57
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Exploring the use of social network analysis to inform exit strategies for rural water and sanitation NGOs

Pages 92-103 | Received 03 Jun 2016, Accepted 20 Sep 2016, Published online: 18 Oct 2016

References

  • Action for Hunger (ACF). (2007) How to make WASH projects sustainable and successfully disengage in vulnerable contexts: a practical manual of recommendations and good practices based on a case study of five ACF-IN water, sanitation and hygiene projects. ACF – International Network.
  • Agresti, F. and Finlay, B. (1997) Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  • Amadei, B. (2015) A Systems Approach to Modeling Community Development Projects, Momentum Press LLC, New York, NY.
  • Baumann, E. (2006) Do operation and maintenance pay? Waterlines, 25(1), 10–12. doi: 10.3362/0262-8104.2006.033
  • Borgatti, S.P. (2005) Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27, 55–71. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008
  • Brikké, F. (2000) Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Systems, a Training Package for Managers and Planners. IRC International Water & Sanitation Centre, WHO, Water Supply & Collaborative Council, Operation & Maintenance Network.
  • Carter, R. and Rwamwanja, R. (2006) Functional Sustainability in Community Water and Sanitation: A Case Study From South-West Uganda, Tearfund, Teddington.
  • Carter, R., Tyrrel, S. and Howsam, P., (1999) Impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programs in developing countries. Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 13, 292–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x
  • Chambers, R. (2005) Ideas for Development, Routledge, New York, NY.
  • Dwi Ari, I.R., Jeong, H., Matsushima, K. and Kobayashi, K. (2014) Network Analysis of Community Based Water Management. Chapter 12: Community Based Water Management and Social Capital, IWA Publishing, London.
  • Freeman, L.C. (1977) A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry, 40(1), 35–41. doi: 10.2307/3033543
  • Freeman, L.C. (1979) Centrality in social networks: conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239. doi: 10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7
  • Gardner, A. and Greenblot, J.E. (2005) What we know about exit strategies, practical guidance for developing exit strategies in the field. C-SAFE, A Product of the C-SAFE Regional Learning Spaces Initiative, Sept 2005 (CARE, CRS, World Vision, ADRA, USAID).
  • Gephi. 2015. Gephi.org.
  • Gine, R. and Perez-Foguet, A. (2008) Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania. Natural Resources Forum, 32, 327–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00213.x
  • Godfrey, S., Freitas, M., Muianga, A., Amaro, M., Fernandez, P. and Mosies, S. (2009) Sustainability Check: A monitoring tool for sustainability of rural water supplies, in 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Harvey, P.A. and Reed, R.A. (2004) Rural Water Supply in Africa: Building Blocks for Hand Pump Sustainability. Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough.
  • Harvey, P.A. and Reed, R.A. (2006) Community-managed water supplies in Africa: sustainable or dispensible? Community Development Journal, 42(3), 365–378. doi: 10.1093/cdj/bsl001
  • Hutchings, P., Chan, M.Y., Cuadrado, L., Ezbakhe, F., Mesa, B., Tamekawa, C. and Franceys, R. (2015) A systematic review of success factors in the community management of rural water supplies over the past 30 years. Water Policy, 17, 963–983. doi: 10.2166/wp.2015.128
  • Improve International. (2014) Guidelines for Resolution of Problems with Water Systems. Improveinternational.org/resolution. Available at https://improveinternational.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/resolution-of-problems-with-water-systems-full-report-10-12-14.pdf (accessed 9 January 2015)
  • Jones, S., Anya, A., Stacey, N. and Weir, L. (2012) A life-cycle approach to improve the sustainability of rural water systems in resource-limited countries. Challenges, 3, 233–260. doi: 10.3390/challe3020233
  • Kobayashi, K., Syabri, I., Dwi Ari, I.R. and Jeong, H. (2014) Community Based Water Management and Social Capital, IWA Publishing, London.
  • Komives, K., Akanban, B., Thorston, R., Tuffuor, B., Wakeman, W., Larbi, E., Bakalian, A. and Whittington, D. (2008) Post-construction support and the sustainability of rural water projects in Ghana, in 33rd WEDC International Conference, Accra, Ghana.
  • Lockwood, H., Bakalian, A. and Wakeman, W. (2002) Assessing sustainability in rural water supply: the role of follow-up support to communities. Literature Review and Desk Review of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Documents, Britain.
  • Lockwood, H. and Smits, S. (2011) Supporting Rural Water Supply: Moving Towards a Service Delivery Approach. Practical action publishing. The Schumacher Centre, Warwichshire, IRC and Aguaconsult.
  • Montgomery, M.A., Bartram, J. and Elimelech, M. (2009) Increasing functional sustainability of water and sanitation supplies in rural Sub-saharan Africa. Environmental Engineering Science, 26, 1017–1023. doi: 10.1089/ees.2008.0388
  • Musonda, K. (2004) Issues regarding sustainability of rural water supply in Zambia, master’s thesis, The University of South Africa.
  • Narayan, D. 1995. The Contribution of People’s Participation: Evidence From 131 Rural Water Supply Projects. Environmentally Sustainable Development Occasional Paper Series No. 1, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • Neely, K. (2015) Complex adaptive systems as a valid framework for understanding community level development. Development in Practice, 25(6), 785–797. doi: 10.1080/09614524.2015.1060949
  • Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F. and Skvoretz, J. (2010) Node centrality in weighted networks: generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32, 245–251. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006
  • Ramalingham, B., Jones, H., Toussaint, R. and Young, J. (2008) Exploring the Science of Complexity: Ideas and Implications for Development and Humanitarian Efforts. Working Paper 285. Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London.
  • Ramirez, M.C., Plazas, J., Torres, C., Silva, J., Caicedo, C. and Gonzalez, M. (2012) A systemic framework to develop sustainable solutions to rural communities in Columbia. Case Study: Ingenieros sin Fonteras Columbia. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 25, 95–116. doi: 10.1007/s11213-011-9203-y
  • Rietveld, L., Haarhoff, J. and Jagals, P. (2007) A tool for technical assessment of rural water supply systems in South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2007.12.001
  • Schouten, T., Fonseca, C., Lockwood, H. and Moriarty, P. (2011) Taking A Service Delivery Approach to Monitoring Water Supply in Low Income Areas and Implications for the Joint Monitoring Programme, Water Services That Last, The Hague.
  • Schweitzer, R. and Mihelcic, J. (2012) Assessing sustainability of community management of rural water systems in the developing world. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2(1), 20–30. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2012.056
  • Schoenenberger, L. and Schenker-Wicki, A. (2014) Can system dynamics learn from social network analysis?, in System Dynamics Society Conference 2014, Delft, Netherlands.
  • Scott, J. (2000) Social Network Analysis: A Handbook, 2nd edn. SAGE, London.
  • Silva, F., Heikkila, T., Filho, F. and Silva, D. (2013) Developing sustainable and replicable water supply systems in rural communities in Brazil. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(4), 622–635. doi: 10.1080/07900627.2012.722027
  • Wasserman, S. and Fraust, K. (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Application – Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences (Book 8), 1st edn, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Whittington, D. (1990) Estimating the willingness to pay for water services in developing countries: a case study of the use of contingent valuation surveys in southern Haiti. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 38(2), 293–311. doi: 10.1086/451794
  • Whittington, D., Davis, J., Prokopy, L., Komives, K., Thorston, R., Lukacs, H., Bakalian, A. and Wakeman, W. (2009) How well is the demand-driven, community management model for rural water systems doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru and Ghana. Water Policy, 11, 696–718. doi: 10.2166/wp.2009.310
  • WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP). (2015) Improved and Unimproved Water Sources and Sanitation Facilities. Available at http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ (accessed 27 May 2016)
  • Yin, R. (2002) Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods), 3rd edn. SAGE Publications, Inc., Los Angeles.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.