Assessing the role of school-based sex education in sexual health behaviours: a systematic review

References

• Aarts, S., van den Akker, M., & Winkens, B. (2014). The importance of effect sizes. The European Journal of General Practice, 20(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3109/13814788.2013.818655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armijo-Olivo, S., Stiles, C. R., Hagen, N. A., Biondo, P. D., & Cummings, G. G. (2012). Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. The American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 31(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranowski, T., et al. (2003). Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity Research, 11(Suppl), 23s–243s.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell, D. (2018). Unlocking grey literature in the social sciences. ALISS Quarterly, 14(1), 8–11.
   Google Scholar
• Berglas, N. F., Jerman, P., Rohrbach, L. A., Angulo-Olaiz, F., Chou, C.-P., & Constantine, N. A. (2016). An implementation and outcome evaluation of a multicomponent sexuality education programme for high school students. Sex Education, 16(5), 549–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1133408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, S. M., Ledsky, R., Lehman, T., Goodenow, C., Sawyer, R., & Hack, T. (2001). Preventing sexual risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: the benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 940–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard ­university press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. W., Mehta, T. S., & Allison, D. B. (2017). Publication bias in science: What is it, why is it problematic, and how can it be addressed?. In The Oxford handbook of the science of science communication (pp. 93–101). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, S. M., Weaver, M. R., Mody-Pan, P. N., Thomas, L. A. R., & Mar, C. M. (2011). Evaluation of an intervention to increase human immunodeficiency virus testing among youth in Manzini, Swaziland: a randomized control trial. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 48(5), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buston, K., Wight, D., Hart, G., & Scott, S. (2002). Implementation of a teacher-delivered sex education programme: obstacles and facilitating factors. Health Education Research, 17(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartagena, R. G., Veugelers, P. J., Kipp, W., Magigav, K., & Laing, L. M. (2006). Effectiveness of an HIV prevention program for secondary school students in Mongolia. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 39(6), 925.e9-16–925.16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.07.017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daley, E. M., Marhefka, S. L., Wang, W., Noble, C. A., Mahony, H., Arzola, S., Singleton, A., Malmi, M., Ziemba, R., Turner, D., Marwah, E., & Walsh-Buhi, E. R. (2019). Longitudinal evaluation of the Teen Outreach Programme: Impacts of a health promotion programme on risky sexual behaviours. Health Education Journal, 78(8), 916–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896919857777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vasconcelos, S., Toskin, I., Cooper, B., Chollier, M., Stephenson, R., Blondeel, K., Troussier, T., & Kiarie, J. (2018). Behaviour change techniques in brief interventions to prevent HIV, STI and unintended pregnancies: A systematic review. PloS One, 13(9), e0204088. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., & Tibau, X. A. (2019). Why Cohen’s Kappa should be avoided as performance measure in classification. PloS One, 14(9), e0222916. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denford, S., Abraham, C., Campbell, R., & Busse, H. (2017). A comprehensive review of reviews of school-based interventions to improve sexual-health. Health Psychology Review, 11(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1240625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny, G., & Young, M. (2006). An evaluation of an abstinence-only sex education curriculum: an 18-month follow-up. The Journal of School Health, 76(8), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00135.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettori, J. R., & Norvell, D. C. (2020). Kappa and beyond: Is there agreement? Global Spine Journal, 10(4), 499–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/2192568220911648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esere, M. O. (2008). Effect of sex education programme on at-risk sexual behaviour of school-going adolescents in Ilorin, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 8(2), 120–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, A. R., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1990). High agreement but low kappa: I. The problems of two paradoxes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43(6), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(90)90158-l
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, D., & Junnarkar, M. (2019). Comprehensive sex education: holistic approach to biological, psychological and social development of adolescents. International Journal of School Health, 6(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5812/intjsh.63959
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, A., et al. (2013). Strategies for partner notification for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(10), Cd002843.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finelli, C. J., Nguyen, K., DeMonbrun, M., Borrego, M., Prince, M., Husman, J., Henderson, C., Shekhar, P., & Waters, C. K. (2018). Reducing student resistance to active learning: Strategies for instructors. Journal of College Science Teaching, 47(5), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.2505/4/jcst18_047_05_80
   Google Scholar
• Gallant, M., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2004). School-based HIV prevention programmes for African youth. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 58(7), 1337–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00331-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfond, J., Dierschke, N., Lowe, D., & Plastino, K. (2016). Preventing pregnancy in high school students: Observations from a 3-year longitudinal, quasi-experimental study. American Journal of Public Health, 106(S1), S97–s102. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldfarb, E. S., & Lieberman, L. D. (2021). Three Decades of Research: The Case for Comprehensive Sex Education. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 68(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gul, S., Shah, T. A., Ahmad, S., Gulzar, F., & Shabir, T. (2021). Is grey literature really grey or a hidden glory to showcase the sleeping beauty. Collection and Curation, 40(3), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/CC-10-2019-0036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0. T.C. Collaboration.
   Google Scholar
• James, S., Reddy, P., Ruiter, R. A. C., McCauley, A., & van den Borne, B. (2006). The Impact of an HIV and AIDS Life Skills Program on Secondary School Students in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AIDS Education and Prevention: official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 18(4), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.4.281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens, A., Blake, S., Allwood, M., Ewing, J., & Barlow, A. (2020). Exploring the content and delivery of relationship skills education programmes for adolescents: a systematic review. Sex Education, 20(5), 494–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2019.1697661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L., et al. (2009). A review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of personal social and health education in secondary schools focussing on sex and relationships and alcohol education for young people aged 11-19 years. Final Report. Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University.
   Google Scholar
• Kantor, L. M., & Lindberg, L. (2020). Pleasure and sex education: The need for broadening both content and measurement. American Journal of Public Health, 110(2), 145–148. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, S., Morgan, M., & Collins, B. (2018). Relationships and Sexuality Education (RSE) in primary and post-primary Irish schools. NCCA.
   Google Scholar
• Kirby, D. B. (2008). The impact of abstinence and comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education programs on adolescent sexual behavior. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 5(3), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2008.5.3.18
   Google Scholar
• Kirby, D. B., Laris, B. A., & Rolleri, L. A. (2007). Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 40(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, D., & Laris, B. A. (2009). Effective curriculum-based sex and STD/HIV education programs for adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 3(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00071.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, D., Laris, B., & Rolleri, L. (2005). Impact of sex and HIV education programs on sexual behaviors of youth in developing and developed countries. Family Health International, YouthNet Program North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., Peters, G.-J Y., Mullen, P. D., Parcel, G. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fernández, M. E., Markham, C., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2016). A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: an Intervention Mapping approach. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1077155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaChausse, R. G. (2006). Evaluation of the positive prevention HIV/STD curriculum. American Journal of Health Education, 37(4), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2006.10598904
   Google Scholar
• Lan, C.-W., Lightfoot, A., Gere, D., Taboada, A., Meyer, K., Harwood, J., & Milburn, N. G. (2019). Live or virtual? comparing two versions of amp!, a theater-based sexual health intervention for adolescents. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(3), 292–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2019.1586270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, H., et al. (2019). Development of contextually-relevant sexuality education: lessons from a comprehensive review of adolescent sexuality education across cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Zhang, L., Mao, R., Zhao, Q., & Stanton, B. (2011). Effect of social cognitive theory-based HIV education prevention program among high school students in Nanjing, China. Health Education Research, 26(3), 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyr001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, L. D., & Maddow-Zimet, I. (2012). Consequences of sex education on teen and young adult sexual behaviors and outcomes. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 51(4), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohan, M., Aventin, Á., Clarke, M., Curran, R. M., McDowell, C., Agus, A., McDaid, L., Bonell, C., & Young, H. (2018). Can teenage men be targeted to prevent teenage pregnancy? a feasibility cluster randomised controlled intervention trial in schools. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 19(8), 1079–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0928-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, L. M., et al. (2016). School-based interventions for improving contraceptive use in adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(6), Cd012249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markham, C. M., Peskin, M. F., Shegog, R., Baumler, E. R., Addy, R. C., Thiel, M., Escobar-Chaves, S. L., Robin, L., & Tortolero, S. R. (2014). Behavioral and psychosocial effects of two middle school sexual health education programs at tenth-grade follow-up. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 54(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham, C. M., Tortolero, S. R., Peskin, M. F., Shegog, R., Thiel, M., Baumler, E. R., Addy, R. C., Escobar-Chaves, S. L., Reininger, B., & Robin, L. (2012). Sexual risk avoidance and sexual risk reduction interventions for middle school youth: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 50(3), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason-Jones, A. J., Flisher, A. J., & Mathews, C. (2013). Peer education training for sexual health and well-being in public high schools in South Africa: Is it enough to change peer educators themselves? Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 25(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2012.730998
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mba, C. I., Obi, S. N., & Ozumba, B. C. (2007). The impact of health education on reproductive health knowledge among adolescents in a rural Nigerian community. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: The Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 27(5), 513–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443610701478991
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McAuley, L., Pham, B., Tugwell, P., & Moher, D. (2000). Does the inclusion of grey literature influence estimates of intervention effectiveness reported in meta-analyses? Lancet, 356(9237), 1228–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02786-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menna, T., Ali, A., & Worku, A. (2015). Effects of peer education intervention on HIV/AIDS related sexual behaviors of secondary school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0077-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P. (2011). A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychology & Health, 26(11), 1479–1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2010.540664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moullin, J. C., Dickson, K. S., Stadnick, N. A., Albers, B., Nilsen, P., Broder-Fingert, S., Mukasa, B., & Aarons, G. A. (2020). Ten recommendations for using implementation frameworks in research and practice. Implementation Science Communications, 1(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00023-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musiimenta, A. (2012). A controlled pre-post evaluation of a computer-based HIV/AIDS education on students’ sexual behaviors, knowledge and attitudes. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 4(1)
   Google Scholar
• Mwale, M., & Muula, A. S. (2019). The efficacy of peer education in sexual behavioral change among school-going adolescents in Northern Malawi: A quasi experiment. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 18(3), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2019.1620664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal, J. W., & Neal, Z. P. (2013). Nested or networked? Future directions for ecological systems theory. Social Development, 22(4), 722–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngabaza, S., & Shefer, T. (2019). Sexuality education in South African schools: deconstructing the dominant response to young people’s sexualities in contemporary schooling contexts. Sex Education, 19(4), 422–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2019.1602033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, J. J., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). Hooking up” among college students: demographic and psychosocial correlates. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(3), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9414-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peskin, M. F., Shegog, R., Markham, C. M., Thiel, M., Baumler, E. R., Addy, R. C., Gabay, E. K., & Emery, S. T. (2015). Efficacy of it’s your game-tech: A computer-based sexual health education program for middle school youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 56(5), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpott, A., Knerr, W., & Boydell, V. (2006). Pleasure and prevention: when good sex is safer sex. Reproductive Health Matters, 14(28), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(06)28254-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popay, J., Robers, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, Arai, L., Rodgers, Britten, N., Roen K., & Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. A Product from the ESRC Methods Programme Version, 1(1), b92.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchwood, T. D., Ford, H., DeCoster, J., Sutton, M., & Lochman, J. E. (2015). Risky sexual behavior and substance use among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 52, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin, L., Dittus, P., Whitaker, D., Crosby, R., Ethier, K., Mezoff, J., Miller, K., & Pappas-Deluca, K. (2004). Behavioral interventions to reduce incidence of HIV, STD, and pregnancy among adolescents: a decade in review. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 34(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(03)00244-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrbach, L. A., Berglas, N. F., Jerman, P., Angulo-Olaiz, F., Chou, C.-P., & Constantine, N. A. (2015). A rights-based sexuality education curriculum for adolescents: 1-year outcomes from a cluster-randomized trial. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 57(4), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrbach, L. A., Donatello, R. A., Moulton, B. D., Afifi, A. A., Meyer, K. I., & De Rosa, C. J. (2019). Effectiveness evaluation of it’s your game: keep it real, a middle school HIV/Sexually Transmitted infection/pregnancy prevention program. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 64(3), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Andrade, R., & Bahamondes, L. L. (2019). Is implementation fidelity important? A systematic review on school-based mental health programs. Contemporary School Psychology, 23(4), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-018-0175-0
   Google Scholar
• Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2013). Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(4), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabia, J. J. (2006). Does sex education affect adolescent sexual behaviors and health? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management: [the Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management], 25(4), 783–802. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaalma, H. P., Abraham, C., Gillmore, M. R., & Kok, G. (2004). Sex education as health promotion: what does it take? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33(3), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ASEB.0000026625.65171.1d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, J., Kavanagh, J., Picot, J., Cooper, K., Harden, A., Barnett-Page, E., Jones, J., Clegg, A., Hartwell, D., Frampton, G. K., & Price, A. (2010). The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of behavioural interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in young people aged 13-19: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment, 14(7), 1–206. iii-iv. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, H. (2017). Learning strategies and classification in education. Institute for Learning Styles Journal, 1(1), 24–36.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, M., Jinabhai, C., Dlamini, S., Sathiparsad, R., Eggers, M. S., & De Vries, H. (2014). Effects of a teenage pregnancy prevention program in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Health Care for Women International, 35(7-9), 845–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.910216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thato, R., Jenkins, R. A., & Dusitsin, N. (2008). Effects of the culturally-sensitive comprehensive sex education programme among Thai secondary school students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(4), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04609.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tortolero, S. R., Markham, C. M., Peskin, M. F., Shegog, R., Addy, R. C., Escobar-Chaves, S. L., & Baumler, E. R. (2010). It’s your game: Keep it real: Delaying sexual behavior with an effective middle school program. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 46(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. S., Fitzmaurice, A. E., Imamura, M., Penfold, S., Penney, G. C., Teijlingen, E. v., Shucksmith, J., & Philip, K. L. (2007). The effect of the national demonstration project Healthy Respect on teenage sexual health behaviour. European Journal of Public Health, 17(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill, K., Montgomery, P., & Operario, D. (2008). Abstinence-plus programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), Cd007006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill, K., Operario, D., & Montgomery, P. (2007). Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), Cd005421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2011). Revision of the international Standard Classification of Education ISCED.
   Google Scholar
• Vanwesenbeeck, I., Westeneng, J., de Boer, T., Reinders, J., & van Zorge, R. (2016). Lessons learned from a decade implementing Comprehensive Sexuality Education in resource poor settings: The World Starts With Me. Sex Education, 16(5), 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1111203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veritas Health Innovation. (2019). Covidence systematic review software.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D., Gutierrez, J. P., Torres, P., & Bertozzi, S. M. (2006). HIV prevention in Mexican schools: prospective randomised evaluation of intervention. BMJ, 332(7551), 1189–1194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38796.457407.80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walton, H., Spector, A., Roberts, A., Williamson, M., Bhatt, J., Tombor, I., & Michie, S. (2020). Developing strategies to improve fidelity of delivery of, and engagement with, a complex intervention to improve independence in dementia: a mixed methods study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01006-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021). Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR, Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports, 70(4), 1–187. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2022). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2006). Defining sexual health—report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28-31 January 2002. Sexual Health Document Series.
   Google Scholar
• Ybarra, M. L., Rosario, M., Saewyc, E., & Goodenow, C. (2016). Sexual behaviors and partner characteristics by sexual identity among adolescent girls. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 58(3), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, H., Burke, L., & Nic Gabhainn, S. (2018). Sexual intercourse, age of initiation and contraception among adolescents in Ireland: findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Ireland study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 362. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5217-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar