References
- Baandrup L. Polypharmacy in schizophrenia. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2020;126(3):183–10.
- Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, et al. Clinical guidance on the identification and management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(2). https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18com12123.
- Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet. Vejledning om behandling med antipsykotiske lægemidler til personer over 18 år med psykotiske lidelser. Copenhagen, Denmark: Retsinformation; 2012.
- Jackson EA, Spiegel AJ, Graham RL. When and why to initiate antipsychotic polypharmacy, and with which agents. Current Psychiatry. 2016;15:50–55.
- Correll CU, Frederickson AM, Kane JM, et al. Does antipsychotic polypharmacy increase the risk for metabolic syndrome? Schizophr Res. 2007;89(1–3):91–100.
- Tiihonen J, Taipale H, Mehtälä J, et al. Association of antipsychotic polypharmacy vs monotherapy with psychiatric rehospitalization among adults with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(5):499–507.
- Azorin J-M, Simon N. Antipsychotic polypharmacy in schizophrenia: evolving evidence and rationale. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020;16(12):1175–1186.
- Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, et al. Increased risk of extrapyramidal side-effect treatment associated with atypical antipsychotic polytherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006;113(2):135–141.
- Joukamaa M, Heliövaara M, Knekt P, et al. Schizophrenia, neuroleptic medication and mortality. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188(2):122–127.
- Lochmann van Bennekom MW, Gijsman HJ, Zitman FG. Antipsychotic polypharmacy in psychotic disorders: a critical review of neurobiology, efficacy, tolerability and cost effectiveness. J Psychopharmacol. 2013;27(4):327–336.
- Alberdi F, Storch Jakobsen A, Rasmussen J. Antipsychotic drug use in Greenland and Denmark: longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Nord J Psychiatry. 2022;76(3):189–194.
- Sneider B, Pristed SG, Correll CU, et al. Frequency and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy among patients with schizophrenia in Denmark: a nation-wide pharmacoepidemiological study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(10):1669–1676.
- Gallego JA, Bonetti J, Zhang J, et al. Prevalence and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy: a systematic review and meta-regression of global and regional trends from the 1970s to 2009. Schizophr Res. 2012;138(1):18–28.
- Correll CU, Shaikh L, Gallego JA, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy: a survey study of prescriber attitudes, knowledge and behavior. Schizophr Res. 2011;131(1–3):58–62.
- Sernyak MJ, Rosenheck R. Clinicians’ reasons for antipsychotic coprescribing. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(12):1597–1600.
- Ganguly R, Kotzan JA, Miller LS, et al. Prevalence, trends, and factors associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy among Medicaid-eligible schizophrenia patients, 1998-2000. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(10):1377–1388.
- Kreyenbuhl J, Marcus SC, West JC, et al. Adding or switching antipsychotic medications in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(7):983–990.
- Kreyenbuhl JA, Valenstein M, McCarthy JF, et al. Long-term antipsychotic polypharmacy in the VA health system: patient characteristics and treatment patterns. Psychiatr Serv (Washington, DC). 2007;58(4):489–495.
- Morrato EH, Dodd S, Oderda G, et al. Prevalence, utilization patterns, and predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy: experience in a multistate Medicaid population, 1998-2003. Clin Ther. 2007;29(1):183–195.
- Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, et al. Description of long-term polypharmacy among schizophrenia outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(4):631–638.
- Armstrong KS, Temmingh H. Prevalence of and factors associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with serious mental illness: findings from a cross-sectional study in an upper-middle-income country. Braz J Psychiatry. 2017;39(4):293–301.
- Lung SLM, Lee HME, Chen YHE, et al. Prevalence and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy in Hong Kong. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;33:113–120.
- Lelliott P, Paton C, Harrington M. The influence of patient variables on polypharmacy and combined high dose of antipsychotic drugs prescribed for in-patients. Psychiatr Bull. 2002;26(11):411–414.
- de Tribolet-Hardy, Habermeyer, de Tribolet-Hardy F, et al. Schizophrenic patients between general and forensic psychiatry. Front Public Health. 2016;4:135–135.
- Mandarelli G, Carabellese F, Di Sciascio G, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose antipsychotic regimens in the Residential Italian Forensic Psychiatric Population (REMS). Front Psychol. 2022, Vol. 13p. 722985. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.722985
- Farrell C, Brink J. The prevalence and factors associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy in a forensic psychiatric sample. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:263–263.
- Howner K, Andiné P, Engberg G, et al. Pharmacological treatment in forensic psychiatry-a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:963.
- Jentz C, Heilmann P, Nathanielsen N, et al. Suicide attempts among Greenlandic forensic psychiatric patients - prevalence and determinants. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2022;81(1):2037257.
- Lægemiddelkomiteen. Lægemidler i Grønland 2020/2021. 2020; Available from: https://www.rigshospitalet.dk/for-fagfolk/groenlandskoordinationen/Documents/rekommandationsbog.pdf.
- Niclasen B, Mulvad G. Health care and health care delivery in Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2010;69(5):437–447.
- Co-Operation N The health service in Greenland. [cited 202220.07]; Available from: https://www.norden.org/en/info-norden/health-service-greenland.
- Pedersen ML, Rolskov A, Jacobsen JL, et al. Frequent use of primary health care service in Greenland: an opportunity for undiagnosed disease case-finding. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012;71(1):18431.
- Lynge I. The Greenland criminal code and psychiatry. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1979;2(1):113–119.
- Lovtidende A. Bekendtgørelse af kriminallov for Grønland, Justitsministeriet, Editor. Copenhagen, Denmark: Søren Pape Poulsen; 2017.
- Andersen J. Grønlands videnskabs historie. Den juridiske ekspedition : et studie i Grønlands retforhold. Vol. 22. Inussuk: Arktisk Forskningsjournal; 2010. pp. 255–272.
- Larsen FB, Larsen, Finn Breinholt. Greenland criminal justice: the adaptation of western law. International Journal Of Comparative And Applied Criminal Justice. 1996;20(2):277–290. doi:10.1080/01924036.1996.9678577.
- Kriminalforsorgen. Grønland. [cited 2022 20 07]; Available from: https://www.kriminalforsorgen.dk/om-os/kriminalforsorgens-opgaver/groenland/.
- Peqqik.gl. Indlæggelse på Psykiatrisk Afdeling A1 i Nuuk. [cited 2022 20 07]; Available from: https://peqqik.gl/Emner/Patientinformation/Indlaeggelse/Psykiatrisk-Omraade-Nuuk-dk-ikke-gl-ikke-link?sc_lang=da-DK.
- I Region Midt P. Retspsykiatrisk Sengeafsnit 3. [cited 2022 20.07]; Available from: https://www.psykiatrien.rm.dk/afdelinger/auhpsykiatrien/retspsykiatrisk-afdeling/i-behandling/afsnit-r3/sengeafsnit-3-dansk/.
- Jakobsen AS, Pedersen ML. Schizophrenia in Greenland. Dan Med J. 2021;68(2). Available from: https://ugeskriftet.dk/dmj/schizophrenia-greenland.
- Agency for Healtcare Research and Quality. Comparative effectiveness of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics in the adult population. Research Protocol 2010 [cited 202225thJanuary]; Available from: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/antipsychotics-adults/research-protocol.
- Guzman, Flavio First-Generation Antipsychotics: An Introduction. Available from: https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/first-generation-antipsychotics-an-introduction-2110
- WHO, World Health Organization. Defined Daily Dose (DDD). Definition and general considerations. ATC/DDD Toolkit [cited 202225thJanuary]; Available from: https://www.who.int/tools/atc-ddd-toolkit/about-ddd.
- Roh D, Chang JG, Kim CH, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose prescription in schizophrenia: a 5-year comparison. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(1):52–60.
- Connolly A, Taylor D. Factors associated with non evidence-based prescribing of antipsychotics. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014;4(6):247–256.
- Bains JJS, Nielssen OB. Combining depot antipsychotic medications with novel antipsychotics in forensic patients: a practice in search of a principle. Psychiatr Bull. 2003;27(1):14–16.
- Raffard S, Bayard S, Capdevielle D, et al. [Lack of insight in schizophrenia: a review. Part I: theoretical concept, clinical aspects and Amador’s model]. Encephale. 2008;34(6):597–605.
- Frogley C, Taylor D, Dickens G, et al. A systematic review of the evidence of clozapine’s anti-aggressive effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(9):1351–1371.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management. 2014; Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178.
- Nucifora FC Jr., Mihaljevic M, Lee BJ, et al. Clozapine as a model for antipsychotic development. Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(3):750–761.
- Yuen JWY, Kim DD, Procyshyn RM, et al. A focused review of the metabolic side-effects of clozapine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:609240–609240.
- Verdoux H, Quiles C, Bachmann CJ, et al. Prescriber and institutional barriers and facilitators of clozapine use: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2018;201:10–19.
- Kadra G, Stewart R, Shetty H, et al. Predictors of long-term (≥6months) antipsychotic polypharmacy prescribing in secondary mental healthcare. Schizophr Res. 2016;174(1–3):106–112.
- Doshi JA, Pettit AR, Stoddard JJ, et al. Concurrent oral antipsychotic drug use among schizophrenia patients initiated on long-acting injectable antipsychotics post-hospital discharge. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(4):442–446.
- Shi L, Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, et al. Characteristics and use patterns of patients taking first-generation depot antipsychotics or oral antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(4):482–488.
- Titus-Lay EN, Ansara ED, Isaacs AN, et al. Evaluation of adherence and persistence with oral versus long-acting injectable antipsychotics in patients with early psychosis. Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(2):56–62.
- Kaplan G, Casoy J, Zummo J. Impact of long-acting injectable antipsychotics on medication adherence and clinical, functional, and economic outcomes of schizophrenia. Patient preference and adherence. 2013;7:1171–1180. DOI:10.2147/PPA.S53795
- Baandrup L, Fink-Jensen A, Editor. Medicinsk behandling af psykotiske lidelser hos voksne - nye anbefalinger fra RADS, Sundhedsstyrelsen. Rationel farmakoterapi. 2013.
- RADS, Behandlingsvejledning for medicinsk behandling af psykotiske tilstande hos voksne. 2015, Rådet for Anvendelse af Dyr Sygehusmedicin. Available from: https://rads.dk/media/2132/beh-jan-2016-psykotiske-tilstande-hos-voksne.pdf
- Medicinrådet, Medicinrådets behandlingsvejledning vedrørende antipsykotika til behandling af psykotiske tilstande hos voksne. 2020. Available from: https://medicinraadet.dk/media/agfcugdi/medicinr%C3%A5dets_behandlingsvejledning_vedr-_antipsykotika_til_voksne_-_vers-_1-0-adlegacy.pdf
- Correll CU, Gallego JA. Antipsychotic polypharmacy: a comprehensive evaluation of relevant correlates of a long-standing clinical practice. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(3):661–681.
- Abou-Setta AM, Mousavi SS, Spooner C, et al., First-Generation Versus Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness, A.f.H.R.a.Q. (US), Editor. 2012
- Neu RA First versus second generation. 2020 [cited 202223.06]; Available from: https://library.neura.edu.au/schizophrenia/treatments/physical/pharmaceutical/second-generation-antipsychotics/first-versus-second-generation/.
- Potkin SG, Kane JM, Correll CU, et al. The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: paths to antipsychotic resistance and a roadmap for future research. npj Schizophrenia. 2020;6(1):1. DOI:10.1038/s41537-019-0090-z
- Taylor DM, ed. The Maudsley, prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. Vol. 13 New Jersey, USA: WILEY Blackwell; 2018.
- Uhrskov Sørensen L, Bengtson S, Lund J, et al. Mortality among male forensic and non-forensic psychiatric patients: matched cohort study of rates, predictors and causes-of-death. Nord J Psychiatry. 2020;74(7):489–496.