479
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Routing a mixed fleet of conventional and electric vehicles for urban delivery problems: considering different charging technologies and battery swapping

, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2191804 | Received 20 Jul 2022, Accepted 11 Mar 2023, Published online: 04 Apr 2023

References

  • Aloui, A., Hamani, N., Derrouiche, R., & Delahoche, L. (2021). Assessing the benefits of horizontal collaboration using an integrated planning model for two-echelon energy efficiency-oriented logistics networks design. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 9(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2021.1887397
  • Azadfar, E., Sreeram, V., & Harries, D. (2015). The investigation of the major factors influencing plug-in electric vehicle driving patterns and charging behaviour. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1065–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.058
  • Barth, M., Younglove, T., & Scora, G. (2005). Development of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Model. UC Berkeley: California Partners for Advanced Transportation Technology. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/67f0v3zf.
  • Bektaş, T., & Laporte, G. (2011). The pollution-routing problem. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 45(8), 1232–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2011.02.004
  • Bruglieri, M., Pezzella, F., Pisacane, O., & Suraci, S. (2015). A variable neighborhood search branching for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows. Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, 47, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2014.11.029
  • Business Insider. (2018). The disturbing accounts of Amazon delivery drivers may reveal the true human cost of ‘free’ shipping. https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-delivery-drivers-reveal-claims-of-disturbing-work-conditions-2018-8. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Çalık, H., Oulamara, A., Prodhon, C., & Salhi, S. (2021). The electric location-routing problem with heterogeneous fleet: Formulation and benders decomposition approach. Computers & Operations Research, 131, 105251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2021.105251
  • ChargedFleet. (2022). The 411 on Leasing or Renting Electric Trucks. https://www.chargedfleet.com/10134123/the-411-on-leasing-or-renting-electric-trucks. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • ChargeHub. (2021). General EV Charging Information. https://chargehub.com/en/countries/canada/ontario/toronto.html?city_id=2156. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. (2019). https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/eb3b2e8d-28e0-47fd-a8ba-160f7ed42bc3/CO2_Emissions_from_Fuel_Combustion_2019_Highlights.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Conrad, R. G., & Figliozzi, M. A. (2011, May). The recharging vehicle routing problem. In Proceedings of the 2011 industrial engineering research conference (pp. 1–8) May 21–25.
  • Demir, E., Bektaş, T., & Laporte, G. (2012). An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the pollution-routing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 223(2), 346–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.06.044
  • Derbel, H., Jarboui, B., & Siarry, P. (2020). Green transportation and New advances in vehicle routing problems. Springer International Publishing AG.
  • Desaulniers, G., Errico, F., Irnich, S., & Schneider, M. (2016). Exact algorithms for electric vehicle-routing problems with time windows. Operations Research, 64(6), 1388–1405. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2016.1535
  • Ding, N., Batta, R., & Kwon, C. (2015). Conflict-free electric vehicle routing problem with capacitated charging stations and partial recharge (pp. 1–24). Buffalo: SUNY.
  • Driving Electric. (2022). Electric car battery swap: NIO network explained. https://www.drivingelectric.com/your-questions-answered/41384/electric-car-battery-swap-nio-network-explained /. Accessed November 16, 2022.
  • Electric Vehicle Charging Guidebook for Medium- and Heavy- Duty Commercial Fleets. (2019). https://www.gladstein.org/research/electric-vehicle-charging-guidebook-for-medium-and-heavy-duty-commercial-fleets/. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Erdoğan, S., & Miller-Hooks, E. (2012). A green vehicle routing problem. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 48(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2011.08.001
  • Felipe, Á, Ortuño, M. T., Righini, G., & Tirado, G. (2014). A heuristic approach for the green vehicle routing problem with multiple technologies and partial recharges. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 71, 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2014.09.003
  • Feng, W., & Figliozzi, M. A. (2012). Conventional vs electric commercial vehicle fleets: A case study of economic and technological factors affecting the competitiveness of electric commercial vehicles in the USA. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 39, 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.141
  • Feng, Y., & Lu, X. (2021). Construction planning and operation of battery swapping stations for electric vehicles: A literature review. Energies, 14(24), 8202. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248202
  • Fieltsch, P., Flämig, H., & Rosenberger, K. (2020). Analysis of charging behaviour when using battery electric vehicles in commercial transport. Transportation Research Procedia, 46, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.179
  • FLO. (2022). Coming Soon: NRCan’s Zero Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Program 2022. https://www.flo.com/en-CA/resources/business/incentives/zero-emission-vehicle-infrastructure-program-2022-flo/?utm_source=google_043&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=043%2FFLO%2FB2B%2FCA%2FENG%2FDA%2FKW-Install-EV-Charger%2FPre-ZEVIP-2022%2F&utm_term=install%20ev%20charger&utm_content=Pre-ZEVIP-2022%2FENG%2F580565630830&gclid=CjwKCAiApfeQBhAUEiwA7K_UHzCK1R5rrRap24TQ33rh81KFBAZ_wQcyf9LuAsVdCHmbDlzCw9Ea7RoCgHgQAvD_BwE. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Franceschetti, A., Demir, E., Honhon, D., Van Woensel, T., Laporte, G., & Stobbe, M. (2017). A metaheuristic for the time-dependent pollution-routing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 259(3), 972–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.11.026
  • Franke, T., & Krems, J. F. (2013). Understanding charging behaviour of electric vehicle users. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 21, 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.002
  • Froger, A., Jabali, O., Mendoza, J. E., & Laporte, G. (2022). The electric vehicle routing problem with capacitated charging stations. Transportation Science, 56(2), 460–482. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2021.1111
  • Froger, A., Mendoza, J. E., Jabali, O., & Laporte, G. (2019). Improved formulations and algorithmic components for the electric vehicle routing problem with nonlinear charging functions. Computers & Operations Research, 104, 256–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2018.12.013
  • Fuel Consumption Guide. (2021). https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-transportation/fuel-consumption-guide/21002. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Gallo, J. B., & Tomic, J. (2013). Battery electric parcel delivery truck testing and demonstration. California Hybrid, Efficient and Advanced Truck Research Center (CALSTART).
  • Genikomsakis, K. N., & Mitrentsis, G. (2017). A computationally efficient simulation model for estimating energy consumption of electric vehicles in the context of route planning applications. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.10.014
  • Gibbs, N. (2022). Could battery swapping replace EV charging? https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/business-tech%2C-development-and-manufacturing/could-battery-swapping-replace-ev-charging. Accessed November 3, 2022.
  • Global Citizenship Report. (2020). https://www.fedex.com/content/dam/fedex/ca-canada/MVP/downloads/2021/FedEx_2020_Global_Citizenship_Report.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Glover, F. (1989). Tabu search-part I. ORSA Journal on Computing. 1(3), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.1.3.190
  • Goeke, D., & Schneider, M. (2015). Routing a mixed-fleet of electric and conventional vehicles. European Journal of Operational Research, 245(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.01.049
  • Gonçalves, F., Cardoso, S. R., Relvas, S., & Barbosa-Póvoa, A. P. F. D. (2011, April). Optimization of a distribution network using electric vehicles: A VRP problem. In Proceedings of the IO2011-15 congresso da associação portuguesa de investigação operacional, coimbra, Portugal (pp. 18–20) April 18–20.
  • Government of Canada. (2019). Transport Canada 2017-2020 Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy 2018-2019 Update. https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/corporate-services/2017-2020-departmental-sustainable-development-strategy-2018-2019-update.html. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • GreenBiz. (2020). 8 electric truck and van companies to watch in 2020. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/8-electric-truck-and-van-companies-watch-2020. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Habibur Rahman, M., Fashiar Rahman, M., & Tseng, T. L. (2022). Estimation of fuel consumption and selection of the most carbon-efficient route for cold-chain logistics. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2022.2075043
  • Hiermann, G., Hartl, R. F., Puchinger, J., & Vidal, T. (2019). Routing a mix of conventional, plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicles. European Journal of Operational Research, 272(1), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.06.025
  • Hiermann, G., Puchinger, J., Ropke, S., & Hartl, R. F. (2016). The electric fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows and recharging stations. European Journal of Operational Research, 252(3), 995–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.01.038
  • Hof, J., Schneider, M., & Goeke, D. (2017). Solving the battery swap station location-routing problem with capacitated electric vehicles using an AVNS algorithm for vehicle-routing problems with intermediate stops. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 97, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2016.11.009
  • Hulagu, S., & Celikoglu, H. B. (2021). Electric vehicle location routing problem with vehicle motion dynamics-based energy consumption and recovery. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(8), 10275–10286. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3089675
  • Jeong, I. J., & Illades Boy, C. A. (2018). Routing and refueling plans to minimize travel time in alternative-fuel vehicles. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(8), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2017.1416505
  • Jia, Y. H., Mei, Y., & Zhang, M. (2021). A bilevel ant colony optimization algorithm for capacitated electric vehicle routing problem. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 52(10), 10855–10868. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2021.3069942
  • Jovanovic, N., Zolfagharinia, H., & Peszynski, K. (2020). To green or not to green trucking? Exploring the Canadian case. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 88, 102591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102591
  • Kancharla, S. R., & Ramadurai, G. (2018). Incorporating driving cycle based fuel consumption estimation in green vehicle routing problems. Sustainable Cities and Society, 40, 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.04.016
  • Kancharla, S. R., & Ramadurai, G. (2020). Electric vehicle routing problem with non-linear charging and load-dependent discharging. Expert Systems with Applications, 160, 113714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113714
  • Kara, I., Kara, B. Y., & Yetis, M. K.. (2007). Energy minimizing vehicle routing problem. Lecture notes in computer science, 4616, 62–71.
  • Keskin, M., & Çatay, B. (2016). Partial recharge strategies for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 65, 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.01.013
  • Keskin, M., & Çatay, B. (2018). A matheuristic method for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and fast chargers. Computers & Operations Research, 100, 172–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2018.06.019
  • Keskin, M., Laporte, G., & Çatay, B. (2019). Electric vehicle routing problem with time-dependent waiting times at recharging stations. Computers & Operations Research, 107, 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.02.014
  • Koç, Ç, & Karaoglan, I. (2016). The green vehicle routing problem: A heuristic based exact solution approach. Applied Soft Computing, 39, 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.064
  • Kucukoglu, I., Dewil, R., & Cattrysse, D. (2021). The electric vehicle routing problem and its variations: A literature review. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 161, 107650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107650
  • Lee, C. (2021). An exact algorithm for the electric-vehicle routing problem with nonlinear charging time. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72(7), 1461–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2020.1730250
  • Liimatainen, H., van Vliet, O., & Aplyn, D. (2019). The potential of electric trucks–An international commodity-level analysis. Applied Energy, 236, 804–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.017
  • Lin, C., Choy, K. L., Ho, G. T., Chung, S. H., & Lam, H. Y. (2014). Survey of green vehicle routing problem: Past and future trends. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(4), 1118–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.07.107
  • Lin, J., & Zhou, W. (2021). Important factors to daily vehicle routing cost of battery electric delivery trucks. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(7), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1770903
  • Li-ying, W., & Yuan-bin, S. (2015). Multiple charging station location-routing problem with time window of electric vehicle. Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.085.24
  • Macrina, G., Laporte, G., Guerriero, F., & Pugliese, L. D. P. (2019b). An energy-efficient green-vehicle routing problem with mixed vehicle fleet, partial battery recharging and time windows. European Journal of Operational Research, 276(3), 971–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.01.067
  • Macrina, G., Pugliese, L. D. P., Guerriero, F., & Laporte, G. (2019a). The green mixed fleet vehicle routing problem with partial battery recharging and time windows. Computers & Operations Research, 101, 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2018.07.012
  • Mak, H. Y., Rong, Y., & Shen, Z. J. M. (2013). Infrastructure planning for electric vehicles with battery swapping. Management Science, 59(7), 1557–1575. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1672
  • Masmoudi, M. A., Hosny, M., Demir, E., Genikomsakis, K. N., & Cheikhrouhou, N. (2018). The dial-a-ride problem with electric vehicles and battery swapping stations. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 118, 392–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2018.08.005
  • Masmoudi, M. A., Hosny, M., & Koç, Ç. (2022). The fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with synchronized visits. Transportation Letters, 14(4), 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1888196
  • Meticulous Blog. (2022). Top 10 Companies in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Market. https://meticulousblog.org/top-10-companies-in-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-market/ Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Montoya, A., Guéret, C., Mendoza, J. E., & Villegas, J. G. (2017). The electric vehicle routing problem with nonlinear charging function. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 103, 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2017.02.004
  • Muñoz-Villamizar, A., Quintero-Araújo, C. L., Montoya-Torres, J. R., & Faulin, J. (2019). Short-and mid-term evaluation of the use of electric vehicles in urban freight transport collaborative networks: A case study. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 22(3), 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2018.1513467
  • Ontario. (2021). Ontario Boosting Electric Vehicle Charging Availability. https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1001255/ontario-boosting-electric-vehicle-charging-availability. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Paz, J., Granada-Echeverri, M., & Escobar, J. (2018). The multi-depot electric vehicle location routing problem with time windows. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 9(1), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2017.4.001
  • Pelletier, S., Jabali, O., & Laporte, G. (2016). 50th anniversary invited article—goods distribution with electric vehicles: Review and research perspectives. Transportation Science, 50(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2015.0646
  • Plug ‘n drive. (2021). Public Charging. https://www.plugndrive.ca/public-charging/. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Preis, H., Frank, S., & Nachtigall, K. (2014). Energy-optimized routing of electric vehicles in urban delivery systems. In Operations research proceedings 2012: Selected Papers of the International Annual Conference of the German Operations Research Society (GOR) Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany, September 5-7, 2012 (pp. 583–588). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Raeesi, R., & Zografos, K. G. (2020). The electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and synchronised mobile battery swapping. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 140, 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.06.012
  • Rafi, M. A. H., Rennie, R., Larsen, J., & Bauman, J. (2020 June). Investigation of fast charging and battery swapping options for electric haul trucks in underground mines. In 2020 IEEE transportation electrification conference & expo (ITEC 2020) Held 23-26 June 2020, Chicago, Illinois, USA. IEEE #:CFP20TEB-PODISBN:9781728146300 (pp. 1081–1087). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) POD Publisher: Curran Associates, Inc. (Jan 2021) Pages:1,250 (2 Vols).
  • Reuters. (2018). FedEx expands fleet to add 1,000 Chanje electric vans. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fedex-chanje-vans/fedex-expands-fleet-to-add-1000-chanje-electric-vans-idUSKCN1NP1C3. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Ropke, S., & Pisinger, D. (2006). An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the pickup and delivery problem with time windows. Transportation Science, 40(4), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0135
  • Sassi, O., Cherif, W. R., & Oulamara, A. (2014). Vehicle routing problem with mixed fleet of conventional and heterogenous electric vehicles and time dependent charging costs. Technical report, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01083966/document.
  • Sassi, O., Cherif-Khettaf, W. R., & Oulamara, A. (2015a, April). Multi-start iterated local search for the mixed fleet vehicle routing problem with heterogenous electric vehicles. In G. Ochoa & F. Chicano (Eds.), European conference on evolutionary computation in combinatorial optimization (pp. 138–149). Springer.
  • Sassi, O., Cherif-Khettaf, W. R., & Oulamara, A. (2015b). Iterated tabu search for the mix fleet vehicle routing problem with heterogenous electric vehicles. In H. A. L Thi, T. P Dinh, & N. T Nguyen (Eds.), Modelling, computation and optimization in information systems and management sciences (pp. 57–68). Springer.
  • Sayarshad, H. R., & Mahmoodian, V. (2021). An intelligent method for dynamic distribution of electric taxi batteries between charging and swapping stations. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102605
  • Sayarshad, H. R., Mahmoodian, V., & Bojović, N. (2021). Dynamic inventory routing and pricing problem with a mixed fleet of electric and conventional urban freight vehicles. Sustainability, 13(12), 6703. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126703
  • Sayarshad, H. R., Mahmoodian, V., & Gao, H. O. (2020). Non-myopic dynamic routing of electric taxis with battery swapping stations. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102113
  • Schiffer, M., & Walther, G. (2017). An adaptive large neighborhood search for the location-routing problem with intra-route facilities. Transportation Science, 52(2), 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2017.0746
  • Schneider, M., Stenger, A., & Goeke, D. (2014). The electric vehicle-routing problem with time windows and recharging stations. Transportation Science, 48(4), 500–520. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0490
  • Seyfi, M., Alinaghian, M., Ghorbani, E., Çatay, B., & Sabbagh, M. S. (2022). Multi-mode hybrid electric vehicle routing problem. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 166, 102882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102882
  • Soysal, M., Belbağ, S., & Sel, Ç. (2021). A closed vendor managed inventory system under a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 156, 107210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107210
  • Talent. (2021). Truck Driver Toronto salary in Canada 2021. https://neuvoo.ca/salary/?job=truck+driver+toronto. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Taş, D. (2021). Electric vehicle routing with flexible time windows: A column generation solution approach. Transportation Letters, 13(2), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2020.1711581
  • UPS Fact Sheet. (2021). https://about.ups.com/us/en/newsroom.html. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Wu, H. (2021). A survey of battery swapping stations for electric vehicles: Operation modes and decision scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(8), 10163–10185. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3125861
  • Xiao, Y., Zhao, Q., Kaku, I., & Xu, Y. (2012). Development of a fuel consumption optimization model for the capacitated vehicle routing problem. Computers & Operations Research, 39(7), 1419–1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2011.08.013
  • Xiao, Y., Zuo, X., Kaku, I., Zhou, S., & Pan, X. (2019). Development of energy consumption optimization model for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225, 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.323
  • Xing, Q., Chen, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, R., & Zhang, T. (2021). Modelling driving and charging behaviours of electric vehicles using a data-driven approach combined with behavioural economics theory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 324, 129243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129243
  • Yang, B., Li, J., Shu, H., Cai, Z., Tang, B., Huang, X., & Zhu, M. (2022). Recent advances of optimal sizing and location of charging stations: A critical overview. International Journal of Energy Research, 46(13), 17899–17925. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8476
  • Yang, J., & Sun, H. (2015). Battery swap station location-routing problem with capacitated electric vehicles. Computers & Operations Research, 55, 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2014.07.003
  • Zhang, S., Chen, M., & Zhang, W. (2019). A novel location-routing problem in electric vehicle transportation with stochastic demands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 221, 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.167
  • Zhang, T., Chen, X., Yu, Z., Zhu, X., & Shi, D. (2018). A monte carlo simulation approach to evaluate service capacities of EV charging and battery swapping stations. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 14(9), 3914–3923. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2018.2796498
  • Zhou, B., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Multi-objective optimization of electric vehicle routing problem with battery swap and mixed time windows. Neural Computing and Applications, 34(10), 7325–7348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-022-06967-2
  • Zhou, B. H., & Tan, F. (2018). Electric vehicle handling routing and battery swap station location optimisation for automotive assembly lines. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 31(10), 978–991. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2018.1493229
  • Zhou, T., Roorda, M. J., MacLean, H. L., & Luk, J. (2017). Life cycle GHG emissions and lifetime costs of medium-duty diesel and battery electric trucks in Toronto, Canada. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.06.019
  • Zhou, Y., Huang, J., Shi, J., Wang, R., & Huang, K. (2021). The electric vehicle routing problem with partial recharge and vehicle recycling. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 7(3), 1445–1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00291-3
  • Zolfagharinia, H., & Haughton, M. (2017). Operational flexibility in the truckload trucking industry. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 104, 437–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2017.08.003
  • Zolfagharinia, H., & Haughton, M. (2018). The importance of considering non-linear layover and delay costs for local truckers. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 109, 331–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.10.007
  • Zuo, X., Xiao, Y., You, M., Kaku, I., & Xu, Y. (2019). A new formulation of the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows considering concave nonlinear charging function. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 117687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117687

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.