1,882
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Engagement of Publics

If deliberation is the answer, what is the question? Objectives and evaluation of public participation and engagement in science and technology

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2129543 | Received 27 Feb 2021, Accepted 24 Sep 2022, Published online: 20 Nov 2022

References

  • Altman, Dennis, and Jonathan Symons. 2016. Queer Wars: The New Global Polarization over Gay Rights. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Amirrudin, Amirah, Nicholas Harrigan, and Ijlal Naqvi. 2021. “Scaled, Citizen-Led, and Public Qualitative Research: A Framework for Citizen Social Science.” Current Sociology, 1–21. doi:10.1177/00113921211056057.
  • Ballantyne, Nathan. 2019. “Epistemic Trespassing.” Mind; A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy 128 (510): 367–395. doi:10.1093/mind/fzx042.
  • Barnett, Julie, Kate Burningham, Gordon Walker, and Noel Cass. 2012. “Imagined Publics and Engagement around Renewable Energy Technologies in the UK.” Public Understanding of Science 21 (1): 36–50. doi:10.1177/0963662510365663.
  • Bächtiger, Andre. 2018. “A Preface to Studying Deliberation Empirically.” In The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy, by Andre Bächtiger, edited by Andre Bächtiger, John S. Dryzek, Jane Mansbridge, and Mark Warren, 656–662. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.57.
  • Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Translated by Mark Ritter. London: Sage.
  • Berg, Monika, and Rolf Lidskog. 2018. “Deliberative Democracy Meets Democratised Science: A Deliberative Systems Approach to Global Environmental Governance.” Environmental Politics 27 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/09644016.2017.1371919.
  • Braun, Kathrin, and Sabine Könninger. 2018. “From Experiments to Ecosystems? Reviewing Public Participation, Scientific Governance and the Systemic Turn.” Public Understanding of Science 27 (6): 674–689. doi:10.1177/0963662517717375.
  • Bucchi, Massimiano, and Federico Neresini. 2008. “Science and Public Participation.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd ed. edited by E. J. Hackett, O. Amsterdamska, M. Lynch, and A. G. P. S. J. Wajcman, 449–472. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Cairney, Paul. 2016. The Politics of Evidence-Based Policy Making. London: Springer.
  • Callon, Michel, Pierre Lascoumes, and Yannick Barthe. 2009. Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy. Translated by Graham Burchell. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Capurro, Gabriela, Holly Longstaff, Patricia Hanney, and David M. Secko. 2015. “Responsible Innovation: An Approach for Extracting Public Values Concerning Advanced Biofuels.” Journal of Responsible Innovation 2 (3): 246–265. doi:10.1080/23299460.2015.1091252.
  • Chambers, Simone. 2018. “The Philosophic Origins of Deliberative Ideals.” In The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy, by Simone Chambers, edited by Andre Bächtiger, John S. Dryzek, Jane Mansbridge, and Mark Warren, 54–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.1.
  • Chilvers, Jason. 2008. “Deliberating Competence: Theoretical and Practitioner Perspectives on Effective Participatory Appraisal Practice.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 33 (3): 421–451. doi:10.1177/01622439073075941.
  • Chilvers, Jason, and Matthew Kearnes. 2016. “Remaking Participation: Towards Reflexive Engagement.” In Remaking Participation: Science, Environment and Emergent Publics, edited by Jason Chilvers, and Matthew Kearnes, 261–288. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203797693.
  • Collins, H. M., and Robert Evans. 2002. “The Third Wave of Science Studies.” Social Studies of Science 32 (2): 235–296. doi:10.1177/0306312702032002003.
  • Collins, Harry, and Robert Evans. 2019. “Populism and Science.” Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56 (4): 200–218. doi:10.5840/eps201956476.
  • Conley, Shannon N., and Emily York. 2020. “Public Engagement in Contested Political Contexts: Reflections on the Role of Recursive Reflexivity in Responsible Innovation.” Journal of Responsible Innovation 7 (Suppl. 1): 1–12. doi:10.1080/23299460.2020.1848335.
  • Cook, Brian R., Mike Kesby, Ioan Fazey, and Chris Spray. 2013. “The Persistence of ‘Normal’ Catchment Management Despite the Participatory Turn: Exploring the Power Effects of Competing Frames of Reference.” Social Studies of Science 43 (5): 754–779. doi:10.1177/0306312713478670.
  • Delgado, Ana, Kamilla Lein Kjølberg, and Fern Wickson. 2011. “Public Engagement Coming of Age: From Theory to Practice in STS Encounters with Nanotechnology.” Public Understanding of Science 20 (6): 826–845. doi:10.1177/0963662510363054.
  • Dewey, John. 1927. The Public and Its Problems. Athens, GA: Swallow Press.
  • Dryzek, John S. 2009. “Democratization as Deliberative Capacity Building.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (11): 1379–1402. doi:10.1177/0010414009332129.
  • Dryzek, John S. 2014. “Theory, Evidence, and the Tasks of Deliberation.” In Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern?, edited by Shawn W. Rosenberg, 237–250. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230591080_11.
  • Dryzek, John S., André Bächtiger, Simone Chambers, Joshua Cohen, James N. Druckman, Andrea Felicetti, James S. Fishkin, et al. 2019. “The Crisis of Democracy and the Science of Deliberation.” Science 363 (6432): 1144–1146. doi:10.1126/science.aaw2694.
  • Dryzek, John S., Dianne Nicol, Simon Niemeyer, Sonya Pemberton, Nicole Curato, André Bächtiger, Philip Batterham, et al. 2020. “Global Citizen Deliberation on Genome Editing.” Science 369 (6510): 1435–1437. doi:10.1126/science.abb5931.
  • Durant, Darrin. 2010. “Public Participation in the Making of Science Policy.” Perspectives on Science 18 (2): 189–225. doi:10.1162/posc.2010.18.2.189.
  • Einsiedel, Edna F. 2014. “Publics and Their Participation in Science and Technology: Changing Roles, Blurring Boundaries.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology, edited by Massimiano Bucchi, and Brian Trench, 125–139. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203483794-17.
  • Elam, Mark, and Margareta Bertilsson. 2003. “Consuming, Engaging and Confronting Science: The Emerging Dimensions of Scientific Citizenship.” European Journal of Social Theory 6 (2): 233–251. doi:10.1177/1368431003006002005.
  • Elzas, Sarah. 2021. “French Government Launches Citizen Panel on Covid Vaccines to Allay Scepticism.” RFI. Accessed 9 January 2021. https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210109-french-government-launches-citizen-panel-on-covid-vaccines-to-allay-scepticism-participative-democracy-emmanuel-macron-climate-convention.
  • Epstein, Steven. 1995. “The Construction of Lay Expertise: AIDS Activism and the Forging of Credibility in the Reform of Clinical Trials.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 20 (4): 408–437. doi:10.1177/016224399502000402.
  • Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • European Commission. n.d.a. “Responsible Research & Innovation.” https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/responsible-research-innovation.
  • European Commission. n.d.b. “EU Missions & Citizen Engagement Activities.” https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe/eu-missions-horizon-europe/eu-missions-citizen-engagement-activities_en.
  • Farooque, M., D. C. Tomblin, and D. Sittenfeld. 2017. “Bridging the Expert and Citizen Divide: Integrating Public Deliberation to Inform NASA’s Asteroid Initiative.” AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 42), U42A-08. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.U42A..08F/abstract.
  • Felt, Ulrike, Brian Wynne, Gonçalves Michel Callon, Sheila Jasanoff, Maria Jepsen, Pierre-Benoît Joly, et al. 2007. Taking European Knowledge Society Seriously. Luxembourg: European Commission. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/5d0e77c7-2948-4ef5-aec7-bd18efe3c442.
  • Fiorino, Daniel J. 1990. “Citizen Participation and Environmental Risk: A Survey of Institutional Mechanisms.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 15 (2): 226–243. doi:10.1177/016224399001500204.
  • Futrell, Robert. 2003. “Technical Adversarialism and Participatory Collaboration in the U.S. Chemical Weapons Disposal Program.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 28 (4): 451–482. doi:10.1177/0162243903252762.
  • Gerold, Rainer, Angela Liberatore, Mona Bjorklund, Grete Bossenmeyer, Colette Cotter, Alan Cross, Catherine Fallon, et al. 2001. Report of the Working Group ‘Democratizing Expertise and Establishing Scientific Reference Systems’. Luxembourg: European Commission.
  • Gudowsky, Niklas, and Ulrike Bechtold. 2013. “The Role of Information in Public Participation.” Journal of Deliberative Democracy 9 (1): art. 3. doi:10.16997/jdd.152.
  • Hackett, Edward J., Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Judy Wajcman. 2008. “Introduction.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd ed. edited by Edward J. Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Judy Wajcman, 1–7. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Hartley, Sarah, Warren Pearce, and Alasdair Taylor. 2017. “Against the Tide of Depoliticisation: The Politics of Research Governance.” Policy & Politics 45 (3): 361–377. doi:10.1332/030557316X14681503832036.
  • Herring, Ronald, and Robert Paarlberg. 2016. “The Political Economy of Biotechnology.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 8 (1): 397–416. doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095506.
  • Hess, David J. 2011. “To Tell the Truth: On Scientific Counterpublics.” Public Understanding of Science 20 (5): 627–641. doi:10.1177/0963662509359988.
  • Irwin, Alan. 1995. Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise and Sustainable Development. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203202395.
  • Jasanoff, Sheila. 2003. “Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science.” Minerva 41 (3): 223–244. doi:10.1023/a:1025557512320.
  • Jasanoff, Sheila. 2007. “Technologies of Humility.” Nature 450 (7166): 33–33. doi:10.1038/450033a.
  • Jasanoff, Sheila. 2011. “Constitutional Moments in Governing Science and Technology.” Science and Engineering Ethics 17 (4): 621–638. doi:10.1007/s11948-011-9302-2.
  • Jasanoff, Sheila. 2017. “A Field of its Own: The Emergence of Science and Technology Studies.” In The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, 2nd ed. edited by Robert Frodeman, 173–187. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.15.
  • Karpowitz, Christopher F., Chad Raphael, and Allen S. Hammond. 2009. “Deliberative Democracy and Inequality: Two Cheers for Enclave Deliberation Among the Disempowered.” Politics & Society 37 (4): 576–615. doi:10.1177/0032329209349226.
  • Kennedy, Eric B. 2019. “Why They’ve Immersed: A Framework for Understanding and Attending to Motivational Differences Among Interactional Experts.” In The Third Wave in Science and Technology Studies : Future Research Directions on Expertise and Experience, edited by David S. Caudill, Shannon N. Conley, Michael E. Gorman, and Martin Weinel, 217–234. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14335-0_12.
  • Kleinman, Daniel Lee, ed. 2000. Science, Technology, and Democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press. Science, Technology, and Democracy.
  • Kleinman, Daniel Lee. 2020. ““From Sideline to Frontline: STS in the Trump Era.” Engaging Science.” Technology, and Society 6 (January): 45–48. doi:10.17351/ests2020.385.
  • Landemore, Hélène. 2017. “Beyond the Fact of Disagreement? The Epistemic Turn in Deliberative Democracy.” Social Epistemology 31 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1080/02691728.2017.1317868.
  • Larson, Heidi J., Alexandre de Figueiredo, Zhao Xiahong, William S. Schulz, Pierre Verger, Iain G. Johnston, Alex R. Cook, and Nick S. Jones. 2016. “The State of Vaccine Confidence 2016: Global Insights Through a 67-Country Survey.” EBioMedicine 12 (October): 295–301. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042.
  • Lee, Caroline W. 2014. Do-It-Yourself Democracy: The Rise of the Public Engagement Industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199987269.001.0001.
  • Lengwiler, Martin. 2008. “Participatory Approaches in Science and Technology: Historical Origins and Current Practices in Critical Perspective.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 33 (2): 186–200. doi:10.1177/0162243907311262.
  • Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
  • Low, Sean, and Holly Jean Buck. 2020. “The Practice of Responsible Research and Innovation in ‘Climate Engineering’.” WIREs Climate Change 11 (3): art. e644. doi:10.1002/wcc.644.
  • Lövbrand, Eva, Roger Pielke, and Silke Beck. 2011. “A Democracy Paradox in Studies of Science and Technology.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 36 (4): 474–496. doi:10.1177/0162243910366154.
  • Lynch, Michael. 2016. “Social Constructivism in Science and Technology Studies.” Human Studies 39 (1): 101–112. doi:10.1007/s10746-016-9385-5.
  • Lynch, Michael. 2020. “We Have Never Been Anti-Science: Reflections on Science Wars and Post-Truth.” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6 (January): 49. doi:10.17351/ests2020.309.
  • Macdonald, Terry, and Kate Macdonald. 2020. “Towards a ‘Pluralist’ World Order: Creative Agency and Legitimacy in Global Institutions.” European Journal of International Relations 26 (2): 518–544. doi:10.1177/1354066119873134.
  • Macnaghten, Phil. 2020. The Making of Responsible Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108871044.
  • Macnaghten, Phil, and Julia S. Guivant. 2020. “Narrative as a Resource for Inclusive Governance: A UK–Brazil Comparison of Public Responses to Nanotechnology.” Journal of Responsible Innovation 7 (Suppl. 1): 13–33. doi:10.1080/23299460.2020.1842643.
  • Monaghan, Elizabeth. 2007. “Civil Society, Democratic Legitimacy and the European Union: Democratic Linkage and the Debate on the Future of the EU.” (PhD dissertation). University of Nottingham. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/id/eprint/10558.
  • Mouffe, Chantal. 1999. “Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?” Social Research 66 (3): 745–758. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971349.
  • Owen, Richard, Phil Macnaghten, and Jack Stilgoe. 2012. “Responsible Research and Innovation: From Science in Society to Science for Society, with Society.” Science and Public Policy 39 (6): 751–760. doi:10.1093/scipol/scs093.
  • Owen, David, and Graham Smith. 2015. “Survey Article: Deliberation, Democracy, and the Systemic Turn: Survey Article: Deliberation & the Systemic Turn.” Journal of Political Philosophy 23 (2): 213–234. doi:10.1111/jopp.12054.
  • Pellizzoni, Luigi. 2003. “Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy.” Environmental Values 12 (2): 195–224. doi:10.3197/096327103129341298.
  • Reber, Bernard. 2018. “RRI as the Inheritor of Deliberative Democracy and the Precautionary Principle.” Journal of Responsible Innovation 5 (1): 38–64. doi:10.1080/23299460.2017.1331097.
  • Reiss, Dorit Rubinstein, and Barbara S. Romzek. 2020. “When Public Participation is Public Theatre: Misuse of Public Comment Opportunities by Anti-Vaccine Activists.” Stanford Law Review Online 73: 1–10. https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/when-public-participation-is-public-theatre/.
  • Reynolds, J. L. 2019. The Governance of Solar Geoengineering: Managing Climate change in the Anthropocene. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316676790.
  • Rowe, Gene, and Lynn J. Frewer. 2004. “Evaluating Public-Participation Exercises: A Research Agenda.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 29 (4): 512–556. doi:10.1177/0162243903259197.
  • Rowe, Gene, and Lynn J. Frewer. 2005. “A Typology of Public Engagement Mechanisms.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 30 (2): 251–290. doi:10.1177/0162243904271724.
  • SCoPEx Advisory Committee. 2021. “Proposed Engagement Process for SCoPEx (Final Version).” SCoPEx Advisory Committee. Accessed 8 January 2021. https://scopexac.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/FINAL-SCoPEx-Societal-Engagement-Outline-1_8_2021.pdf.
  • Sismondo, Sergio. 2017. “Post-Truth?” Social Studies of Science 47 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1177/0306312717692076.
  • Stilgoe, Jack, Simon J. Lock, and James Wilsdon. 2014. “Why should we Promote Public Engagement with Science?” Public Understanding of Science 23 (1): 4–15. doi:10.1177/0963662513518154.
  • Stirling, Andrew. 2006. “Analysis, Participation and Power: Justification and Closure in Participatory Multi-Criteria Analysis.” Land Use Policy 23 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.08.010.
  • Strong, Aaron, Sallie Chisholm, Charles Miller, and John Cullen. 2009. “Ocean Fertilization: Time to Move On.” Nature 461 (7262): 347–348. doi:10.1038/461347a.
  • Symons, Jonathan. 2019. Ecomodernism: Technology, Politics and the Climate Crisis. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Teem, John L., Aggrey Ambali, Barbara Glover, Jeremy Ouedraogo, Diran Makinde, and Andrew Roberts. 2019. “Problem Formulation for Gene Drive Mosquitoes Designed to Reduce Malaria Transmission in Africa: Results from Four Regional Consultations 2016–2018.” Malaria Journal 18 (December): art. 347. doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2978-5.
  • Thorpe, Charles. 2008. “Political Theory in Science and Technology Studies.” In The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd ed. edited by Edward J. Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael Lynch, and Judy Wajcman, 63–82. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Tomblin, David, Zachary Pirtle, Mahmud Farooque, David Sittenfeld, Erin Mahoney, Rick Worthington, Gretchen Gano, et al. 2017. “Integrating Public Deliberation Into Engineering Systems: Participatory Technology Assessment of NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission.” Astropolitics 15 (2): 141–166. doi:10.1080/14777622.2017.1340823.
  • Tomblin, David, Rick Worthington, Gretchen Gano, Mahmud Farooque, David Sittenfeld, David Guston, Jason Lloyd, et al. 2015. “Participatory Technology Assessment of NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission.” In 66th International Astronautical Congress 2015, IAC 2015: Space—The Gateway for Mankind’s Future, 10307–10319. New Orleans: International Astronautical Federation, IAF. https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/participatory-technology-assessment-of-nasas-asteroid-redirect-mi.
  • Tomblin, David, Richard Worthington, Gretchen Gano, Mahmud Farooque, David Sittenfeld, and Jason Lloyd. 2015. Informing Nasa’s Asteroid Initiative: A Citizen’s Forum. Expert and Citizen Assessment of Science and Technology Network. https://ecastnetwork.org/research/informing-nasas-asteroid-initiative-a-citizens-forum/.
  • Torres, Christopher George. 2021. “Technology, Public Participation, and the American Bureaucracy: Participatory Technology Assessment in United States Federal Agencies.” (PhD dissertation). Boise State University. https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/1845/.
  • Van Bouwel, Jeroen, and Michiel Van Oudheusden. 2017. “Participation Beyond Consensus? Technology Assessments, Consensus Conferences and Democratic Modulation.” Social Epistemology 31 (6): 497–513. doi:10.1080/02691728.2017.1352624.
  • Vig, Norman J., and Herbert Paschen. 2000. Parliaments and Technology: The Development of Technology Assessment in Europe. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Voß, Jan-Peter, and Nina Amelung. 2016. “Innovating Public Participation Methods: Technoscientization and Reflexive Engagement.” Social Studies of Science 46 (5): 749–772. doi:10.1177/0306312716641350.
  • Wehling, Peter. 2012. “From Invited to Uninvited Participation (and Back?): Rethinking Civil Society Engagement in Technology Assessment and Development.” Poiesis & Praxis 9 (1–2): 43–60. doi:10.1007/s10202-012-0125-2.
  • Working Group on Readying Populations for COVID-19 Vaccines. 2020. The Public’s Role in Covid-19 Vaccination: Planning Recommendations Informed by Design Thinking and the Social, Behavioral, and Communication Sciences. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/the-publics-role-in-covid-19-vaccination.
  • Wynne, Brian. 1989. “Sheepfarming after Chernobyl: A Case Study in Communicating Scientific Information.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 31 (2): 10–39. doi:10.1080/00139157.1989.9928930.
  • Wynne, Brian. 2002. “Risk and Environment as Legitimatory Discourses of Technology: Reflexivity Inside Out?” Current Sociology 50 (3): 459–477. doi:10.1177/0011392102050003010.
  • Wynne, Brian. 2007. “Public Participation in Science and Technology: Performing and Obscuring a Political–Conceptual Category Mistake.” East Asian Science, Technology and Society 1 (1): 99–110. doi:10.1215/s12280-007-9004-7.
  • Young, Iris Marion. 2001. “Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy.” Political Theory 29 (5): 670–690. doi:10.1177/0090591701029005004.