, et al. Establishment and application of an infectious virus-like particle system for Marburg virus. J Gen Virol. 2010;91(5):1325–1334. DOI:10.1099/vir.0.018226-0.
  • Wan W, Kolesnikova L, Clarke M, et al. Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid. Nature. 2017;551(7680):394–397. DOI:10.1038/nature24490.
  • Edwards MR, Johnson B, Mire C, et al. The Marburg virus VP24 protein interacts with keap1 to activate the cytoprotective antioxidant response pathway. Cell Rep. 2014;6(6):1017–1025. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.043.
  • Zhang APP, Bornholdt ZA, Abelson DM, et al. Crystal structure of Marburg virus VP24. J Virol. 2014;88(10):5859–5863. DOI:10.1128/JVI.03565-13.
  • Page A, Volchkova V, Reid S, et al. Marburgvirus Hijacks Nrf2-dependent pathway by targeting Nrf2-negative regulator Keap1. Cell Rep. 2014;6(6):1026–1036. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.027.
  • Kirchdoerfer RN, et al. Filovirus structural biology: the molecules in the machine. In: Mühlberger E; LL Hensley and JS Towner editors. Marburg- and Ebola viruses: from ecosystems to molecules. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. pp. 381–417.
  • Koehler A, Kolesnikova L, Becker S. An active site mutation increases the polymerase activity of the guinea pig-lethal Marburg virus. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(10):2494–2500.
  • Feldmann H, Slenczka W, Klenk H-D. Emerging and reemerging of filoviruses. Vienna: Springer Vienna; 1996.
  • Ristanović ES, Kokoškov NS, Crozier I, et al. A forgotten episode of Marburg virus disease: Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1967. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2020;84(2):e00095–19. DOI:10.1128/MMBR.00095-19.
  • Feldmann H, Klenk H-D. Marburg and ebola viruses. In: Maramorosch K; FA Murphy and AJ Shatkin, Feldmann H and Klenk H-D. editors. Advances in virus research. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Academic Press; 1996. pp. 1–52.
  • Gear JS, Cassel GA, Gear AJ, et al. Outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg. Br Med J. 1975;4(5995):489–493. DOI:10.1136/bmj.4.5995.489.
  • Smith DH, Isaacson M, Johnson KM, et al. Marburg-Virus disease in Kenya. Lancet. 1982;319(8276):816–820. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91871-2.
  • Johnson ED, et al. Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in kenya. Vienna: Springer Vienna; 1996.
  • Colebunders R, Tshomba A, Van Kerkhove M, et al. Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba and Watsa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical documentation, features of illness, and treatment. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(s2):S148–S153. DOI:10.1086/520543.
  • Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, et al. Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola. J Virol. 2006;80(13):6497–6516. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00069-06.
  • Adjemian J, Farnon EC, Tschioko F, et al. Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl_3):S796–S799. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jir312.
  • Leggiadro RJ. Imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic Fever—Colorado, 2008: centers for disease control and prevention: MMWR.: 2009;58:. 1377–1380. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(5):400.
  • Timen A, Koopmans MPG, Vossen ACTM, et al. Response to imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2009;15(8):1171. DOI:10.3201/eid1508.090015.
  • Olival KJ, Hayman DTS. Filoviruses in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses. 2014;6(4):1759–1788.
  • Nyakarahuka L, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, et al. Isolated case of Marburg virus disease, Kampala, Uganda, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2017;23(6):1001. DOI:10.3201/eid2306.170047.
  • Nyakarahuka L, Shoemaker TR, Balinandi S, et al. Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kween District Uganda, 2017: Epidemiological and laboratory findings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(3):e0007257. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007257.
  • Aborode AT, et al. Marburg virus amidst COVID-19 pandemic in guinea: fighting within the looming cases. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2021 37 553–555. doi:10.1002/hpm.3332 .
  • WHO. Marburg virus disease - Guinea. 2021.
  • Siegert R. Marburg virus Appel, M.J.G., Gillespie, J.H. In: Canine distemper virus. Vienna: Springer Vienna; 1972. pp. 97–153.
  • Martini GA. Marburg virus disease. clinical syndrome. In: Martini GA and R Siegert, . editors. Marburg virus disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1971. pp. 1–9.
  • Conrad JL, Geldenhuys P, Crees M, et al. Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978;27(6):1210–1215. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.1978.27.1210.
  • Beer B, Kurth R, Bukreyev A. Characteristics of Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Naturwissenschaften. 1999;86(1):8–17.
  • Nikiforov V, et al. A case of a laboratory infection with Marburg fever. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii I Immunobiologii. 1994;3:104–106
  • Kimman TG, Smit E, Klein MR. Evidence-Based biosafety: a review of the principles and effectiveness of microbiological containment measures. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(3):403–425.
  • Ignatyev G, et al. Immunity indexes in the personnel involved in haemorrhagic virus investigation. Proceedings of the 1996 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research. Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD); 1997.
  • Bausch DG, Nichol ST, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, et al. Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):909–919. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa051465.
  • Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Gibb TR, et al. Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lab Invest. 2000;80(2):171–186. DOI:10.1038/labinvest.3780021.
  • Towner JS, Pourrut X, Albariño CG, et al. Marburg virus infection detected in a common African bat. PLoS One. 2007;2(8):e764. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0000764.
  • Kuzmin IV, Niezgoda M, Franka R, et al. Marburg virus in fruit bat, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2010;16(2):352. DOI:10.3201/eid1602.091269.
  • Amman BR, Carroll SA, Reed ZD, et al. Seasonal Pulses of Marburg virus circulation in Juvenile Rousettus aegyptiacus bats coincide with periods of increased risk of human infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(10):e1002877. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002877.
  • Maganga GD, Bourgarel M, Ebang Ella G, et al. Is Marburg virus Enzootic in Gabon? J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl_3):S800–S803. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jir358.
  • Amman B, Nyakarahuka L, McElroy AK, et al. Marburgvirus resurgence in kitaka mine bat population after extermination attempts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2014;20(10):1761. DOI:10.3201/eid2010.140696.
  • Amman BR, Bird BH, Bakarr IA, et al. Isolation of Angola-like Marburg virus from Egyptian rousette bats from West Africa. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):510. DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-14327-8.
  • Pawęska J, Storm N, Markotter W, et al. Shedding of Marburg virus in naturally infected Egyptian Rousette bats, South Africa, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2020;26(12):3051. DOI:10.3201/eid2612.202108.
  • Kajihara M, Hang’-Ombe BM, Changula K, et al. Marburg virus in Egyptian Fruit Bats, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2019;25(8):1577. DOI:10.3201/eid2508.190268.
  • Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Jones MEB, et al. Modelling filovirus maintenance in nature by experimental transmission of Marburg virus between Egyptian rousette bats. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):14446. DOI:10.1038/ncomms14446.
  • Paweska JT, Jansen van Vuren P, Masumu J, et al. Virological and serological findings in rousettus aegyptiacus experimentally inoculated with vero cells-adapted hogan strain of Marburg virus. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45479. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0045479.
  • Kortepeter MG, Dierberg K, Shenoy ES, et al. Marburg virus disease: a summary for clinicians. Inter J Infect Dis. 2020;99:233–242.
  • Jones MEB, Schuh A, Amman B, et al. Experimental inoculation of Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with viruses of the Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Genera. Viruses. 2015;7(7):3420–3442. DOI:10.3390/v7072779.
  • Amman BR, Schuh AJ, Albariño CG, et al. Marburg Virus persistence on Fruit as a Plausible Route of Bat to Primate Filovirus Transmission. Viruses. 2021;13(12):2394. DOI:10.3390/v13122394.
  • Luby JP, Sanders CV. Green monkey disease (“Marburg Virus” Disease): a new zoonosis. Ann Intern Med. 1969;71(3):657–660.
  • Siegert R, Shu H-L, Slenczka W, et al. Zur Ätiologie einer unbekannten, von affen ausgegangenen menschlichen Infektionskrankheit. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1967;92(51):2341–2343. DOI:10.1055/s-0028-1106144.
  • Martini GA, Knauff HG, Schmidt HA, et al. Über eine bisher unbekannte, von Affen eingeschleppte Infektionskrankheit: Marburg-Virus-Krankheit. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1968;93(12):559–571. DOI:10.1055/s-0028-1105098.
  • Coffin KM, Liu J, Warren TK, et al. Persistent Marburg virus infection in the testes of nonhuman primate survivors. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(3):405–416.e3. DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.003.
  • Martini GA. Marburg virus disease. Postgrad Med J. 1973;49(574):542–546.
  • Borchert M, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Colebunders R, et al. Short communication: a cluster of Marburg virus disease involving an infant. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7(10):902–906. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00945.x.
  • Deen GF, Broutet N, Xu W, et al. Ebola RNA Persistence in Semen of Ebola Virus Disease Survivors — Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2015;377(15):1428–1437. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1511410.
  • Thorson AE, Deen GF, Bernstein KT, et al. Persistence of Ebola virus in semen among Ebola virus disease survivors in Sierra Leone: a cohort study of frequency, duration, and risk factors. PLoS Med. 2021;18(2):e1003273. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003273.
  • Uyeki TM, Erickson BR, Brown S, et al. Ebola Virus Persistence in Semen of Male Survivors. Clinl Infect Dis. 2016;62(12):1552–1555. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw202.
  • Bausch DG, Borchert M, Grein T, et al. Risk factors for Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis J. 2003;9(12):1531. DOI:10.3201/eid0912.030355.
  • Johnston SC, Lin KL, Twenhafel NA, et al. Dose response of MARV/Angola infection in cynomolgus macaques following IM or aerosol Exposure. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138843. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0138843.
  • Piercy TJ, Smither SJ, Steward JA, et al. The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;109(5):1531–1539. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04778.x.
  • Klenk H-D, Slenczka W, Feldmann H. Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Filoviridae). In: Granoff A and RG Webster, editors. Encyclopedia of Virology. 2nd ed . Oxford: Elsevier; 1999. pp. 939–945.
  • Nyakarahuka L, Kankya C, Krontveit R, et al. How severe and prevalent are Ebola and Marburg viruses? a systematic review and meta-analysis of the case fatality rates and seroprevalence. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):708. DOI:10.1186/s12879-016-2045-6.
  • Slenczka WG. The Marburg virus outbreak of 1967 and subsequent episodes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1999;235:49–75.
  • Stille W, Böhle E. Clinical course and prognosis of Marburg Virus (“Green-Monkey”) Disease. In: Martini GA and R Siegert, Stille W and Böhle E. editors. Marburg Virus Disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1971. pp. 10–18.
  • Borchert M, Mulangu S, Lefèvre P, et al. Use of protective gear and the occurrence of occupational Marburg hemorrhagic fever in health workers from watsa health zone, democratic republic of the congo. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Supplement_2):S168–S175. DOI:10.1086/520540.
  • Kuhn JH. Filoviruses - a compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies. 2008/07/22 ed Arch Virol Supplementa. 2008;20;13–360.
  • Hartman AL, Towner JS, Nichol ST. Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Clin Lab Med. 2010;30(1):161–177.
  • Feldmann H. Marburg hemorrhagic fever — the forgotten cousin strikes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):866–869.
  • Leroy E. Chapter 199 - Filoviral Hemorrhagic Fever: Marburg and Ebola Virus Fevers. In: Feigin RD, et al., editors. Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia:W.B. Saunders; 2009. pp. 2524–2531.
  • Borchert M, Van der Stuyft P. Epidemiology and control of Marburg haemorrhagic fever epidemics in Central africa. Afrika Focus. 2008;22(1):118–119.
  • Gaudin R, Goetz JG. Tracking mechanisms of viral dissemination in vivo. Trends Cell Biol. 2021;31(1):17–23.
  • Berg T. Small-Molecule modulators of c-Myc/Max and max/Max interactions. In: Vassilev L and D Fry, . editors. Small-Molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. pp. 139–149.
  • Bhattacharyya S, Hope TJ. Cellular factors implicated in filovirus Entry. Adv Virol. 2013;2013:487585.
  • Kolesnikova L, Bohil AB, Cheney RE, et al. Budding of Marburg virus is associated with filopodia. Cell Microbiol. 2007;9(4):939–951. DOI:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00842.x.
  • Kolesnikova L, Ryabchikova E, Shestopalov A, et al. Basolateral budding of Marburg virus: VP40 retargets viral glycoprotein GP to the basolateral surface. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Supplement_2):S232–S236. DOI:10.1086/520584.
  • Schnittler H-J, Feldmann H. Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers: does the primary course of infection depend on the accessibility of organ-specific macrophages? Clinl Infect Dis. 1998;27(2):404–406.
  • Shifflett K, Marzi A. Marburg virus pathogenesis – differences and similarities in humans and animal models. Virol J. 2019;16(1):165.
  • Geisbert TW, Jaax NK. Marburg hemorrhagic fever: report of a case studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1998;22(1):3–17.
  • Zaki SR, Shieh W-J, Greer P, et al. A novel immunohistochemical assay for the detection of Ebola virus in skin: implications for diagnosis, spread, and surveillance of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(Supplement_1):S36–S47. DOI:10.1086/514319.
  • Becker S, Spiess M, Klenk H-D. The asialoglycoprotein receptor is a potential liver-specific receptor for Marburg virus. J Gen Virol. 1995;76(2):393–399.
  • Kiley MP, et al. Filoviridae: marburg and ebola viruses, in laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases principles and practice: VOLUME II viral. In: Lennette EH editor. Rickettsial, and chlamydial diseases. New York, NY: Springer; 1988. pp. 595–601.
  • Marty AM, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW. Viral hemorrhagic fevers. Clin Lab Med. 2006;26(2):345–386.
  • Hensley LE, Alves DA, Geisbert JB, et al. Pathogenesis of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl_3):S1021–S1031. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jir339.
  • Martines RB, Ng DL, Greer PW, et al. Tissue and cellular tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg viruses. J Pathol. 2015;235(2):153–174. DOI:10.1002/path.4456.
  • Zaki SR, Goldsmith C. Pathologic features of filovirus infections in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1999;235:97–116.
  • Koch B, Dolnik O, Filzmayer M, et al. FP217 Marburg virus & acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2018;33(suppl_1):104. DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfy104.FP217.
  • Nkoghe D, Leroy EM, Toung-Mve M, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of filovirus infections. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(9):1037–1043. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05379.x.
  • Groß JV, Slanger TE, Cullen P, et al. Stopping possible sexual transmission of filoviruses. Clinl Infect Dis. 2015;60(12):1871–1872. DOI:10.1093/cid/civ188.
  • Martini GA, Schmidt HA. Spermatogene übertragung des „virus Marburg“. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1968;46(7):398–400.
  • Zapata JC, Cox D, Salvato MS. The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6):e2858.
  • Schnittler HJ, Mahner F, Drenckhahn D, et al. Replication of Marburg virus in human endothelial cells. a possible mechanism for the development of viral hemorrhagic disease. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(4):1301–1309. DOI:10.1172/JCI116329.
  • Fisher-Hoch SP, Platt GS, Neild GH, et al. Pathophysiology of shock and hemorrhage in a fulminating viral infection (Ebola). J Infect Dis. 1985;152(5):887–894. DOI:10.1093/infdis/152.5.887.
  • Messaoudi I, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF. Filovirus pathogenesis and immune evasion: insights from Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(11):663–676.
  • Ramanan P, Shabman RS, Brown CS, et al. Filoviral immune evasion Mechanisms. Viruses. 2011;3(9):1634–1649. DOI:10.3390/v3091634.
  • Valmas C, Grosch MN, Schümann M, et al. Marburg virus evades interferon Responses by a mechanism distinct from Ebola virus. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(1):e1000721. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000721.
  • Fritz EA, Geisbert JB, Geisbert TW, et al. Cellular immune response to Marburg virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. Viral Immunol. 2008;21(3):355–364. DOI:10.1089/vim.2008.0023.
  • Kash JC, Muhlberger E, Carter V, et al. Global suppression of the host antiviral response by Ebola- and Marburg viruses: increased antagonism of the type I interferon response is associated with enhanced virulence. J Virol. 2006;80(6):3009–3020. DOI:10.1128/JVI.80.6.3009-3020.2006.
  • Ramanan P. Structural and biochemical characterization of Marburg virus VP35 and its role in immune evasion. Iowa State University; 2012.
  • Basler CF, Mikulasova A, Martinez-Sobrido L, et al. The Ebola virus VP35 protein inhibits activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. J Virol. 2003;77(14):7945–7956. DOI:10.1128/JVI.77.14.7945-7956.2003.
  • Cardenas WB, Loo Y-M, Gale M, et al. Ebola virus VP35 protein binds double-stranded RNA and inhibits alpha/Beta interferon production induced by RIG-I signaling. J Virol. 2006;80(11):5168–5178. DOI:10.1128/JVI.02199-05.
  • Reid SP, Leung LW, Hartman AL, et al. Ebola virus VP24 binds karyopherin α1 and blocks STAT1 nuclear accumulation. J Virol. 2006;80(11):5156–5167. DOI:10.1128/JVI.02349-05.
  • Rougeron V, Feldmann H, Grard G, et al. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever. J Clin Virol. 2015;64:111–119.
  • Simmons G. Filovirus entry. In: Pöhlmann S and G Simmons, . editors. Viral entry into host cells. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013. pp. 83–94.
  • Brouckaert P, Fiers W. Tumor necrosis factor and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In: Rietschel ET and H Wagner, Brouckaert P and Fiers W. editors. Pathology of septic shock. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1996. pp. 167–187.
  • Brauburger K, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, et al. Forty-Five years of Marburg virus research. Viruses. 2012;4(10):1878–1927. DOI:10.3390/v4101878.
  • Stonier SW, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, et al. Marburg virus survivor immune responses are th1 skewed with limited neutralizing antibody responses. J Exp Med. 2017;214(9):2563–2572. DOI:10.1084/jem.20170161.
  • Mohamadzadeh M, Chen L, Schmaljohn AL. How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7(7):556–567.
  • Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl_3):S810–S816.
  • Bosio CM, Aman M&, Grogan C, et al. Ebola and Marburg viruses replicate in monocyte-derived dendritic Cells without inducing the production of cytokines and full Maturation. J Infect Dis. 2003;188(11):1630–1638. DOI:10.1086/379199.
  • Basler CF, Amarasinghe GK. Evasion of interferon responses by Ebola and Marburg viruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2009;29(9):511–520.
  • Bixler SL, Goff AJ. The role of cytokines and Chemokines in filovirus infection. Viruses. 2015;7(10):5489–5507.
  • Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for africa. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(7):964–976.
  • Adegboro B, Adeola O. Marburg haemorrhagic fever: recent advances. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol. 2011;12(2). DOI:10.4314/ajcem.v12i2.64322
  • Bray M, Paragas J. Experimental therapy of filovirus infections. Antiviral Res. 2002;54(1):1–17.
  • Strickland-Cholmley M, Malherbe H. Examination of south african primates for the presence of Marburg virus. In: Martini GA and R Siegert, Strickland-Cholmley M and Malherbe H. editors. Marburg virus disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1971. pp. 195–202.
  • Ascenzi P, Bocedi A, Heptonstall J, et al. Ebolavirus and marburgvirus: insight the Filoviridae family. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29(3):151–185. DOI:10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.005.
  • Simpson DIH. Marburg agent disease: in monkeys. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1969;63(3):303–309.
  • Cooper TK, Sword J, Johnson JC, et al. New insights into Marburg virus disease pathogenesis in the rhesus macaque model. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_5):S423–S433. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy367.
  • Bausch DG, Sprecher AG, Jeffs B, et al. Treatment of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers: a strategy for testing new drugs and vaccines under outbreak conditions. Antiviral Res. 2008;78(1):150–161. DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.152.
  • Lavender KJ, Williamson BN, Saturday G, et al. Pathogenicity of Ebola and Marburg viruses is associated with differential activation of the myeloid compartment in humanized triple knockout-bone marrow, liver, and thymus mice. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_5):S409–S417. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy269.
  • Wei H, Audet J, Wong G, et al. Deep-Sequencing of Marburg virus genome during sequential mouse passaging and cell-culture adaptation reveals extensive changes over time. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3390. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-03318-3.
  • Warfield KL, Bradfute SB, Wells J, et al. Development and characterization of a mouse model for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. J Virol. 2009;83(13):6404–6415. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00126-09.
  • Simpson DI, Zlotnik I, Rutter DA. Vervet monkey disease. experiment infection of guinea pigs and monkeys with the causative agent. Br J Exp Pathol. 1968;49(5):458–464.
  • Wong G, Cao W-G, He S-H, et al. Development and characterization of a guinea pig model for Marburg virus. Zool Res. 2018;39(1):32–41. DOI:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.054.
  • Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Versteeg KM, et al. A single-vector, single-injection trivalent filovirus vaccine: proof of concept study in outbred guinea pigs. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(Suppl 2):S384–8.
  • Atkins C, Miao J, Kalveram B, et al. Natural history and pathogenesis of wild-type Marburg virus infection in STAT2 knockout Hamsters. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_5):S438–S447. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy457.
  • Marzi A, Banadyga L, Haddock E, et al. A hamster model for Marburg virus infection accurately recapitulates Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):39214. DOI:10.1038/srep39214.
  • Geisbert TW, Strong JE, Feldmann H. Considerations in the use of nonhuman primate models of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(suppl_2):S91–S97.
  • Geisbert TW, Daddario‐dicaprio K, Geisbert J, et al. Marburg virus Angola infection of rhesus macaques: pathogenesis and treatment with recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Supplement_2):S372–S381. DOI:10.1086/520608.
  • Wong G, Zhang Z, He S, et al. Marburg and ravn virus infections do not cause observable disease in ferrets. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_5):S471–S474. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy245.
  • Cross RW, Mire CE, Agans KN, et al. Marburg and ravn viruses fail to cause disease in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_5):S448–S452. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy268.
  • Jeffs B. A clinical guide to viral haemorrhagic fevers: Ebola, Marburg and lassa. Trop Doct. 2006;36(1):1–4.
  • Cross RW, Mire CE, Feldmann H, et al. Post-Exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(6):413–434. DOI:10.1038/nrd.2017.251.
  • Clark DV, Jahrling PB, Lawler JV. Clinical management of filovirus-infected patients. Viruses. 2012;4(9):1668–1686.
  • WHO. Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
  • Todorovitch K, Mocitch M, Klašnja R. Clinical picture of two patients infected by the marburg vervet virus. In: Martini GA and R Siegert, Todorovitch K, Mocitch M, and Klašnja R. editors. Marburg virus disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1971. pp. 19–23.
  • Frean J. The memoirs of margaretha isaacson. Vol. 9. Brisbane, Australia: Australasian College of Tropical Medicine; 2008. pp. 32–52.
  • Ndayimirije N, Kindhauser MK. Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola — fighting fear and a lethal pathogen. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(21):2155–2157.
  • Jeffs B, Roddy P, Weatherill D, et al. The médecins sans frontières intervention in the Marburg hemorrhagic fever epidemic, uige, Angola, 2005. I. lessons learned in the hospital. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Supplement_2):S154–S161. DOI:10.1086/520548.
  • Roddy P, Weatherill D, Jeffs B, et al. The médecins sans frontières intervention in the Marburg hemorrhagic fever epidemic, uige, Angola, 2005. II. lessons learned in the community. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Supplement_2):S162–S167. DOI:10.1086/520544.
  • Schultz MJ, Deen J, von Seidlein L, et al. Remote-Controlled and pulse pressure–Guided fluid treatment for adult patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(4):1172–1175. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.20-1515.
  • Porter DP, Weidner JM, Gomba L, et al. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is efficacious in cynomolgus macaques infected with Marburg virus. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(11):1894–1901. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiaa290.
  • Pessi A, Bixler SL, Soloveva V, et al. Cholesterol-Conjugated stapled peptides inhibit Ebola and Marburg viruses in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 2019;171:104592.
  • Gaisina IN, Peet NP, Wong L, et al. Discovery and structural optimization of 4-(aminomethyl)benzamides as potent entry inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg virus infections. J Med Chem. 2020;63(13):7211–7225. DOI:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00463.
  • Zhang L, Lei S, Xie H, et al. Screening and identification of Marburg virus entry inhibitors using approved drugs. Virol Sin. 2020;35(2):235–239. DOI:10.1007/s12250-019-00184-3.
  • Edwards MR, Basler CF. Current status of small molecule drug development for Ebola virus and other filoviruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2019;35:42–56.
  • Han Z, Ye H, Liang J, et al. Compound FC-10696 inhibits egress of Marburg virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(7):e00086–21. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00086-21.
  • Heald AE, Charleston JS, Iversen PL, et al. AVI-7288 for Marburg virus in nonhuman primates and humans. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(4):339–348. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1410345.
  • Dulin N, Spanier A, Merino K, et al. Systematic review of Marburg virus vaccine nonhuman primate studies and human clinical trials. Vaccine. 2021;39(2):202–208. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.042.
  • Suschak JJ, Schmaljohn CS. Vaccines against Ebola virus and Marburg virus: recent advances and promising candidates. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2019;15(10):2359–2377.
  • Trovato M, Sartorius R, D’-Apice L, et al. Viral emerging diseases: challenges in developing vaccination strategies. Front Immunol. 2020;11(2130). DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130.
  • Roozendaal R, Hendriks J, van Effelterre T, et al. Nonhuman primate to human immunobridging to infer the protective effect of an Ebola virus vaccine candidate. NPJ Vaccines. 2020;5(1):112. DOI:10.1038/s41541-020-00261-9.
  • Sarwar UN, Costner P, Enama ME, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding ebolavirus and marburgvirus wild-type glycoproteins in a phase I clinical trial. J Infect Dis. 2014;211(4):549–557. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiu511.
  • Kibuuka H, Berkowitz NM, Millard M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Ebola virus and Marburg virus glycoprotein DNA vaccines assessed separately and concomitantly in healthy ugandan adults: a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9977):1545–1554. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62385-0.
  • Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, et al. Durability of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based Marburg virus vaccine in nonhuman primates. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94355. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0094355.
  • Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, et al. Filovirus neutralising antibodies: mechanisms of action and therapeutic application. Pathogens. 2021;10(9):1201. DOI:10.3390/pathogens10091201.
  • Dye JM, Warfield K, Wells J, et al. Virus-Like particle vaccination protects nonhuman primates from lethal aerosol exposure with marburgvirus (VLP vaccination protects macaques against aerosol challenges). Viruses. 2016;8(4):94. DOI:10.3390/v8040094.
  • Swenson DL, Warfield KL, Larsen T, et al. Monovalent virus-like particle vaccine protects guinea pigs and nonhuman primates against infection with multiple Marburg viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008;7(4):417–429. DOI:10.1586/14760584.7.4.417.
  • Preston KB, Wong TAS, To A, et al. Single-Vial filovirus glycoprotein vaccines: biophysical characteristics and immunogenicity after co-lyophilization with adjuvant. Vaccine. 2021;39(39):5650–5657. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.003.
  • Lehrer AT, Chuang E, Namekar M, et al. Recombinant protein filovirus vaccines protect cynomolgus macaques from Ebola, Sudan, and Marburg viruses. Front Immunol. 2021;12(3287). DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.703986.
  • Cross RW, Bornholdt ZA, Prasad AN, et al. Combination therapy protects macaques against advanced Marburg virus disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1891. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-22132-0.
  • Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Borisevich V, et al. Therapeutic treatment of Marburg and Ravn virus infection in nonhuman primates with a human monoclonal antibody. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(384):eaai8711. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8711.
  • Dye JM, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, et al. Postexposure antibody prophylaxis protects nonhuman primates from filovirus disease. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2012;109(13):5034–5039. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1200409109.
  • Warren TK, Wells J, Panchal RG, et al. Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430. Nature. 2014;508(7496):402–405. DOI:10.1038/nature13027.
  • Thi EP, Mire CE, Ursic-Bedoya R, et al. Marburg virus infection in nonhuman primates: therapeutic treatment by lipid-encapsulated siRNA. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(250):250ra116–250ra116. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009706.
  • Thi EP, Mire CE, Lee ACH, et al. siRNA rescues nonhuman primates from advanced Marburg and Ravn virus disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(12):4437–4448. DOI:10.1172/JCI96185.
  • Warren TK, Warfield KL, Wells J, et al. Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections. Nat Med. 2010;16(9):991–994. DOI:10.1038/nm.2202.
  • Warren TK, Whitehouse CA, Wells J, et al. Delayed time-to-treatment of an antisense morpholino oligomer is effective against lethal Marburg virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(2):e0004456. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004456.
  • Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert TW, Ströher U, et al. Postexposure protection against Marburg haemorrhagic fever with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates: an efficacy assessment. Lancet. 2006;367(9520):1399–1404. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68546-2.
  • Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Geisbert JB, et al. Postexposure treatment of Marburg virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(7):1119–1122. DOI:10.3201/eid1607.100159.
  • Jones SM, Feldmann H, Ströher U, et al. Live attenuated recombinant vaccine protects nonhuman primates against Ebola and Marburg viruses. Nat Med. 2005;11(7):786–790. DOI:10.1038/nm1258.
  • Daddario-DiCaprio Kathleen M, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, et al. Cross-Protection against Marburg virus strains by using a live, attenuated recombinant vaccine. J Virol. 2006;80(19):9659–9666. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00959-06.
  • Geisbert TW, Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Geisbert JB, et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with Ebola and Marburg viruses. Vaccine. 2008;26(52):6894–6900. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.082.
  • Geisbert Thomas W, Geisbert JB, Leung A, et al. Single-injection vaccine protects nonhuman primates against infection with Marburg virus and three species of Ebola virus. J Virol. 2009;83(14):7296–7304. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00561-09.
  • Riemenschneider J, Garrison A, Geisbert J, et al. Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine. 2003;21(25):4071–4080. DOI:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00362-1.
  • Geisbert TW, Bailey M, Geisbert JB, et al. Vector choice determines immunogenicity and potency of genetic vaccines against Angola Marburg virus in nonhuman primates. J Virol. 2010;84(19):10386–10394. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00594-10.
  • Grant-Klein RJ, Altamura LA, Badger CV, et al. Codon-Optimized filovirus DNA vaccines delivered by intramuscular electroporation protect cynomolgus macaques from lethal Ebola and Marburg virus challenges. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2015;11(8):1991–2004. DOI:10.1080/21645515.2015.1039757.
  • Hevey M, Negley D, Pushko P, et al. Marburg virus vaccines based upon alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Virology. 1998;251(1):28–37. DOI:10.1006/viro.1998.9367.
  • Swenson DL, Wang D, Luo M, et al. Vaccine to confer to nonhuman primates complete protection against multistrain Ebola and Marburg virus Infections. Clin Vaccin Immunol. 2008;15(3):460–467. DOI:10.1128/CVI.00431-07.
  • Ignatyev GM, Agafonov AP, Streltsova MA, et al. Inactivated Marburg virus elicits a nonprotective immune response in Rhesus monkeys. J Biotechnol. 1996;44(1):111–118. DOI:10.1016/0168-1656(95)00104-2.
  • Smith LM, Hensley LE, Geisbert TW, et al. Interferon-β therapy prolongs survival in rhesus macaque models of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(2):310–318. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jis921.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.