Nosocomial acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by an equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like rotavirus and GII.4 Sydney[P16] norovirus at a pediatric hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2019

References

• Cunliffe NA, Booth JA, Elliot C, Lowe SJ, Sopwith W, Kitchin N, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T, Hart CA, Regan M, et al. Healthcare-associated viral gastroenteritis among children in a large pediatric hospital, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(1):55–62. doi:10.3201/eid1601.090401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran A, Talmud D, Lejeune B, Jovenin N, Renois F, Payan C, Leveque N, Andreoletti L. Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, and astrovirus infections and coinfections among hospitalized children in northern France. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(5):1943–46. doi:10.1128/JCM.02181-09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentini D, Ianiro G, Di Bartolo I, Di Camillo C, Boccuzzi E, Vittucci AC, Ruggeri FM, Monini M. Hospital-acquired rotavirus and norovirus acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric unit, in 2014-2015. J Med Virol. 2017;89(10):1768–74. doi:10.1002/jmv.24866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jesus MCS, Santos VS, Storti-Melo LM, De Souza CDF, Barreto ÍDDC, Paes MVC, Lima PAS, Bohland AK, Berezin EN, Machado RLD, et al. Impact of a twelve-year rotavirus vaccine program on acute diarrhea mortality and hospitalization in Brazil: 2006-2018. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2020;19(6):585–93. doi:10.1080/14760584.2020.1775081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komoto S, Ide T, Negoro M, Tanaka T, Asada K, Umemoto M, Kuroki H, Ito H, Tanaka S, Ito M, et al. Characterization of unusual DS-1-like G3P[8] rotavirus strains in children with diarrhea in Japan. J Med Virol. 2018;90(5):890–98. doi:10.1002/jmv.25016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra SFS, Soares LS, Lobo PS, Penha Júnior ET, Sousa Júnior EC, Bezerra DAM, Vaz LR, Linhares AC, Mascarenhas JDP. Detection of a novel equine-like G3 rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(12):3131–38. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchs A, Da Costa AC, Cilli A, Komninakis SCV, Carmona RDCC, Boen L, Morillo SG, Sabino EC, Timenetsky MDCST. Spread of the emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like genetic backbone rotavirus strain in Brazil and identification of potential genetic variants. J Gen Virol. 2019;100(1):7–25. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chansaenroj J, Chuchaona W, Lestari FB, Pasittungkul S, Klinfueng S, Wanlapakorn N, Vongpunsawad S, Chirathaworn C, Poovorawan Y, et al. High prevalence of DS-1-like rotavirus infection in Thai adults between 2016 and 2019. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0235280. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medici MC, Tummolo F, Martella V, De Conto F, Arcangeletti MC, Pinardi F, Ferraglia F, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. Emergence of novel recombinant GII.P16_GII.2 and GII. P16_GII.4 Sydney 2012 norovirus strains in Italy, winter 2016/2017. New Microbiol. 2018;41(1):71–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lun JH, Hewitt J, Yan GJH, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Rawlinson WD, White PA. Recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 was the dominant norovirus identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017. Viruses. 2018;10(10):548. doi:10.3390/v10100548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruis C, Roy S, Brown JR, Allen DJ, Goldstein RA, Breuer J, Hasenkrug KJ. The emerging GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 norovirus lineage is circulating worldwide, arose by late-2014 and contains polymerase changes that may increase virus transmission. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpini LPB, Barreira DMPG, da Almeida PLS, Spano LC. An outbreak due to a norovirus GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney_2012 recombinant in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(1):89–93. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng SQ, Halkosalo A, Salminen M, Szakal ED, Puustinen L, Vesikari T. One-step quantitative RT-PCR for the detection of rotavirus in acute gastroenteritis. J Virol Methods. 2008;153(2):238–40. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama T, Kojima S, Shinohara M, Uchida K, Fukushi S, Hoshino FB, Takeda N, Katayama K. Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(4):1548–57. doi:10.1128/jcm.41.4.1548-1557.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez MB, Fialho AM, Maranhão AG, Malta FC, Andrade JDSRD, Assis RMSD, Mouta SDSE, Miagostovich MP, Leite JPG, Machado Fumian T, et al. Rotavirus A in Brazil: molecular epidemiology and surveillance during 2018-2019. Pathogens. 2020;9:7. doi:10.3390/pathogens9070515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, Heiman E, Arijs I, Delbeke T, McDonald SM, Palombo EA, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maes P, Patton JT, et al. Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-like and porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains. J Virol. 2008;82(7):3204–19. doi:10.1128/JVI.02257-07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghese V, Ghosh S, Das S, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T, Karmakar P, Kobayashi N, Naik TN. Characterization of VP1, VP2 and VP3 gene segments of a human rotavirus closely related to porcine strains. Virus Genes. 2006;32(3):241–47. doi:10.1007/s11262-005-6908-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring AJ, Inglis NF, Ojeh CK, Snodgrass DR, Menzies JD. Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;16(3):473–77. doi:10.1128/JCM.16.3.473-477.1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon JL, Barclay L, Collins NR, Wikswo ME, Castro CJ, Magaña LC, Gregoricus N, Marine RL, Chhabra P, Vinjé J, et al. Genetic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated emergence of novel GII.4 recombinant viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(7):2208–21. doi:10.1128/JCM.00455-17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura KMEGAX. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547–49. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz EM, Esona MD, Betrapally NS, De La Cruz De Leon LA, Neira YR, Rey GJ, Bowen MD. Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains. Virology. 2019;534:114–31. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbemabiese CA, Nakagomi T, Damanka SA, Dennis FE, Lartey BL, Armah GE, Nakagomi O. Sub-genotype phylogeny of the non-G, non-P genes of genotype 2 Rotavirus A strains. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217422. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez Aldeán J, Aristegui J, López-Belmonte JL, Pedrós M, Sicilia JG. Economic and psychosocial impact of rotavirus infection in Spain: a literature review. Vaccine. 2014;32(30):3740–51. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhrie FHA, Siebenga JJ, Beersma MFC, Koopmans M. Chronic shedders as reservoir for nosocomial transmission of norovirus. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(11):4303–05. doi:10.1128/JCM.01308-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira MSR, de Cubel Garcia RC, da Xavier MPTP, Ribeiro RL, Assis RM, Mota MDCM, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP, OliveiR F.ra SAD. Genotyping of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalised children: first report of norovirus GII.21 in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107(8):1064–67. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762012000800017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvas A. Vaccination in patients with immunosuppression. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2014;49(3):181–85. doi:10.5152/tpa.2014.2206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roczo-Farkas S, Cowley D, Bines JE. The Australian rotavirus surveillance group. Australian rotavirus surveillance program: annual report, 2017. Commun Dis Intell (2018). 2019;43.28. doi:10.33321/cdi.2019.43.28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gleizes O, Desselberger U, Tatochenko V, Rodrigo C, Salman N, Mezner Z, Giaquinto C, Grimprel E. Nosocomial rotavirus infection in European countries: a review of the epidemiology, severity and economic burden of hospital-acquired rotavirus disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(1 Suppl):S12–21. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000197563.03895.91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Molecular characterization of different equine-like G3 rotavirus strains from Germany. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;57:46–50. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roczo-Farkas S, Kirkwood CD, Bines JE, Enteric Virus Group. Murdoch childrens research institute, royal children’s hospital. Australian rotavirus surveillance program: annual report, 2016. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2017;41(4):E455–E471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roczo-Farkas S, Kirkwood CD, Cowley D, Barnes GL, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Boniface K, Donato CM, Bines JE. The impact of rotavirus vaccines on genotype diversity: a comprehensive analysis of 2 decades of Australian surveillance data. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(4):546–54. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke E, Desselberger U. Correlates of protection against human rotavirus disease and the factors influencing protection in low-income settings. Mucosal Immunol. 2015;8(1):1–17. doi:10.1038/mi.2014.114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreira DMPG, Fumian TM, Tonini MAL, Volpini LPB, Santos RP, Ribeiro ALC, Leite JPG, Souza MTBDME, Brasil P, da Cunha DC, et al. Detection and molecular characterization of the novel recombinant norovirus GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney in southeastern Brazil in 2016. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189504. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan MC-W, Roy S, Bonifacio J, Zhang L-Y, Chhabra P, Chan JCM, Celma C, Igoy MA, Lau S-L, Mohammad KN, et al. Detection of norovirus variant GII.4 Hong Kong in Asia and Europe, 2017-2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(1):289–93. doi:10.3201/eid2701.203351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan MCW, Lee N, Hung T-N, Kwok K, Cheung K, Tin EKY, Lai RWM, Nelson EAS, Leung TF, Chan PKS, et al. Rapid emergence and predominance of a broadly recognizing and fast-evolving norovirus GII.17 variant in late 2014. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):10061. doi:10.1038/ncomms10061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niendorf S, Jacobsen S, Faber M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Hofmann J, Zimmermann O, Höhne M, Bock CT. Steep rise in norovirus cases and emergence of a new recombinant strain GII.P16-GII.2, Germany, winter 2016. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(4). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramani S, Estes MK, Atmar RL. Correlates of protection against norovirus infection and disease-where are we now, where do we go? PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(4):e1005334. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates JE, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Hall AJ. Recent advances in human norovirus research and implications for candidate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2020;19(6):539–48. doi:10.1080/14760584.2020.1777860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon JL, Bonifacio J, Bucardo F, Buesa J, Bruggink L, Chan MCW, Fumian TM, Giri S, Gonzalez MD, Hewitt J, et al. Global trends in norovirus genotype distribution among children with acute gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(5):1438–45. doi:10.3201/eid2705.204756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar