Experiences of family therapists working with parents after the forced removal of children: What can the contextual model tell us?

References

• AAMFT. (n.d.). Code of Ethics. 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.aamft.org/AAMFT/ENHANCE_Knowledge/Legal_and_Ethics/Legal_Ethics/Legal_Ethics.aspx?hkey=3f960f51-842c-4f3c-8cad-473c78172fac
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (n.d.). resolution-psychotherapy. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-psychotherapy
   Google Scholar
• APA. (n.d.). Psychotherapy: Understanding group therapy. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/group-therapy
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2007). Untangling the alliance-outcome correlation: exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(6), 842–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkham, M., & Lambert, M. (2021). The efficacy and effectiveness of the psychological therapies. Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Bergin+and+Garfield%27s+Handbook+of+Psychotherapy+and+Behavior+Change%2C+7th+Edition-p-9781119536581
   Google Scholar
• Barkham, M., & Lambert, M. J. (2021). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological therapies. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (50th anniversary ed., pp. 135–189). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, R., Johansen, T. B., Jacobsen Jardim, P. S., Forsetlund, L., & Nygyen, L. (2020). Tiltak for barn og unge med atferdsvansker eller som har begått kriminelle handlinger. Folkehelseinstituttet. https://www.fhi.no/publ/2020/tiltak-for-barn-og-unge-med-atferdsvansker-eller-som-har-begatt-kriminelle-/
   Google Scholar
• Bolen, M. G., McWey, L. M., & Schlee, B. M. (2008). Are at-risk parents getting what they need? Perspectives of parents involved with child protective services. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36(4), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-008-0173-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Broadhurst, K., & Mason, C. (2020). Child removal as the gateway to further adversity: Birth mother accounts of the immediate and enduring collateral consequences of child removal. Qualitative Social Work, 19(1), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325019893412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruskas, D., & Tessin, D. H. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and psychosocial well-being of women who were in foster care as children. The Permanente Journal, 17(3), e131–e141. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bufdir. (2020). Familievernets spisskompetansemiljø og ressursmiljøer [The family welfare center’s expert competence center and resource environments]. https://ny.bufdir.no/fagstotte/produkter/barnevernsforeldre_oppfolging_av_foreldre_med_barn_i_fosterhjem_og_barnevernsinstitusjon/#heading-contentlink-115469
   Google Scholar
• Bunting, L., Montgomery, L., Mooney, S., MacDonald, M., Coulter, S., Hayes, D., & Davidson, G. (2019). Trauma informed child welfare systems—A rapid evidence review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew, H. S. J., Sim, K. L. D., Cao, X., & Chair, S. Y. (2019). Motivation, challenges and self-regulation in heart failure self-care: A theory-driven qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(5), 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12529-019-09798-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colón-Emeric, C. S., Plowman, D., Bailey, D., Corazzini, K., Utley-Smith, Q., Ammarell, N., Toles, M., & Anderson, R. (2010). Regulation and mindful resident care in nursing homes. Qualitative Health Research, 20(9), 1283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310369337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. D., & Hsieh, A. L. (2019). What does it mean to be a common factors informed family therapist? Family Process, 58(3), 629–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Therapist effects in the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship: A restricted-maximum likelihood meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G., Diamond, G. M., & Levy, S. (2021). Attachment-based family therapy: Theory, clinical model, outcomes, and process research. Journal of Affective Disorders, 294, 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, D., & Young, C. (2013). Assessment in routine clinical and counselling settings. In S. Laher & K. Cockcroft (Eds.), Psychological assessment in South Africa: Research and applications (pp. 320–335). Wits University Press. https://doi.org/10.18772/22013015782.28
   Google Scholar
• EFT-terapeuter i Norge - IPR. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2021, from https://www.ipr.no/nieft/eft-terapeuter-i-norge
   Google Scholar
• Falch-Eriksen, A. (2016). Foreldre som er fratatt omsorgen for sine barn Familievernets rolle for foreldre i krise [Parents who have been deprived of care for their children The role of Family Counselling Services for parents in crisis]. NOVA Rapport 9/2016. https://www.bufdir.no/bibliotek/Dokumentside/?docId=BUF00003591
   Google Scholar
• Forrester, D., Westlake, D., & Glynn, G. (2012). Parental resistance and social worker skills: Towards a theory of motivational social work. Child and Family Social Work, 17(2), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00837.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelso, C. (2014). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: Theory, research, and practice. Psychotherapy Research, 24(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.845920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golia, G. M., & McGovern, A. R. (2015). If you save me, I’ll save you: The power of peer supervision in clinical training and professional development. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(2), 634–650. https://doi.org/10.1093/BJSW/BCT138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasaasen, A., & Michaelsen, H. C. (2019). Dagens utdanningstilbud for familievernet [Current education for family counselling]. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://vid.brage.unit.no/vid-xmlui/handle/11250/2634640
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. N. (2008). Emotion-focused couples therapy: The dynamics of emotion, love, and power. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11750-000
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. N. (2019). Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy (pp. xiv–534). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O. (1981). An exploratory study of the working alliance: Its measurement and relationship to therapy outcome. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0054327
   Google Scholar
• Hundeide, K., & Armstrong, N. (2011). ICDP approach to awareness-raising about children’s rights and preventing violence, child abuse, and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(12), 1053–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, D. J., Mccallum, J., & Howes, D. (2019). Defining Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative (EDQ) research and considering its application to healthcare. Journal of Nursing and Health Care (JNHC), 4(1), 1–7. https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/180272/7/180272.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Isokuortti, N., Aaltio, E., Laajasalo, T., & Barlow, J. (2020). Effectiveness of child protection practice models: A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108(June), 104632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104632
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joa, I., Johannessen, J. O., Larsen, T. K., & McGlashan, T. H. (2008). Information campaigns: 10 Years of experience in the early treatment and intervention in psychosis (TIPS) study. Psychiatric Annals, 38(8). https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20080801-06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsikitis, M., Bignell, K., Rooskov, N., Elms, L., & Davidson, G. R. (2013). The family strengthening program: Influences on parental mood, parental sense of competence and family functioning. Advances in Mental Health, 11(3), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.2013.11.2.143
   Google Scholar
• Katz, S. (2019). Trauma-informed practice: The future of child welfare. Widener Commonwealth Law Review, 28, 51. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wjpl28&div=7&id=&page=
   Google Scholar
• Katz, S., & Haldar, D. (2015). The pedagogy of trauma-informed lawyering. Clinical Law Review, 22, 359. https://scholarshare.temple.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12613/6313/Katz-JournalArticle-2016.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Kenny, K. S. (2018). Mental health harm to mothers when a child is taken by child protective services: Health equity considerations. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 304–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717748885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., Elkin, I., & Kiesler, D. J. (2014). Looking back, looking forward: A historical reflection on psychotherapy process research. 25(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.906764
   Google Scholar
• Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• MacFarlane, A., & O’Reilly-De Brún, M. (2012). Using a theory-driven conceptual framework in qualitative health research. Qualitative Health Research, 22(5), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311431898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcenko, M., Brown, R., DeVoy, P., & Conway, D. (2010). Engaging parents: Innovative approaches in child welfare. Protecting Children, 25(1), 23–34. https://www.socialserviceworkforce.org/system/files/resource/files/Engaging%20Parents.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Welton, N., Stockton, S., Bhutani, G., Grey, N., Leach, J., Greenberg, N., Katona, C., El-Leithy, S., & Pilling, S. (2020). Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A network meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 50(4), 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, S., Donnelly, M., Onyeka, I. N., O’Reilly, D., & Maguire, A. (2021). Experience of child welfare services and long-term adult mental health outcomes: A scoping review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(7), 1115–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02069-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memarnia, N., Nolte, L., Norris, C., & Harborne, A. (2015). ‘It felt like it was night all the time’: Listening to the experiences of birth mothers whose children have been taken into care or adopted. Adoption and Fostering, 39(4), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575915611516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mørch, W.-T. (2012). Implementering av evidensbaserte tiltak i barnevernet [Implementation of evidence-based measures in child protection Services]. Tidsskriftet Norges Barnevern, 89(3), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-1838-2012-03-03
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, H. C. M., Nolte, L., Rishworth, B., & Stevens, C. (2019). ‘My children are my world’: Raising the voices of birth mothers with substantial experience of counselling following the loss of their children to adoption or foster care. Adoption and Fostering, 43(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575919848906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, K. M., Rosen, R. K., Salomon, L., Woodsong, C., Severy, L., Fava, J. L., Vargas, S., & Barroso, C. (2011). Using integrated mixed methods to develop behavioral measures of factors associated with microbicide acceptability. Qualitative Health Research, 21(7), 987–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311404245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K., O’Connor, D. A., Browning, C. J., French, S. D., Michie, S., Francis, J. J., Russell, G. M., Workman, B., Flicker, L., Eccles, M. P., & Green, S. E. (2014). Understanding diagnosis and management of dementia and guideline implementation in general practice: A qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework. Implementation Science, 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-9-31/FIGURES/2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nahum, D., Alfonso, C. A., & Sönmez, E. (2018). Common factors in psychotherapy. In A. Javed & K. Fountoulakis. (Eds.), Advances in psychiatry. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70554-5_29
   Google Scholar
• Neil, E., Cossar, J., Lorgelly, P., & Young, J. (2010). Helping Birth Families: Services, costs and outcomes. British Association of Adoption and Fostering. https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/helping-birth-families-services-costs-and-outcomes
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. N. M., Whitehead, L., Dermody, G., & Saunders, R. (2021). The use of theory in qualitative research: Challenges, development of a framework and exemplar. Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/JAN.15053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, K. L., Radtke, H. L., & Tutty, L. M. (2013). “Every day it takes a piece of you away”: Experiences of grief and loss among abused mothers involved with child protective services. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 7(2), 172–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2012.715268
   Google Scholar
• NOU. (2019). En styrket familietjeneste — En gjennomgang av familieverntjenesten [A strengthened family service — A review of the family counselling services]. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/60b7d738df7d4d54a0e8c535cdca2ab3/no/pdfs/nou201920190020000dddpdfs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., Rønnestad, M. H., & Willutzki, U. (2004). Fifty years of psychotherapy process-outcome research: Continuity and change. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behaviour change (pp. 307–390). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, C. L., Anderson, T., & Wei, C. (2014). Clients’ pretreatment role expectations, the therapeutic alliance, and clinical outcomes in outpatient therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(7), 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roback, H. B. (2000). Adverse outcomes in group psychotherapy: Risk factors, prevention, and research directions. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 9(3), 113–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saldana, L. (2015). An integrated intervention to address the comorbid needs of families referred to child welfare for Substance use disorders and child neglect: FAIR pilot outcomes. Child Welfare, 94(5), 167. /pmc/articles/PMC5415408/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-positive parenting program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021843613840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slettebø, T. (2009). Oppfølging av foreldre med barn/ungdom plassert i fosterhjem eller på institusjon (Issue 1)[Follow-up of parents with children/young people placed in foster homes or institution]. Diakonhjemmet Høgskole, Avdeling for Sosialt Arbeid. https://bibliotek.bufdir.no/BUF/101/Oppfolging_av_foreldre_med_barn_ungdom_plassert_utenfor_hjemmet_av_barneverntjenesten.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Slettebø, T. (2013). Partnership with parents of children in care: A study of collective user participation in child protection services. British Journal of Social Work, 43(3), 579–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K. M., Murray, K. J., & Ake, G. S. (2016). Trauma-informed care for children in the child welfare system: An initial evaluation of a trauma-informed parenting workshop. Child Maltreatment, 21(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559515615961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suomi, A., Bolton, A., & Pasalich, D. (2021). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in birth parents in child protection services: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 152483802110484. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211048444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaithes, L., Paskins, Z., Duffy, H., Evans, N., Mallen, C., Dziedzic, K., & Finney, A. (2021). Experience of implementing and delivering group consultations in UK general practice: A qualitative study. The British Journal of General Practice, 71(707), e413. https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGP.2020.0856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrstad, E., & Ness, O. (2019). To navigate the normative and the not-normative family therapists negotiating their professional identities with parents whose children are placed in public care. Contemporary Family Therapy, 41(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-019-09491-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrstad, E., & Ness, O. (2021). “It is not just about doing or saying the right things”: Working systemically with parents whose children are placed in public care. Journal of Family Therapy, 43(3), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrstad, E., & Slettebø, T. (2020a). To understand the incomprehensible: A qualitative study of parents’ challenges after child removal and their experiences with support services. Child and Family Social Work, 25(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrstad, E., & Slettebø, T. (2020b). To understand the incomprehensible: A qualitative study of parents’ challenges after child removal and their experiences with support services. Child & Family Social Work, 25(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/CFS.12662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thagaard, T. (2013). Systematikk og innlevelse en innføring i kvalitativ metode: en innføring i kvalitativ metode (4. utgave. Ed). Fagbokforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Tiltak i barnevernet. (n.d.). [Intervention in child protection services] Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.bufdir.no/barnevern/tiltak_i_barnevernet/
   Google Scholar
• Torres, M., Sng, R., & Deane, F. P. (2015). Establishing a parenting program for fathers in substance abuse treatment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 36(2), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TraumeBevisst › Barnevern. (n.d.) [Trauma aware › Child protection services]. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.traumebevisst.no/barnevern.html
   Google Scholar
• Travis, D. J., Lee, A., Faulkner, M., Gerstenblatt, P., & Boston, J. (2014). Cultivating a thriving childcare workforce: A theory-driven qualitative analysis. 17(3), 325–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2013.850402
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. (2001). Competing metamodels: The medical model versus the contextual model. In B. Wampold (Ed.), The great psychotherapy debate: Models, Methods, and findings (pp. 1–30). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, I., & Lyons, C. M. (2001). Evidence-based care and the case for intuition and tacit knowledge in clinical assessment and decision making in mental health nursing practice: An empirical contribution to the debate. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 8(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2850.2001.00386.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ybañez-Llorente, K. (n.d.). Maintaining professionalism and compassion: We can do both. 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/ethics/ethics-columns/ethics_june_2018_compassion-professionalism.pdf?sfvrsn=b1dc522c_4
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, H., Racorean, S., & Barrows, V. (2020). Psychotherapy for child welfare cases: Clinicians’ and parents’ perspectives. Child and Family Social Work, 25(4), 775–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar