Analysis of millennials and older adults’ automobility behavior in Hamilton, Ontario

References

• Abotalebi, E., Ferguson, M. R., Mohamed, M., & Scott, D. M. (2020). Design of a survey to assess prospects for consumer electric mobility in Canada: A retrospective appraisal. Transportation, 47(3), 1223–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9952-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern, A., & Hine, J. (2012). Rural transport–valuing the mobility of older people. Research in Transportation Economics, 34(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2011.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Alemi, F., Circella, G., Handy, S., & Mokhtarian, P. (2018). What influences travelers to use Uber? Exploring the factors affecting the adoption of on-demand ride services in California. Travel Behaviour and Society, 13, 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azimi, G., Rahimi, A., & Jin, X. (2021). Exploring the attitudes of millennials and generation Xers toward ridesourcing services. Transportation, 49(6), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-021-10227-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour, N., Menon, N., & Mannering, F. (2021). A statistical assessment of work-from-home participation during different stages of the COVID–19 pandemic. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 11, 100441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barroso, A., Parker, K., & Bennett, J. (2020, May 27). As millennials near 40, They’rE approaching family life differently than previous generations. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/05/27/as-millennials-near-40-theyre-approaching-family-life-differently-than-previous-generations/
   Google Scholar
• Blumenberg, E., Brown, A., Ralph, K., Taylor, B. D., & Turley Voulgaris, C. (2019). A resurgence in urban living? Trends in residential location patterns of young and older adults since 2000. Urban Geography, 40(9), 1375–1397. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1597594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenberg, E., Ralph, K., Smart, M., & Taylor, B. D. (2016). Who knows about kids these days? Analyzing the determinants of youth and adult mobility in the US between 1990 and 2009. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 93, 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. E., Blumenberg, E., Taylor, B. D., Ralph, K., & Voulgaris, C. (2016). A taste for transit? Analyzing public transit use trends among youth. Journal of Public Transportation, 19(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.19.1.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucsky, P. (2020). Modal share changes due to COVID-19: The case of Budapest. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busch-Geertsema, A., & Lanzendorf, M. (2017). From university to work life–jumping behind the wheel? Explaining mode change of students making the transition to professional life. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 106, 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudyk, A. M., McKay, H. A., Winters, M., Sims-Gould, J., & Ashe, M. C. (2017). Neighborhood walkability, physical activity, and walking for transportation: A cross-sectional study of older adults living on low income. BMC Geriatrics, 17(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0469-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Circella, G., Alemi, F., Berliner, R., Tiedeman, K., Lee, Y., Fulton, L., Handy, S., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2017, January 08-12). The multimodal behavior of millennials: Exploring differences in travel choices between young adults and Gen Xers in California. In Proceedings of the 96th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2017, Washington, DC, USA. (No. 17-06827).
   Google Scholar
• Coppock, A., & McClellan, O. A. (2019). Validating the demographic, political, psychological, and experimental results obtained from a new source of online survey respondents. Research & Politics, 6(1), 2053168018822174. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018822174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlin, J. F. (2009). Longevity, lifestyle, and anticipating the new demands of aging on the transportation system. Public Works Management & Policy, 13(4), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X09335609
   Google Scholar
• Cui, J., Loo, B. P., & Lin, D. (2017). Travel behaviour and mobility needs of older adults in an ageing and car-dependent society. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 21(2), 109–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B., Dutzik, T., & Baxandall, P. (2012). Transportation and the new generation: Why young people are driving less and what it means for transportation policy. U.S. PIRG Education Fund & Frontier Group. U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• Delbosc, A., & Nakanishi, H. (2017). A life course perspective on the travel of Australian millennials. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 104, 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbosc, A., & Ralph, K. (2017). A tale of two millennials. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 10(1), 903–910. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2017.1006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos, J. (2018). Do people travel with their preferred travel mode? Analysing the extent of travel mode dissonance and its effect on travel satisfaction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 117, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos, J., & Alemi, F. (2020). Are young adults car-loving urbanites? Comparing young and older adults’ residential location choice, travel behavior and attitudes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132, 986–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dynata. (n.d.). The foundation of accurate insights and better decision-making. dynata.com. https://www.dynata.com/dynatas-world-class-quality/
   Google Scholar
• The Financial Post. (2020, September 24). This millennial is desperate to move to Hamilton, but has been outbid seven times. Retrieved February 6, 2022, from https://financialpost.com/personal-finance/young-money/this-millennial-is-desperate-to-move-to-hamilton-but-has-been-outbid-seven-times
   Google Scholar
• Fordham, L., Grisé, E., & El-Geneidy, A. (2017). When I’m 64: Assessing generational differences in public transit use of seniors in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Transportation Research Record, 2651(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.3141/2651-04
   Google Scholar
• Garikapati, V. M., Pendyala, R. M., Morris, E. A., Mokhtarian, P. L., & McDonald, N. (2016). Activity patterns, time use, and travel of millennials: A generation in transition? Transport Reviews, 36(5), 558–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1197337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giallonardo, M. (2017). The Impact of Employment Status on the Travel Behaviour of Millennials: Assessing the Potential for Promoting Sustainable Transportation in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area [ Unpublished master’s report]. Queen’s University.
   Google Scholar
• Grimsrud, M., & El-Geneidy, A. (2014). Transit to eternal youth: Lifecycle and generational trends in Greater Montreal public transport mode share. Transportation, 41(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-013-9454-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Hamilton Spectator. (2021, August 06). Millennial homebuyers ‘facing bigger hurdles than ever before’. Retrieved February 6, 2022, from https://www.thespec.com/business/real-estate/2021/08/06/hamilton-millennial-homebuyers-mortgage-bidding-wars.html
   Google Scholar
• Hensher, D. A., Wei, E., Beck, M. J., & Balbontin, C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on cost outlays for car and public transport commuting-the case of the greater Sydney metropolitan area after three months of restrictions. Transport Policy, 101, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjorthol, R. (2016). Decreasing popularity of the car? Changes in driving license and access to a car among young adults over a 25-year period in Norway. Journal of Transport Geography, 51, 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, J., & McArthur, D. P. (2019). How does internet usage influence young travelers’ choices? Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17736811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough, J. A., Cao, X., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Exploring travel behavior of elderly women in rural and small urban North Dakota: An ecological modeling approach. Transportation Research Record, 2082(1), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.3141/2082-15
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, S., & Habib, M. A. (2020). Smartphone and daily travel: How the use of smartphone applications affect travel decisions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, S., & Newbold, K. B. (2020). Factors associated with travel behavior of millennials and older adults: A scoping review. Sustainability, 12(19), 8236. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, S., Newbold, K. B., & Habib, M. A. (2021). Does the use of smartphones affect discretionary trips? An analysis of smartphone use data from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Transportation Planning and Technology, 44(4), 418–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2021.1919350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, S., Newbold, K. B., & Scott, D. M. (2022). A comparison of young and older adults’ attitudes and preferences towards different travel modes and residential characteristics: A study in Hamilton, Ontario. The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien, 66(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12744
   Google Scholar
• Klein, N. J., & Smart, M. J. (2017). Millennials and car ownership: Less money, fewer cars. Transport Policy, 53, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konietzka, D., & Neugebauer, L. (2023). Less car, more bicycle? Generation Y as pioneers of changing everyday mobility in Germany. European Transport Research Review, 15(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-023-00575-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R., Rashidi, T. H., & Vij, A. (2020). X vs. Y: An analysis of intergenerational differences in transport mode use among young adults. Transportation, 47(5), 2203–2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10009-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnimhof, T., Armoogum, J., Buehler, R., Dargay, J., Denstadli, J. M., & Yamamoto, T. (2012). Men shape a downward trend in car use among young adults—evidence from six industrialized countries. Transport Reviews, 32(6), 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.736426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavieri, P. S., Garikapati, V. M., Bhat, C. R., & Pendyala, R. M. (2017). Investigation of heterogeneity in vehicle ownership and usage for the millennial generation. Transportation Research Record, 2664(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.3141/2664-10
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Circella, G., Mokhtarian, P. L., & Guhathakurta, S. (2020). Are millennials more multimodal? A latent-class cluster analysis with attitudes and preferences among millennial and Generation X commuters in California. Transportation, 47(5), 2505–2528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10026-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S., Zegras, P. C., Ben-Joseph, E., & Park, S. (2014). Does urban living influence baby boomers’ travel behavior? Journal of Transport Geography, 35, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawhorter, S. L. (2017). Boomers and their boomerang kids: Comparing housing opportunities for baby boomers and millennials in the United States. In M. Moos, D. Pfeiffer, & T. Vinodrai (Eds.), The millennial city: Trends, implications, and prospects for urban planning and policy (pp. 143–152). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, N. C. (2015). Are millennials really the “go-nowhere” generation?. Journal of American Planning Association, 81(2), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercado, R., Páez, A., & Newbold, K. B. (2010). Transport policy and the provision of mobility options in an aging society: A case study of Ontario, Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(5), 649–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollenkopf, H., Hieber, A., & Wahl, H. W. (2011). Continuity and change in older adults’ perceptions of out-of-home mobility over ten years: A qualitative–quantitative approach. Ageing & Society, 31(5), 782–802. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moniruzzaman, M., Páez, A., Habib, K. M. N., & Morency, C. (2013). Mode use and trip length of seniors in Montreal. Journal of Transport Geography, 30, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, D. (2016). Peak millennials: Three reinforcing cycles that amplify the rise and fall of urban concentration by millennials. Housing Policy Debate, 26(6), 928–947. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2016.1165722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold, K. B., & Scott, D. M. (2017). Driving over the life course: The automobility of Canada’s millennial, generation X, baby boomer and greatest generations. Travel Behaviour and Society, 6, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2016.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold, K. B., & Scott, D. M. (2018). Insights into public transit use by Millennials: The Canadian experience. Travel Behaviour and Society, 11, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2017.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobis, C. (2007). Multimodality: Facets and causes of sustainable mobility behavior. Transportation Research Record, 2010(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.3141/2010-05
   Google Scholar
• O’hern, S., & Oxley, J. (2015). Understanding travel patterns to support safe active transport for older adults. Journal of Transport & Health, 2(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelaki, E., Maggi, E., & Crotti, D. (2020). Mobility impact and well-being in later life: A multidisciplinary systematic review. Research in Transportation Economics, 86, 100975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendyala, R. M., da Silva, D. C., & Khoeini, S. (2019). Millennials vehicle miles of travel compared to generation X. Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET) Transportation Center. https://tomnet-utc.engineering.asu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/TOMNET-Year-2-Project-Report-Pendyala-_Millenials.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Polzin, S. E., Chu, X., & Godfrey, J. (2014). The impact of millennials’ travel behavior on future personal vehicle travel. Energy Strategy Reviews, 5, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2014.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruchno, R. (2012). Not your mother’s old age: Baby boomers at age 65. The Gerontologist, 52(2), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralph, K. M. (2017). Multimodal millennials? The four traveler types of young people in the United States in 2009. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 37(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16651930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom, S. (2012). The travel and mobility needs of older persons now and in the future. In L. D’Ambrosio & J. F. Coughlin (Eds.), Aging America and Transportation (pp. 39–54). Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D. M., Newbold, K. B., Spinney, J. E. L., Mercado, R. G., Páez, A., & Kanaroglou, P. S. (2009). New insights into senior travel behavior: The Canadian experience. Growth and Change, 40(1), 140–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.2008.00464.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheller, M. (2004). Automotive emotions: Feeling the car. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4–5), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276404046068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siren, A., & Haustein, S. (2013). Baby boomers’ mobility patterns and preferences: What are the implications for future transport? Transport Policy, 29, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart, M. J., & Klein, N. J. (2018). Remembrance of cars and buses past: How prior life experiences influence travel. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 38(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17695774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2017a). Census in Brief: Working Seniors in Canada. Census of Population, 2016. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016027/98-200-x2016027-eng.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2017b). Hamilton, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2022, Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017 https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2017c). Young adults living with their parents in Canada in 2016. Catalogue no. 98-200-X2016008. Retrieved February 28, 2023, Catalogue no. 98-200-X2016008 https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016008/98-200-x2016008-eng.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2020). Inter-generational comparisons of household economic well-being, 1999 to 2019. Released December 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2021, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/201210/dq201210b-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2022). (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
   Google Scholar
• Taherdoost, H. (2019). What is the best response scale for survey and questionnaire design; review of different lengths of rating scale/attitude scale/Likert scale. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 8(1), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Turcotte, M. (2012). Profile of seniors’ transportation habits. Canadian Social Trends, 93(2012001), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Van Acker, V., Mulley, C., & Ho, L. (2020). How childhood experiences affect travel behaviour differently across generations: An example of structural equation modelling in mobility biographies research. In J. Scheiner & H. Rau (Eds.), Mobility and travel behaviour across the life course (pp. 190–205). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. (2019). Has the relationship between urban and suburban automobile travel changed across generations? Comparing millennials and generation Xers in the United States. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 129, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2019.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K., & Akar, G. (2020). Will millennials drive less as the economy recovers: A post recession analysis of automobile travel patterns. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 0739456X20911705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20911705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K., & Wang, X. (2021). Generational differences in automobility: Comparing America’s millennials and Gen Xers using gradient boosting decision trees. Cities, 114, 103204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Xu, Y., Rodriguez, D. A., Michael, Y., & Zhang, H. (2018). Active travel, public transportation use, and daily transport among older adults: The association of built environment. Journal of Transport & Health, 9, 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, L., & Lee, B. (2017). Carless or car later?: Declining car ownership of millennial households in the Puget Sound Region, Washington State. Transportation Research Record, 2664(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.3141/2664-08
   Google Scholar