Impact of prior infection status on antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers at a COVID-19 referral hospital in Milan, Italy

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) weekly epidemiological update and weekly operational update. [accessed 2021 May 1]. https://covid19.who.int/.
   Google Scholar
• Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:403–16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2035389. PMID: 33378609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2603–15. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. PMID: 33301246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh EE, Frenck RW Jr, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Mulligan MJ, Bailey R, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2439–50. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2027906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewer KJ, Barrett JR, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Sharpe H, Makinson R, Morter R, Flaxman A, Wright D, Bellamy D, Bittaye M, et al. T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2020;27:270–78. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01194-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, Angus B, Baillie VL, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021;397:9–111. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1.
   Google Scholar
• Sahin U, Muik A, Vogler I, Derhovanessian E, Kranz LM, Vormehr M, Quandt J, Bidmon N, Ulges A, Baum A, et al. BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans. Nature. 2021;595(7868):572–77. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03653-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://www.aifa.gov.it/documents/20142/823882/Comunicato_AIFA_620_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anichini G, Terrosi C, Gandolfo C, Gori Savellini G, Fabrizi S, Miceli GB, Cusi MG. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in persons with past natural infection. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:90–92. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2103825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milazzo L, Lai A, Pezzati L, Oreni L, Bergna A, Conti F, Meroni C, Minisci D, Galli M, Corbellino M, et al. Dynamics of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers at a COVID-19 referral hospital in Milan, Italy. Occup Environ Med. 2021;78(8):541–47. oemed-2020-107060. doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-107060. Online ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassie GT, Azene AG, Bantie GM, Dessie G, Aragaw AM. Incubation period of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel Coronavirus 2 that causes Coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020;93:100607. doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujigaki H, Inaba M, Osawa M, Moriyama S, Takahashi Y, Suzuki T, Yamase K, Yoshida Y, Yagura Y, Oyamada T, et al. Comparative analysis of antigen-specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody isotypes in COVID-19 patients. J Immunol. 2021;206:2393–401. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2001369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poh CM, Carissimo G, Wang B, Amrun SN, Lee CY, Chee RS, Fong SW, Yeo NK, Lee WH, Torres-Ruesta A, et al. Two linear epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that elicit neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2806. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16638-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan A, Pepper G, Wener MH, Fink SL, Morishima C, Chaudhary A, Jerome KR, Mathias PC, Greninger AL. Performance characteristics of the Abbott architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and seroprevalence in Boise, Idaho. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58:e00941–20. doi:10.1128/JCM.00941-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu Jabal K, Ben-Amram H, Beiruti K, Batheesh Y, Sussan C, Zark S, Edelstein M. Impact of age, ethnicity, sex and prior infection status on immunogenicity following a single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: real-world evidence from healthcare workers, Israel, December 2020 to January 2021. Euro Surveill. 2021;26:2100096. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.6.2100096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krammer F, Srivastava K, Alshammary H, Amoako AA, Awawda MH, Beach KF, Bermúdez-González MC, Bielak DA, Carreño JM, Chernet RL, et al. Antibody responses in seropositive persons after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(14):1372–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2101667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadat S, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Logue J, Newman M, Frieman MB, Harris AD, Sajadi MM. Binding and neutralization antibody titers after a single vaccine dose in health care workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1467–69. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendecki M, Clarke C, Brown J, Cox A, Gleeson S, Guckian M, Randell P, Dalla Pria A, Lightstone L, Xu XN, et al. Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine. Lancet. 2021;397:1178–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00502-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manisty C, Otter AD, Treibel TA, McKnight Á, Altmann DM, Brooks T, Noursadeghi M, Boyton RJ, Semper A, Moon JC. Antibody response to first BNT162b2 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Lancet. 2021;397:1057–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00501-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Moro L, Rodari P, Piubelli C, Caldrer S, Riccetti S, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L. Antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in subjects with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viruses. 2021;13:422. doi:10.3390/v13030422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röltgen K, Powell AE, Wirz OF, Stevens BA, Hogan CA, Najeeb J, Hunter M, Wang H, Sahoo MK, Huang C, et al. Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome. Sci Immunol. 2020;5:eabe0240. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean L, Saso A, Torres Ortiz A, Lam T, Hatcher J, Thistlethwayte R, Harris M, Best T, Johnson M, Wagstaffe H, et al. Long-term persistence of spike antibody and predictive modeling of antibody dynamics following infection with SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;ciab607. Online ahead of print. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab607.
   Google Scholar
• Ministero della Salute. [accessed 2021 October 25].https://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2021&codLeg=79033&parte=1%20&serie=null
   Google Scholar
• Chapin-Bardales J, Gee J, Myers T. Reactogenicity following receipt of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. JAMA. 2021;325:2201–02. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.5374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saita M, Yan Y, Ito K, Sasano H, Seyama K, Naito T. Reactogenicity following two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: real-world evidence from healthcare workers in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2021 Sep 16. S1341-321X(21)00258-0. Online ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2021.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wajnberg A, Amanat F, Firpo A, Altman DR, Bailey MJ, Mansour M, McMahon M, Meade P, Rao Mendu D, Muellers K, et al. Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months. Science. 2020;370:1227–30. doi:10.1126/science.abd7728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas JE, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, Brooks N, Smaja M, Mircus G, Pan K, et al. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet. 2021;397:1819–29. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00947-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, Wellington E, Stowe J, Gillson N, Atti A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and e ectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:1725–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00790-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawal U, Akbari A, Bedston S, Beggs J, Bradley D, Chuter A, et al. Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:1646–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00677-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North CM, Barczak A, Goldstein RH, Healy BC, Finkelstein DM, Ding DD, Kim A, Boucau J, Shaw B, Gilbert RF, et al. Determining the incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 among early recipients of COVID-19 vaccines: a prospective cohort study of healthcare workers before, during and after vaccination [DISCOVER-COVID-19]. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;ciab643. Online ahead of print. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab643.
   Google Scholar
• Ebinger JE, Fert-Bober J, Printsev I, Wu M, Sun N, Prostko JC, Frias EC, Stewart JL, Van Eyk JE, Braun JG, et al. Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2021;27:981–84. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01325-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varona JF, Madurga R, Peñalver F, Abarca E, Almirall C, Cruz M, Ramos E, Castellano Vázquez JM. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in over 6000 healthcare workers in Spain. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50:400–09. doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanis P, Vraka I, Fragkou D, Bilali A, Kaitelidou D. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2021;108:120–34. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar