398
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Literature, Linguistics & Criticism

Celebratory expressions and linguistic diversity: investigating congratulation patterns among Pakistani Facebook users commenting in English and Urdu

&
Article: 2315799 | Received 30 Nov 2023, Accepted 04 Feb 2024, Published online: 22 Feb 2024

References

  • Akgül, Y., & Uymaz, A. O. (2022). Facebook/Meta usage in higher education: A deep learning-based dual-stage SEM-ANN analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 27(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11012-9
  • Al Rashdi, F. (2018). Functions of emojis in WhatsApp interaction among Omanis. Discourse, Context & Media, 26, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2018.07.001
  • Aldhulaee, M. (2017). Linguistic behaviour in email interaction and recipient attitudes: Request emails by Iraqi speakers of English [Doctoral dissertation]. Deakin University.
  • Alghazo, S., Zemmour, S., Al Salem, M. N., & Alrashdan, I. (2021). A cross-cultural analysis of the speech act of congratulating in Kabyle and Jordanian Arabic. Ampersand, 8, 100075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2021.100075
  • Allami, H., & Nekouzadeh, M. (2011). Congratulation and positive politeness strategies in Iranian context. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 1(11), 157–226. https://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol01/11/tpls0111.pdf#page=157.
  • Al-Shboul, Y., Al-Daher, Z., Al-Dala’ien, O. A., & Abu-Snoubar, T. K. (2022). Congratulation strategies by Jordanians on a Royal Birthday Facebook status. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 13(5), 1097–1104. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1305.24
  • Ammari, R. M. G., Al-Mahameed, Y. S., Al Bataineh, K. B., & Al Ahmad, W. R. (2023). Congratulation! A case study of social media users in Jordan. International Journal of Arabic-English Studies, 24, 317–340. https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes.v24i1.564
  • Andrade, E. C., Jr, Camaso, M. L. M., Dujali, C. C., & Montano, E. P. (2020). Emoji conquers the world: Emojis as a language tool in communication.
  • Archer, D., & Culpeper, J. (2003). Sociopragmatic annotation: New directions and possibilities in historical corpus linguistics. In: Corpus linguistics by the Lune: a festschrift for Geoffrey Leech. Łódź studies in language (8). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 37–58. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/1057 .
  • Austin, J. L. (1962). Speech acts. Oxfor University Press.
  • Avazpour, K. (2020). Cross-cultural analysis of congratulations in American English. Indian English and Peninsular Spanish.
  • Azam, S., & Saleem, T. (2018). Congratulations across cultures: Punjabi and British speakers. Erevna Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 2(1), 47–64. https://journals.au.edu.pk/ojserevna/index.php/erevna/issue/view/3
  • Aziz, A., Maqsood, B., Saleem, T., & Azam, S. (2018). The investigation of pragmatic transfer in the speech act of congratulations by Punjabi EFL learners. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(6), 240. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p240
  • Aziz, A., Saleem, T., Maqsood, B., & Ameen, Z. (2020). Grammatical and syntactical functions of auxiliaries in English and Urdu. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 9(35), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.35.11.3
  • Aziz, F., Saleem, T., Saleem, A., & Batool, R. (2020). From pragmatic competence to intercultural competence: Pakistani ESL teachers perspectives of teaching interculturality in ESL classroom. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 9(33), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.33.09.4
  • Bach, K., & Harnish, R. M. (1979). Communication and speech acts. Harvard.
  • Banikalef, A. E. A. (2021). How do Jordanians express their birthday wishes on Facebook? Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(S2), 717–725. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.140021111441691
  • Batool, R., & Saleem, T. (2023). Comparative construction morphology of diminutive forms in English and Urdu. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1), 2238998. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2238998
  • Beißwenger, M., & Pappert, S. (2019). How to be polite with emojis: a pragmatic analysis of face work strategies in an online learning environment. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 225–254. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2019-0003
  • Benkaddour, C. (2021). Gender and politeness negotiation on the net a case study of the Facebook [Doctoral dissertation], Djilali Lyabes University.
  • Biber, D., & Reppen, R. (Eds.) (2015). The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bonnici, L., & Ma, J. (2021). What are they saying? A speech act analysis of a vaccination information debate on Facebook. The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 44(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.5206/cjilsrcsib.v44i1.13342
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
  • Can, H. (2011). A cross-cultural study of the speech act of congratulation in British English and Turkish using a corpus approach [Master’s thesis]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Castleton, B., & Vittor, L. A. (2006). In J. A. Morrow (Ed.), Arabic, Islam, and the Allah Lexicon: How language shapes our conception of god (pp 139–145). Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Chung, C. T. A., & Chen, C. Y. D. (2022). Universality? Cross-linguistic influence? Evidence from Chinese and English apology response strategy use. Concentric. Studies in Linguistics, 48(2), 174–211. https://doi.org/10.1075/consl.22014.che
  • Clear, J., & Leitner, G. (1992). Corpus sampling. New directions in English language corpora: Methodology, results, software development (pp. 21–31). Walter de Gruyter.
  • Congram, B. M. (2019). Mostly sports and congratulations: Twitter, Facebook, and Alberta higher education [Doctoral dissertation]. Royal Roads University.
  • Dainas, A. R., & Herring, S. C. (2021). Interpreting emoji pragmatics. Approaches to internet pragmatics: Theory and practice (pp. 107–144). Pragmatics & Beyond New Series.
  • Darong, H. C., Niman, E., & Jem, Y. H. (2022). Face threatening act and gender bias in manggarain marriage proposal, Indonesia. Interdisciplinary Journal of Sociality Studies, 2, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.38140/ijss-2022.vol2.05
  • David, M. K. (2018 Social media-a treasure house for pedagogical resources: Focusing on responses to the speech act of congratulations and condolences [Paper presentation]. Plenary Paper Presented at the International Conference on English Language Teaching (CONELT), Kuningan, Indonesia.
  • Dresner, E., & Herring, S. C. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory, 20(3), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01362.x
  • Egbert, J., Larsson, T., & Biber, D. (2020). Doing linguistics with a corpus: Methodological considerations for the everyday user. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ekechi, J. O. (2021). The sociolinguistics of congratulatory messages in Nigerian newspapers. Ekechi Jemimah Ogechi (2021) the sociolinguistics of congratulatory messages in Nigerian newspapers. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 9(5), 35–56. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3885682
  • Elwood, K. (2004). Congratulations: A cross-cultural analysis of responses to another’s happy news. 文化論集= the Cultural Review, 25, 355–386. https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I7114892
  • Emery, P. G. (2000). Greeting, congratulating and commiserating in Omani Arabic. Language Culture and Curriculum, 13(2), 196–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310008666599
  • Eshreteh, M. K. (2022). The speech act of congratulation and positive politeness strategies: A study of comments on Facebook posts by Palestinians. Humanities and Social Sciences Series, 35(4), 51–73. https://ejournal.mutah.edu.jo/index.php/hsss/article/view/777.
  • Eslami, Z. R., & Yang, X. (2018). Chinese-English bilinguals’ online compliment response patterns in American (Facebook) and Chinese (Renren) social networking sites. Discourse, Context & Media, 26, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2018.04.006
  • Fatima, M., Hasan, K., Anwar, S., & Nawab, R. M. A. (2017). Multilingual author profiling on Facebook. Information Processing & Management, 53(4), 886–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2017.03.005
  • Ge, J., & Herring, S. C. (2018). Communicative functions of emoji sequences on Sina Weibo. First Monday, 23, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i11.9413
  • Geoffrey, L. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. (No title) (p. 13).
  • Ghani, F., Saleem, T., Majeed, S., Batool, R., & Aslam, M. (2022). A corpus-based comparative ideational meta-functional analysis of Pakistani English and UK English newspaper editorials on COVID-19. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 2114619. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2114619
  • Gibson, W., Huang, P., & Yu, Q. (2018). Emoji and communicative action: The semiotics, sequence and gestural actions of ‘face covering hand’. Discourse, Context & Media, 26, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2018.05.005
  • Grimmett, P. P., & Crehan, E. P. (2014). The nature of collegiality in teacher development: The case of clinical supervision. Teacher development and educational change (pp. 56–85). Routledge.
  • Grundy, P. (2019). Doing pragmatics. Routledge.
  • Hamdan, H. (2022). The communicative functions of emojis: Evidence from Jordanian Arabic-speaking Facebookers. Psycholinguistics, 31(1), 141–172. https://doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2022-31-1-141-172
  • Haroon, S., Aslam, M., & Saleem, T. (2023). Exploring the cross-linguistic functioning of the Principles of WH-Movements: The case of Pakistani ESL learners. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1), 2174518. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2174518
  • Haugh, M. (2015). Impoliteness and taking offence in initial interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 86, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.05.018
  • Herring, S. C., & Ge-Stadnyk, J. (2018). Emoji and illocutionarity: Acting on, and acting as, language.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). Women, men and politeness. Routledge.
  • Holtgraves, T. (2023). Emoji, speech acts, and perceived communicative success. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 43(1), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X231200450
  • Kachru, B. B. (1992). World Englishes: Approaches, issues and resources. Language Teaching, 25(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800006583
  • Kamran, S., & Mansoor, S. (2017). Globalisation and language use on social media in Pakistan. European Journal of Language and Literature, 8(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p79-84
  • Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C. (2022). A multilevel approach in the study of talk-in-interaction. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), 7(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.7.1.01ker
  • Khan, L., Amjad, A., Ashraf, N., Chang, H. T., & Gelbukh, A. (2021). Urdu sentiment analysis with deep learning methods. IEEE Access, 9, 97803–97812. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093078
  • Khan, A. A., Khalid, A., & Saleem, T. (2023). The evidence of embedded language islands: The case of Pashto-English codeswitching. International Journal of Multilingualism, 20(01), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2023.2212907
  • Khaouni, L., Maroufi, M., & Gana, W. (2022). Politeness strategies employed in student-teacher facebook interaction [Doctoral dissertation]. Université Ibn Khaldoun-Tiaret.
  • Kumar, R. (2017). Conventionalised politeness structures: Empirical evidence from Hindi/Urdu. Journal of Politeness Research, 13(2), 243–280. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0001
  • Larson, E. C. (2018). Congratulations!… to the world? One person’s experience with social media. Journal of Information Systems Education, 29(3), 127–130. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jise/vol29/iss3/1/
  • Leech, G., & Tatiana, L. (2014). Politeness: West and east. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 2(4), 9–34. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/politeness-west-and-east
  • Li, X., Chen, W., & Popiel, P. (2015). What happens on Facebook stays on Facebook? The implications of Facebook interaction for perceived, receiving, and giving social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.066
  • Mahboob, A., Ahmar, N. H., & Schneider, E. W. (2008). Pakistani English: Phonology. Varieties of English, 4, 244–258. https://www.academia.edu/2654074/Pakistani_English
  • Mahmood, Q. K., Zakar, R., & Zakar, M. Z. (2018). Role of Facebook use in predicting bridging and bonding social capital of Pakistani university students. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(7), 856–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1466750
  • Mahzari, M. (2017). A sociopragmatic study of the congratulation strategies of Saudi Facebook users. Arizona State University.
  • Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (2001). Congratulations and bravo! Pragmatics and beyond new series. In A. Bayraktaroğlu & M. Sifianou (Eds.), Linguistic politeness across boundaries: The case of Greek and Turkish. Pragmatics and Beyond New Series (pp. 137–176). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.88.07mak.
  • Migdadi, F., Badarneh, M. A., & Khwaylih, L. (2021). Jordanian graduate students’ complaints on Facebook: Semantic formulas and politeness. Lebende Sprachen, 66(1), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1515/les-2021-0007
  • Maqsood, B., Aziz, A., & Summiya Azam, T. S. (2018). A comparative study of WH-movement in Urdu and English: A minimalist perspective. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(6), 203–251. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p203
  • Maqsood, B., Saleem, T., Aziz, A., & Azam, S. (2019). Grammatical constraints on the borrowing of Nouns and Verbs in Urdu and English. SAGE Open, 9(2), 215824401985346. 2158244019853469. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019853469
  • Mushtaq, M., Saleem, T., Afzal, S., & Saleem, A. (2021). A corpus-based ideational meta-functional analysis of Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan’s speech at United Nations general assembly. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1856999. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1856999
  • Octaviani, A. D. P., & Haryanto, S. (2023). Pragmatic analysis of congratulation expressions addressed to Arya permana given by social media users [Paper presentation]. International Conference on Learning and Advanced Education (ICOLAE 2022) (pp. 333–351). Atlantis Press.
  • Ogunsiji, O. (2021). Discourse representation of orthodox medicine and alternative therapy in network marketing discourse. Pragmatics, discourse and society, Volume 1: A festschrift for akin odebunmi (p. 381). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Pishghadam, R., & Morady, M. M. (2011). Towards a contrastive pragmatic analysis of congratulation speech act in Persian and English.
  • Prada, M., Rodrigues, D. L., Garrido, M. V., Lopes, D., Cavalheiro, B., & Gaspar, R. (2018). Motives, frequency and attitudes toward emoji and emoticon use. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 1925–1934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.005
  • Rahman, T. (2020). Pakistani English. The handbook of Asian englishes (pp. 279–296). Wiley.
  • Raza, S. A., Qazi, W., Shah, N., Qureshi, M. A., Qaiser, S., & Ali, R. (2020). Drivers of intensive Facebook usage among university students: An implications of U&G and TPB theories. Technology in Society, 62, 101331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101331
  • Razavian, M., Paech, B., & Tang, A. (2023). The vision of on-demand architectural knowledge systems as a decision-making companion. Journal of Systems and Software, 198, 111560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.111560
  • Roberts, R. W. (1992). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: An application of stakeholder theory. Accounting, Organisations and Society, 17(6), 595–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(92)90015-K
  • Saleem, A., & Saleem, T. (2023). Pragmatic transfer in congratulation strategies of Punjabi EFL learners: Social power in focus. Ampersand, 10, 100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2022.100103
  • Saleem, A., Saleem, T., & Aziz, A. (2022). A pragmatic study of congratulation strategies of Pakistani ESL learners and British English speakers. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 7(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00134-9
  • Saleem, T., & Khan, B. S. A. (2023). Exploring the efficacy of children’s media use in enhancing L2 vocabulary acquisition. International Journal of Early Years Education, 31(01), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2023.2261501
  • Saleem, T., Anjum, U., & Naz, A. (2018). Pragmatic transfer in Pakistani English speakers apology responses: Impact of social power. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 74–91. http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Winter_2018_Vol_12_%20No_2/7.Pragmatic_Transfer_in_Pakistani_English_Speakers_Apology_Responses.pdf
  • Saleem, T., Anjum, U., & Tahir, S. (2021a). The sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic strategies in L2 pragmatic competence: A case of Pakistani ESL learners. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 50(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2021.1877176
  • Saleem, T., Yasmin, M., & Saleem, A. (2021b). Linguistic politeness of Pakistani English and British English speakers: Culture and gender perspectives. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1), 1996917. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2021.1996917
  • Saleem, T., Anjum, U., Ahmed, M. I., Qadeer, A., & Shehzad, W. (2021c). Developing sociopragmatic competence of Pakistani EFL speakers: A case of apology speech act. Asian EFL Journal, 28(3), 311–335. https://www.asian-efl-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/AEJ-Volume-28-Issue-1.4-February-2021.pdf
  • Saleem, T., Unjum, U., Ahmed, M. I., & xQadeer, A. (2021d). Social distance and speech behavior: A case of Pakistani English speakers’ apology responses. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1), 1890410. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2021.1890410
  • Saleem, T., Batool, R., Saleem, A., & Azam, S. (2020). Caught between two cultures: Pragmatic transfer in English-using Pakistanis apology responses. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 9(35), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.35.11.1
  • Saleem, T., Latif, S., Khan, A. A., Javaid, M., & Khan, B. S. A. (2023). Bridging linguistic divides in higher education: An exploration of translanguaging practices in Pakistan. Ampersand, 11, 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2023.100160
  • Sampietro, A. (2019). Emoji and rapport management in Spanish WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 143, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.009
  • Schauer, G. A., & Adolphs, S. (2006). Expressions of gratitude in corpus and DCT data: Vocabulary, formulaic sequences, and pedagogy. System, 34(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2005.09.003
  • Searle, J. R. (1976). Toward a linguistic theory of speech acts.
  • Searle, J. R., & Vanderveken, D. (1985). Foundations of illocutionary logic. CUP Archive.
  • Sharndama, E. C., & Ajayi, O. B. (2019). A stylistic analysis of American President Trump’s speech on illegal immigration and the opposition’s response to it. Journal of English and Communication in Africa, 2(1–2), 206–239. https://www.jecaoauife.com/volume-5-no-1-2/.
  • Spencer-Oatey, H. (2005). (Im) Politeness, face and perceptions of rapport: unpackaging their bases and interrelationships.
  • Sugiyama, S. (2018). The emoji and the management of social boundaries.
  • Syafitri, W. (2020). Expressive speech acts in the statuses of the Facebook users. PARADIGM: Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.18860/prdg.v3i1.8056
  • Terkourafi, M. (2005). An argument for a frame-based approach to politeness. Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Terkourafi, M. (2008). Toward a unified theory of politeness, impoliteness and rudeness. Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice (pp. 45–74) Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Tsoumou, J. M. (2020). Analysing speech acts in politically related Facebook communication. Journal of Pragmatics, 167, 80–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.06.004
  • Tsoumou, J. M. (2023). (Im) politeness on Facebook during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Politeness Research, 19(1), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0008
  • Ullah, Z., Alam, M. F., & Ihsan, W. (2022). Juxtaposing Urdu to English captions of Facebook/metaverse: A neural machine translation study. Global Language Review, VII(II), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(VII-II).05
  • Ullah, S., Anjum, U., & Saleem, T. (2023). Voice onset time of mankiyali language: An acoustic analysis. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 23(2), 256–274. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2023-2302-14
  • Unceta Gómez, L. (2016). Congratulations in Latin comedy: Types and functions. Journal of Politeness Research, 12(2), 267–290. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2016-0005
  • Wardhaugh, R. (2006). Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Yus, F. (2019). An outline of some future research issues for internet pragmatics. Internet Pragmatics, 2(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00018.yus
  • Zahara, F. T., Saleem, T., Joiya, N., & Abdullah, F. (2020). Mayers-Scotten’s 4-M model: A Qusaiexperimental study of Pashto-English morphological ability. Amazonia Investiga, 9(34), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.34.10.1