Real-life effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine during the Omicron variant-dominant pandemic: how many booster doses do we need?

References

• Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health of Thailand. SARS-CoV-2 variants in Thailand, 1 November 2021. Available from: https://www3.dmsc.moph.go.th/.
   Google Scholar
• Lauring AS, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, et al. Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, covid-19 from Omicron, Delta, and Alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective observational study. Br Med J. 2022;376:e069761, doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069761.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adjei S, Hong K, Molinari NM, et al. Mortality risk among patients hospitalized primarily for COVID-19 during the Omicron and Delta variant pandemic periods – United States, April 2020-June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:1182–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslo C, Friedland R, Toubkin M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients in South Africa during the COVID-19 Omicron wave compared with previous waves. JAMA. 2022;327:583–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolter N, Jassat W, Walaza S, et al. Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa: a data linkage study. Lancet. 2022;399:437–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara A, Undurraga EA, González C, et al. Effectiveness of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chile. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:875–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao W, Chen X, Zheng C, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in real-world: a literature review and meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022 Dec;11(1):2383–2392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sritipsukho P, Khawcharoenporn T, Siribumrungwong B, et al. Comparing real-life effectiveness of various COVID-19 vaccine regimens during the Delta variant-dominant pandemic: a test-negative case-control study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):585–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planas D, Saunders N, Maes P, et al. Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization. Nature. 2022;602:671–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accorsi EK, Britton A, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. Association between 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and symptomatic infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. JAMA. 2022;327:639–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenforde MW, Self WH, Gaglani M, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA vaccination in preventing COVID-19-associated invasive mechanical ventilation and death – United States, March 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsebom FCM, Andrews N, Stowe J, et al. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (BA.2) variant in England. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:931–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collie S, Champion J, Moultrie H, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine against Omicron variant in South Africa. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:494–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, AlMukdad S, et al. Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3082, doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30895-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collie S, Nayager J, Bamford L, Bekker LG, Zylstra M, Gray G. Effectiveness and durability of the BNT162b2 vaccine against Omicron sublineages in South Africa. N Engl J Med. 2022 Sep 14. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2210093. Online ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMenamin ME, Nealon J, Lin Y, et al. Vaccine effectiveness of one, two, and three doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac against COVID-19 in Hong Kong: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:1435–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan VKC, Wan EYF, Ye X, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccinations against mortality and severe complications after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 infection: a case-control study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022 Aug 18: 1–48. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2114854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martellucci CA, Flacco ME, Soldato G, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in the general population of an Italian region before and during the Omicron wave. Vaccines. (Basel). 2022 Apr 22;10(5):662. doi:10.3390/vaccines10050662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1532–1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerqueira-Silva T, Oliveira VA, Paixão ES, et al. Duration of protection of CoronaVac plus heterologous BNT162b2 booster in the Omicron period in Brazil. Nat Commun. 2022 Jul 18;13:4154. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31839-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MK, Bergeri I, Bresee JS, et al. Evaluation of post-introduction COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness: summary of interim guidance of the World Health Organization. Vaccine. 2021;39:4013–4024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Kang L, Guo Z, et al. Incubation period of COVID-19 caused by unique SARS-CoV-2 strains. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2228008. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. COVID-19 Clinical management: living guidance, 25 January 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:585–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barda N, Dagan N, Cohen C, et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study. Lancet. 2021;398:2093–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal R, Kitchen SA, Nguyen L, et al. Effectiveness of a fourth dose of covid-19 mRNA vaccine against the Omicron variant among long term care residents in Ontario, Canada: test negative design study. Br Med J. 2022;378:e071502. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tseng HF, Ackerson BK, Luo Y, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Nat Med; 2022;28:1063–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Björk J, Bonander C, Moghaddassi M, et al. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants – surveillance results from southern Sweden, December 2021 to March 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(18):2200322. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.18.2200322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccine_effectiveness-measurement-2021.1.
   Google Scholar
• Suah JL, Tng BH, Tok PSK, et al. Real-world effectiveness of homologous and heterologous BNT162b2, CoronaVac, and AZD1222 booster vaccination against Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11:1343–1345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monge S, Rojas-Benedicto A, Olmedo C, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA vaccine boosters against infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant in Spain: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:1313–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magen O, Waxman JG, Makov-Assif M, et al. Fourth dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide setting. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1603–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhsen K, Maimon N, Mizrahi AY, et al. Association of receipt of the fourth BNT162b2 dose with Omicron infection and COVID-19 hospitalizations among residents of long-term care facilities. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182:859–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel A, Zanoni M, Groß R, et al. BNT162b2 booster after heterologous prime-boost vaccination induces potent neutralizing antibodies and T cell reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 in young adults. Front Immunol. 2022 Jul 25;13:882918. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.882918. eCollection 2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higdon MM, Baidya A, Walter KK, et al. Duration of effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:1114–1116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilboa M, Regev-Yochay G, Mandelboim M, et al. Durability of immune response affter COVID-19 booster vaccination and association with COVID-19 Omicron infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2231778. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng SM, Mok CKP, Leung YWY, et al. Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.1 following homologous and heterologous CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination. Nat Med. 2022;28:486–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyomnaitham S, Quan Toh Z, Wongprompitak P, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous primary series involving CoronaVac, ChAdox1 nCov-19 and BNT162b2 plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination: an open-label randomized study in healthy Thai adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022 Jul 11: 2091865. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2091865. Online ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar