Sustainable access of quality seeds of genetically engineered crops in Eastern Africa - Case study of Bt Cotton

References

• Amanet K, Chiamaka EO, Quansah GW, Mubeen M, Farid HU, Akram R, Nasim W. Cotton production in Africa. In: Jabran K Chauhan BSeditors. Cotton Production. 2020. ISBN:
   Google Scholar
• Mehta M, Writer F. AGOA renewal raises African hopes of unhindered exports to U.S. RIS. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Reliefweb, OCHA Services. How the textile industry can help countries recover from COVID-19. 2020; https://reliefweb.int/report/world/how-textile-industry-can-help-countries-recover-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Wilde R. Did cotton drive the industrial revolution? ThoughtCo. Aug. 27, 2020. thoughtco.com/textiles-during-the-industrial-revolution-1221644
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD. Unlocking the hidden value of cotton by-products in African least developed countries. UN Conference on Trade and Development. Written by Fabrizio Meliado, Parkhi Vats, Kris Terauds, Matthias Knappe. 2019; https://unctad.org/news/unlocking-hidden-value-cotton-products-african-least-developed-countries
   Google Scholar
• Fiber2Fashion, Sub-Saharan Africa: Potential And Challenges In Textiles & Apparel Industry. 2022. https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/9406/sub-saharan-africa-potential-and-challenges-in-textiles-apparel-industry
   Google Scholar
• Country Report November . Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Irrigation. Country status report on Kenya cotton sector.79th ICAC plenary virtual meeting 6th – 9th December, 2021 prepared by agriculture and food authority – Fibre crops directorate November 06 December 2021 - 09 December 2021 Fully Plenary Meeting, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Tiliksew A, Abera K, Jun W. | Fatih Y. A review of current state and future directions of cotton production in Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2021(7):1. doi:10.1080/23311932.2021.1880533.
   Google Scholar
• Better cotton. Multiple African Countries (CmiA & SCS). 2021; https://bettercotton.org/where-is-better-cotton-grown/improving-the-lives-of-smallholder-cotton-farmers-in-africa/
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie H, Roser M “Crop Yields”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: FAOSTAT. 2021; https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields
   Google Scholar
• Obukosia SD, Karimbhai M, Kedisso EG, Gunthner J, Ouedraogo JT. The value-chain of cotton industry in Kenya with focus on product stewardship for timely provision of certified quality hybrid Bt cotton seeds to farmers. Afr J Biotech. 2022; 21(8): 361–79. 10.5897/AJB2022.17452. ISSN: .
   Google Scholar
• Regional Agricultural Trade Expansion Support Program [RATES]. Cotton-textile and apparel value chain report for Kenya. The RATES Center, Nairobi, Kenya. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• THe world bank. Kenya growth and competitiveness. Report. 2005; https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/8505/313870KE.pdf?sequence=1. 31387–KE.
   Google Scholar
• Nagachandrabose S. Management of cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera and Earias vittella by entomopathogenic nematodes. J Cotton Res. 2022;5(1). doi:10.1186/s42397-022-00119-6.
   Google Scholar
• Ermias S, Geremew T, Zeraye M, Mesfin W Increasing crop production through improved plant protection. In: Tadesse A. (editor). 2009; 2. Proceeding of the 14th Annual Conference of the Plant Protection Society of Ethiopia (PPSE). pp. 93–116. December 21-22, 2006, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Abate T, Huis AV, Ampofo JKO. PeSt management strategies in traditional agriculture: an African perspective. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45(1):631–59. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkinson I. Global view of present and future markets for Bt products. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1994;49(1):3–7. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90013-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maredia KM. Integrated pest management in the global arena: introduction and overview. In: Integrated pest management in the global arena Maredia , Karim, Dona , Dakouo, David, Mota-Sanchez. United Kingdom: CABI Publishing; 2003. pp. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Perlak FJ, Oppenhuizen M, Gustafson K, Voth R, Sivasupramanian S, Heering D, Carey B, Ihrig RA, Roberts JK. Development and commercial use of Bollgard® cotton in the USA - early promises versus today’s reality. Plant J. 2001;27(6):489–501. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01120.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardee DD, Van Duyn JW, Layton MB, Bagwell RD. Bt cotton Management of the Tobacco Budworm-Bollworm complex. United States Department Of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service ARS–154 Pp1–40 . January 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell JP, Perlak FJ. Global impact of insect-resistant (Bt) cotton. AgBioforum. 2004;7:27–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton KA, Pyla PD, Breeze M, Olson T, Li M, Robinson E, Gallagher SP, Sorbet R, Chen Y, Bollgard IC. Compositional analysis and feeding studies of cottonseed from insect-protected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(23):6969–76. doi:10.1021/jf030727h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Montana. Bt cotton - explanation. Ethics And Public Affairs Program. 2013. http://www.umt.edu/ethics/debating%20science%20program/odc/Biotechnology/Alternatives/Bt%20Cotton1/default.php
   Google Scholar
• Bravo A, Gill SS, Soberón M. Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control. Toxicon. 2007;49(4):423–35. Epub 2006 Nov 30. PMID: 17198720; PMCID: PMC1857359. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo A, Gómez I, Porta H, García-Gómez BI, Rodriguez AC, Pardo L, Soberón M. Evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins insecticidal activity. Microb Biotechnol. 2013;6(1):17–26. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00342.x. PMCID: PMC3815381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbabazi R, Maredia K. Biotechnology applications for integrated pest management. In: Kogan M Heinrichs Eeditors. Integrated management of insect pests: current and future developments. Publisher: Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science. 201969ISBN: Hardback: 9781ISBN: Hardback: 9781786762603.786762603.
   Google Scholar
• Kedisso EG, Maredia K, Guenthner J, Koch M. Commercialization of genetically modified crops in Africa: opportunities and challenges. African J Of Biotech 2022a. ISSN: 1684-5315;21(5):188–97. doi:10.5897/AJB2021.17434.
   Google Scholar
• ISAAA Brief. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops. ISAAA Briefs - ISAAA Publications. Isaaa.org.2000, 2005, 2016, 2017, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kedisso EG, Barro N, Chimphepo L, Elagib T, Gidado R, Mbabazi R, Oloo B, Maredia K. Crop biotechnology and smallholder farmers in Africa. GeneTically modified plants and beyond. IntechOpen 2022b 10.5772/intechopen.101914.
   Google Scholar
• Lechner S, Cotton in Africa - Sustainability at a Crossroads. A White Paper from Textile Exchange’s Pan-Africa Sourcing Working Group © 2020. 2020. https://www.biore.ch/wp-content/uploads/Cotton-in-Africa-Sustainability-at-a-Crossroads-White-Paper_final-2020608-tj8cl8.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Choudhary B, Gaur K. Biotech cotton in India, 2002 to 2014. ISAAA series of biotech crop profiles. ISAAA :Ithaca, NY. 2015 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Stone GD, Flachs A. The ox fall down: path-breaking and technology treadmills in Indian cotton agriculture. The J Of Peasant Studies. 2018;45(7):1272–96. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1291505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA foreign agricultural services. GAIN Report No. ET1901. 2019
   Google Scholar
• Kedisso EG, Maredia K, Isaacs K. Seed system challenges of smallholder farmers in Africa. The African Seed Magazine. 2022c;8:23–32.
   Google Scholar
• WIDER GM, Industrial policy and development in Ethiopia evolution and present experimentation. 2013; Working Paper No. 2013/125
   Google Scholar
• Ethiopian Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI). National Cotton Development Strategy (2017-2032) and Road Map, August 2017. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Abate T. ArtheroPod pests of grain legumes in Ethiopia: their importance and distribution. Ethiopia: Institute of Agricultural Research; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• USDA foreign agricultural services. GAIN Report No. ET1906. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Trading economics. Ethiopia Cotton Export. 2022. https://tradingeconomics.com/ethiopia/exports/cotton#:~:text=Ethiopia%20Exports%20of%20cotton%20was,COMTRADE%20database%20on%20international%20trade.
   Google Scholar
• Gudeta B, Egziabher AG. Cotton production potential areas, production trends, research status, gaps and future directions of cotton improvement in Ethiopia. Greener J Of Agri Sci. 2019;9(2):163–70. doi:10.15580/GJAS.2019.2.040619064.
   Google Scholar
• Ngetich NK Associated impacts of common weeds on Bacillus thuringiensis (Rt) cotton: a case study of Mwea, Kenya. 2011 MSC Thesis.
   Google Scholar
• Gitonga W, Macharia J, Mungai A, Njue H, Karanja D, Olwen H Cotton production, constraints, and research interventions in Kenya. 2010; http://www.icac.org/tis/regional_networks/documents/africa_10/business_meeting/3_kenya.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Oloo B, Maredia K, Mbabazi R. Advancing adoption of genetically modified crops as food and feed in Africa: the case of Kenya. Afr J Biotechnol. 2020;19(10):694–701. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/CF0B22664974. doi:10.5897/AJB2020.17159.
   Google Scholar
• KALRO. Final report of the national performance trials of insect resistant Bt-Cotton hybrids in Kenya. November, 2019. Nairobi, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Meeme V Kenyan farmers reap bountiful first harvest of GM cotton. Global gene editing regulation tracker. GLP 2021 annual report, Cornell Alliance for Science. April 28, 2021
   Google Scholar
• Science Africa Report. Kenya: bT Cotton offers new hope for Homa Bay farmers. By Kevine Omollo. Kenya: BT Cotton Offers New hope for Homa Bay Farmers | Science Africa 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Luttrell RG, Fitt GP, Ramalho FS, Sugonyaev ES. Cotton pest management. Annu Rev Entomol. 1994; 39: 517–26. ISSN: . 1. 10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.002505.
   Google Scholar
• Waturu CN Role of KARI in enhancing cotton production in Kenya through biotechnology. Opportunities for reviving cotton industry in East Africa through biotechnology. Proceedings of the Cotton Stakeholders Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• ISAAA. Accomplishment Report - ISAAA Publications, 2020; ISAAA.org
   Google Scholar
• Business Daily. Cotton production rises 16 percent. 2021; https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/cotton-production-rises-16-percent-3530828
   Google Scholar
• Babikir OM, Babiker BI. The determinants of labor supply and demand in irrigated agriculture: a case study of the Gezira scheme in Sudan. African Development Review. 2007;19(2):335–49. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8268.2007.00164.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustafa AM, Babiker EA. Knight: a new cotton cultivars with a broad resistance to bacterial blight. U Of K J Agric Sci. 2006;14:64–77.
   Google Scholar
• Babiker OM The Economics of Agricultural Labor Markets in Sudan: A case Study of Gezira Scheme. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 2006; PhD Thesis.
   Google Scholar
• El Wakeel AS Agricultural biotechnology and biosafety regulations in Sudan: the case of Bt cotton. Agric-biotech-conf. 2014; Available from http://www.nasaconline.org/dmdocuments/agric-biotech-conf/
   Google Scholar
• Abdallah AN. The story behind Bt cotton: where does Sudan stand? GM Crops & Food. 2014;5(4):241–43. doi:10.1080/21645698.2014.997119. 2014 Oct-Dec PMCID: PMC5033217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James CGlobal status of commercialized Biotech/GM cropISAAA BriefISAAANY201244Ithacap. 201
   Google Scholar
• Kranthi KR, Stone GD. Long-term impacts of Bt cotton in India. Nat Plants. 2020;6(3):188–96. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-0615-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathage J, Qaim M. Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton in India. PNAS. 2012;109(29):11652–56. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203647109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonzun S, Messmer MM, Boller T, Shrivas Y, Patil SS, Riar A. Extent of bollworm and sucking pest damage on modern and traditional cotton species and potential for breeding in organic cotton. Sustainability. 2019;11(22):6353. doi:10.3390/su11226353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha-Munive MG, Soberón M, Castañeda S, Niaves E, Scheinvar E, Eguiarte LE, Mota-Sánchez D, Rosales-Robles E, Nava-Camberos U, Martínez-Carrillo JL, et al. EvaluatioN of the impact of genetically modified cotton after 20 years of cultivation in Mexico. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2018;6. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins JN, McCarty JC Jr, Buehler RE, Kiser J, Williams C, Wofford T. Resistance of cotton with δ-Endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on selected Lepidopteran insects. Agron J. 1997;89(5):768–80. doi:10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900050010x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict JH Bt cotton: opportunities and challenges. In: Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf., Nashville, TN. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am, Memphis, TN.1996; 25–29.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict JH, El-Zik KM, Oliver LR, Roberts PA, Wilson LT. Economic injury levels and thresholds for pests of cottonEconomic injury levels and thresholds for pests of cotton. E. Frisbie, El-Zik, K.M., Wilson, L.T., et al. ed. New York: John Wiley, Sons; 1989. pp. 121–53 ISBN 04-718-17821.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict JH, Altman DW. Commercialization of transgenic cotton expressing insecticidal crystal protein. Genetic improvement of cotton: emeRging technologies. New Delhi: Oxf., IBH Pub Co. Pvt. Ltd; 2001. pp. 137–201.
   Google Scholar
• Klümper W, Qaim M, Albertini E. A meta‐analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops. PLos One. 2014;9(11):e111629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munyi P. Current developments in seed laws Harmonization in Africa. Report to the European commission. DeSIRA-LIFT. 2022; https://www.desiralift.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/161122-DeSIRA-LIFT-Current-Developments-in-Seed-Laws-Harmonisation-in-Africa.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlmann K Harmonizing regional seed regulations in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative assessment. September 2015. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4126687 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4126687Lechner
   Google Scholar
• Arora N Organic cotton from Uganda-History and current structure, 2019; https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/organic-cotton-from-uganda-history-current-structure-nitin-arora
   Google Scholar
• Byabagambi S. Cotton pests and natural enemy interactions in Uganda; A basis for biosafety risk assessment. Makerere University Uganda. PhD Thesis. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Gayi D, Lubbadde G, Biruma M, Echaku S, Ejiet E, Ocen D. Distribution and seasonal occurrence of major insect pests of cotton in Uganda. null. 2017;2(5):2279–87. doi:10.22161/ijeab/2.5.1. (ISSN: 2456-1878).
   Google Scholar
• Ngotho, A. Bt Variety: Farmers want subsidised GM cotton seeds to revive sector. November 2021; https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/star-farmer/2021-11-12-farmers-want-subsidised-gm-cotton-seeds-to-revive-sector/
   Google Scholar
• Elagib TY. Study on status of biosafety regulatory frameworks, research and development on GM technology in COMESA member states, Sudan Report. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Brookes G, Barfoot P. Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2016: impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food. 2018;9(3):109–39. doi:10.1080/21645698.2018.1476792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar