References
- Adouchief S, Smura T, Sane J, et al. Sindbis virus as a human pathogen-epidemiology, clinical picture and pathogenesis. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):221–241. doi:10.1002/rmv.1876
- Farnon EC, Sejvar JJ, Staples JE. Severe disease manifestations associated with acute chikungunya virus infection*. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(9):2682–2683. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181843d94
- Jacups SP, Whelan PI, Currie BJ. Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus infections: a review of history, ecology, and predictive models, with implications for tropical northern Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008 Apr;8(2):283–297. doi:10.1089/vbz.2007.0152
- Kurkela S, Helve T, Vaheri A, et al. Arthritis and arthralgia three years after Sindbis virus infection: clinical follow-up of a cohort of 49 patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40(2):167–173. doi:10.1080/00365540701586996
- Sissoko D, Malvy D, Ezzedine K, et al. Post-epidemic Chikungunya disease on Reunion Island: course of rheumatic manifestations and associated factors over a 15-month period. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(3):e389. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000389
- de la MS, Castro F, Bonilla NJ, et al. The systemic pathology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34(1):194–202. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.194
- Calisher CH. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7(1):89–116. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.1.89
- Ronca SE, Dineley KT, Paessler S. Neurological sequelae resulting from encephalitic alphavirus infection. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:959. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00959
- Toivanen A. Alphaviruses: an emerging cause of arthritis? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20(4):486–490. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e328303220b
- Cauchemez S, Ledrans M, Poletto C, et al. Local and regional spread of chikungunya fever in the Americas. Euro surveillance: bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles . Eur Commun Dis Bull. 2014;19(28):20854.
- Ligon BL. Reemergence of an unusual disease: the Chikungunya epidemic. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2006 Apr;17(2):99–104. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2006.04.009
- Powers AM, Oberste MS, Brault AC, et al. Repeated emergence of epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus. J Virol. 1997;71(9):6697–6705. doi:10.1128/jvi.71.9.6697-6705.1997
- Gardner CL, Yin J, Burke CW, et al. Type I interferon induction is correlated with attenuation of a South American eastern equine encephalitis virus strain in mice. Virology. 2009;390(2):338–347. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.030
- Ryman KD, Klimstra WB. Host responses to alphavirus infection. Immunol Rev 2008;225(1):27–45. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00670.x
- Griffin DE. Advances in virus research. Adv Virus Res 1989;36:255–271. doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60587-4
- Garmashova N, Gorchakov R, Volkova E, et al. The old world and new world alphaviruses use different virus-specific proteins for induction of transcriptional shutoff. J Virol. 2007;81(5):2472–2484. doi:10.1128/JVI.02073-06
- Frolov I, Akhrymuk M, Akhrymuk I, et al. Early events in alphavirus replication determine the outcome of infection. J Virol. 2012;86(9):5055–5066. doi:10.1128/JVI.07223-11
- Wollish AC, Ferris MT, Blevins LK, et al. An attenuating mutation in a neurovirulent Sindbis virus strain interacts with the IPS-1 signaling pathway in vivo. Virology. 2013;435(2):269–280. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.008
- Landers VD, Wilkey DW, Merchant ML, et al. The alphaviral capsid protein inhibits IRAK1-dependent TLR signaling. Viruses. 2021;13(3):377. doi:10.3390/v13030377
- Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(7):499–511. doi:10.1038/nri1391
- LaPointe AT, Moreno-Contreras J, Sokoloski KJ. Increasing the capping efficiency of the sindbis virus nsP1 protein negatively affects viral infection. MBio. 2018;9 (6). doi:10.1128/mBio.02342-18
- Perera R, Owen KE, Tellinghuisen TL, et al. Alphavirus nucleocapsid protein contains a putative coiled coil α-helix important for core assembly. J Virol. 2001;75(1):1–10. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.1.1-10.2001
- Hong EM, Perera R, Kuhn RJ. Alphavirus capsid protein helix I controls a checkpoint in nucleocapsid core assembly. J Virol. 2006;80(18):8848–8855. doi:10.1128/JVI.00619-06
- Linger BR, Kunovska L, Kuhn RJ, et al. Sindbis virus nucleocapsid assembly: RNA folding promotes capsid protein dimerization. Rna. 2004;10(1):128–138. doi:10.1261/rna.5127104
- Weiss B, Geigenmuller-Gnirke U, Schlesinger S. Interactions between Sindbis virus RNAs and a 68 amino acid derivative of the viral capsid protein further defines the capsid binding site. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(5):780–786. doi:10.1093/nar/22.5.780
- Choi H-K, Tong L, Minor W, et al. Structure of Sindbis virus core protein reveals a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase and the organization of the virion. Nature. 1991;354(6348):37–43. doi:10.1038/354037a0
- Aggarwal M, Tapas S, Siwach A, et al. Crystal structure of aura virus capsid protease and its complex with dioxane: new insights into capsid-glycoprotein molecular contacts. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051288
- Warrier R, Linger BR, Golden BL, et al. Role of sindbis virus capsid protein region II in nucleocapsid core assembly and encapsidation of genomic RNA. J Virol 2008;82(9):4461–4470. doi:10.1128/JVI.01936-07
- Frolova EI, Fayzulin RZ, Cook SH, et al. Roles of nonstructural protein nsP2 and Alpha/Beta interferons in determining the outcome of Sindbis virus infection. J Virol. 2002;76(22):11254–11264. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.22.11254-11264.2002
- Garmashova N, Atasheva S, Kang W, et al. Analysis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein function in the inhibition of cellular transcription. J Virol. 2007;81(24):13552–13565. doi:10.1128/JVI.01576-07
- Garmashova N, Gorchakov R, Frolova E, et al. Sindbis virus nonstructural protein nsP2 is cytotoxic and inhibits cellular transcription. J Virol. 2006;80(12):5686–5696. doi:10.1128/JVI.02739-05
- Gorchakov R, Frolova E, Frolov I. Inhibition of transcription and translation in Sindbis virus-infected cells. J Virol. 2005;79(15):9397–9409. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.15.9397-9409.2005
- Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, et al. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science (New York, NY). 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1529–1531. doi:10.1126/science.1093616
- Greulich W, Wagner M, Gaidt MM, et al. Tlr8 Is a sensor of RNase T2 degradation products. Cell. 2019;179(6):1264–1275.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.001
- Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science (New York, NY). 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1526–1529. doi:10.1126/science.1093620
- Dinarello CA. Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev. 2018;281(1):8–27. doi:10.1111/imr.12621
- Wesche H, Henzel WJ, Shillinglaw W, et al. Myd88: An adapter that recruits IRAK to the IL-1 receptor complex. Immunity. 1997;7(6):837–847. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80402-1
- Chen W, Foo S-S, Zaid A, et al. Specific inhibition of NLRP3 in chikungunya disease reveals a role for inflammasomes in alphavirus-induced inflammation. Nature Microbiology. 2017;2(10):1435–1445. doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0015-4
- Liang XH, Goldman JE, Jiang HH, et al. Resistance of interleukin-1β-deficient mice to fatal sindbis virus encephalitis. J Virol 1999;73(3):2563–2567. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.3.2563-2567.1999
- Ng LFP, Chow A, Sun Y-J, et al. IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES as Biomarkers of Chikungunya Severity. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4261–e4261. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004261
- Wolf S, Taylor A, Zaid A, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1β signaling by anakinra demonstrates a critical role of bone loss in experimental arthritogenic alphavirus infections. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2019;71(7):1185–1190. doi:10.1002/art.40856
- Owen KE, Kuhn RJ. Identification of a region in the Sindbis virus nucleocapsid protein that is involved in specificity of RNA encapsidation. J Virol. 1996;70(5):2757–2763. doi:10.1128/jvi.70.5.2757-2763.1996
- Wengler G, Wengler G. In vitro analysis of factors involved in the disassembly of Sindbis virus cores by 60S ribosomal subunits identifies a possible role of low pH. J Gen Virol 2002;83(Pt 10):2417–2426. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2417
- Belvin MP, Anderson KV. A conserved signaling pathway: the Drosophila Toll-Dorsal pathway. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1996;12(1):393–416. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.393
- Horng T, Medzhitov R. Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the Toll signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(22):12654–12658. doi:10.1073/pnas.231471798
- Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Jr J, et al. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. nature. 1997;388(6640):394–397. doi:10.1038/41131
- Daigneault J, Klemetsaune L, Wasserman SA. The IRAK homolog Pelle is the functional counterpart of IκB kinase in the Drosophila Toll pathway. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e75150–e75150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075150
- Towb P, Bergmann A, Wasserman SA. The protein kinase Pelle mediates feedback regulation in the Drosophila Toll signaling pathway. 2001.
- Barletta ABF, Nascimento-Silva MCL, Talyuli OAC, et al. Microbiota activates IMD pathway and limits Sindbis infection in Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):103), doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2040-9
- De Gregorio E, Spellman PT, Tzou P, et al. The Toll and IMD pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J 2002;21(11):2568–2579. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.11.2568
- Hoffmann JA. The immune response of Drosophila. Nature. 2003;426(6962):33–38. doi:10.1038/nature02021
- Tanji T, Hu X, Weber ANR, et al. Toll and IMD pathways synergistically activate an innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(12):4578–4588. doi:10.1128/MCB.01814-06
- Avadhanula V, Weasner BP, Hardy GG, et al. A novel system for the launch of alphavirus RNA synthesis reveals a role for the Imd pathway in arthropod antiviral response. PLoS Pathog 2009;5(9):e1000582. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000582
- Fragkoudis R, Chi Y, Siu R, et al. Semliki Forest virus strongly reduces mosquito host defence signaling. Insect Mol Biol 2008;17(6):647–656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00834.x
- Huang Z, Kingsolver MB, Avadhanula V, et al. An antiviral role for antimicrobial peptides during the arthropod response to alphavirus replication. J Virol. 2013;87(8):4272–4280. doi:10.1128/JVI.03360-12