Diverse infectivity, transmissibility, and pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens

References

• Lee DH, Criado MF, Swayne DE. Pathobiological origins and evolutionary history of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med. 2021 Feb;11(2):a038679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swayne DE. Animal influenza. 2nd ed London: Wiley Publishing; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Gu M, Liu W, Cao Y, et al. Novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N5) viruses in domestic ducks, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jun;17(6):1060–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, et al. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci. 2017 Aug;18(S1):269–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Peng X, Xu L, et al. Novel reassortant influenza A(H5N8) viruses in domestic ducks, eastern China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Aug;20(8):1315–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi Y, Chen Q, Wang Q, et al. Genesis, evolution and prevalence of H5N6 avian influenza viruses in China. Cell Host Microbe. 2016 Dec;20(6):810–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness 2022 [cited 2022 July 14]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2022/202110_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf?sfvrsn=8f87a5f1_1.
   Google Scholar
• Gu W, Shi J, Cui P, et al. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022 Dec;11(1):1174–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Torchetti MK, Winker K, et al. Intercontinental apread of Asian-origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by migratory birds. J Virol. 2015 Jun;89(12):6521–6524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses. Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8. Science. 2016 Oct;354(6309):213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, et al. Reoccurrence of avian influenza A(H5N2) virus clade 2.3.4.4 in wild birds, Alaska, USA, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;23(2):365–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poen MJ, Venkatesh D, Bestebroer TM, et al. Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017–18. Virus Evol. 2019 Jan;5(1):vez004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong S, Lee DH, Kwon JH, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b subtype H5N8 virus isolated from mandarin duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses. 2020 Dec;12(12):1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King J, Schulze C, Engelhardt A, et al. Novel HPAIV H5N8 reassortant (Clade 2.3.4.4b) detected in Germany. Viruses. 2020 Mar;12(3):281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevins SN, Shriner SA, Cumbee JC, Jr., et al. Intercontinental movement of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4 virus to the United States, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 May;28(5):1006–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy A, Cernikova L, Stara M. A new clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza genotype detected in Europe in 2021. Arch Virol. 2022 Jun;167(6):1455–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagong M, Lee YN, Song S, et al. Emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b novel reassortant H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in South Korea during late 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Sep;69(5):e3255–e3260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) – situation report; Situation report period covered: 12 October to 10 November 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 24]. Available from: https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/11/hpai-situation-report-20221115.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pohlmann A, King J, Fusaro A, et al. Has epizootic become enzootic? evidence for a fundamental change in the infection dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe, 2021. mBio. 2022 Aug 30;13(4):e0060922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodewes R, Kuiken T. Changing role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Avian Influenza A viruses. Adv Virus Res. 2018;100:279–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JH, Lee DH, Swayne DE, et al. Reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in a wild mandarin duck, South Korea, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 May;23(5):822–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, et al. Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016–2017. Virology. 2017 Dec;512:8–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EK, Song BM, Lee YN, et al. Multiple novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, South Korea, 2016. Infect Genet Evol. 2017 Jul;51:21–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertran K, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, et al. Lack of chicken adaptation of newly emergent Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the U.S. is consistent with restricted poultry outbreaks in the Pacific flyway during 2014–2015. Virology. 2016 Jul;494:190–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeJesus E, Costa-Hurtado M, Smith D, et al. Changes in adaptation of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses in chickens and mallards. Virology. 2016 Dec;499:52–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song BM, Kang HM, Lee EK, et al. Pathogenicity of H5N8 virus in chickens from Korea in 2014. J Vet Sci. 2015;16(2):237–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyson C, Youk SS, Smith D, et al. Pathogenicity and genomic changes of a 2016 European H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in experimentally infected mallards and chickens. Virology. 2019 Nov;537:172–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Bertran K, et al. Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese. Vet Res. 2017 Jun;48(1):33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spackman E, Killian ML. Avian influenza virus isolation, propagation, and titration in embryonated chicken eggs. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2123:149–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Immunohistochemical staining of influenza virus in tissues. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2123:29–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spackman E, Sitaras I. Hemagglutination inhibition assay. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2123:11–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spackman E. Avian influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1161:105–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee CW, Suarez DL. Application of real-time RT-PCR for the quantitation and competitive replication study of H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods. 2004 Aug;119(2):151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, et al. Experimental infection of mandarin duck with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8 and H5N1) viruses. Vet Microbiol. 2017 Jan;198:59–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Pu J, Hu J, et al. Characterization of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens. Vet Microbiol. 2016;182:116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Kwon JH, Noh JY, et al. Pathogenicity of the Korean H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in commercial domestic poultry species. Avian Pathol. 2016;45(2):208–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JG, Kang HM, Jeon WJ, et al. Characterization of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds (mandarin duck and Eurasian eagle owl) in 2010 in Korea. Viruses. 2013 Apr;5(4):1153–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science. 2005 Aug;309(5738):1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youk SS, Leyson CM, Seibert BA, et al. Mutations in PB1, NP, HA, and NA contribute to increased virus fitness of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4 in chickens. J Virol. 2020 Dec;95(5):e01675–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Bahl J, Torchetti MK, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and generation of novel reassortants, United States, 2014–2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jul;22(7):1283–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JH, Noh JY, Jeong JH, et al. Different pathogenicity of two strains of clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing different PA and NS gene in domestic ducks. Virology. 2019 Apr;530:11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyson CM, Youk S, Ferreira HL, et al. Multiple gene segments are associated with enhanced virulence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mallards. J Virol. 2021 Aug;95(18):e0095521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JH, Jeong S, Lee DH, et al. New reassortant clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in wild Birds, South Korea, 2017–18. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Oct;24(10):1953–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndumu D, Zecchin B, Fusaro A, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4B virus in Uganda, 2017. Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Dec;66:269–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehia N, Naguib MM, Li R, et al. Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Mar;58:56–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napp S, Majo N, Sanchez-Gonzalez R, et al. Emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) in Europe in 2016–2017. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018 Oct;65(5):1217–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill SC, Lee YJ, Song BM, et al. Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shape the epidemiology of highly pathogenic H5N8 influenza in the Republic of Korea. Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Aug;34:267–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JH, Bahl J, Swayne DE, et al. Domestic ducks play a major role in the maintenance and spread of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020 Mar;67(2):844–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar