Imperatives for post COVID-19 recovery of Indonesia’s education, labor, and SME sectors

References

• Aamer, B., Hall, B., Jenkins, P., Lamarre, E. & McCarthy, B. (2020). The COVID-19 recovery will be digital: A plan for the first 90 days. Kevin Sneader, Shubham Singhal and Bob Sternfels editors In What now? Ten actions to emerge stronger in the next normal pp.12–51. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/strategy%20and%20corporate%20finance/our%20insights/what%20now%20decisive%20actions%20to%20emerge%20stronger%20in%20the%20next%20normal/what-now-decisive-actions-to-emerge-stronger-in-the-next-normal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ADB. (2020a). ADB Basic Statistics 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ADB. (2020b). Asia Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Monitor 2020: Volume I—Country and Regional Reviews. Asia Development Bank (ADB). https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/646146/asia-sme-monitor-2020-volume-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ADBI. (2020). ADBI Dean Urges Global Support for Digitalization-Based Recovery.ADBI press release of the remarks of ADBI Dean, Tetsushi Sonobe during a multi-week world think tank town hall initiative on promoting evidence-based pandemic solutions. ADBI. https://www.adb.org/adbi/news/adbi-dean-urges-global-support-digitalization-based-recovery
   Google Scholar
• Alatovic, T., Kulagin, V., Radchenko, A., Sergey Savitskiy, S., & Wedrychowicz, S. (2021). Next-generation operating models for the next normal. Mckinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/next-generation-operating-models-for-the-next-normal
   Google Scholar
• Alsamawi, A., Cadestin, C., Jaax, A., Guilhoto, J., Miroudot, S., & Zurcheet, C. (2020), “Returns to intangible capital in global value chains: New evidence on trends and policy determinants”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 240, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/4cd06f19-en
   Google Scholar
• Anadiotis, A. (2020). A guide for prescriptive analytics: The art and science of choosing and applying the right techniques. ZDnet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-guide-for-prescriptive-analytics-the-art-and-science-of-choosing-and-applying-the-right-techniques/
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, M., & Coutinho, C. (2016). Implementing Flipped Classroom in Blended Learning environments: AProposal Based on the Cognitive Flexibility Theory Implementing Flipped Classroom in Blended Learning environments: A Proposal Based on the Cognitive Flexibility Theory. E-Learn2016-Washington,DC,United States,November14-16,2016. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76177074.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Arolas, H. P., Enriquei Acosta, E., López-Casasnovas, G., . L., Nicodemo, A., Tim Riffe,T, C., & Myrskylä, M. (2021). Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 Countries. Scientific Reports, Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83040-3
   Google Scholar
• Arvis, J., Ojala, L., Wiederer, C., Raj, A., Dairabayeva, K., & Kiiski, T. (2018). The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators: Connecting to Compete 2018 Trade Logistics in the Global Economy. The World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29971/LPI2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ashrafia, A., Zare Ravasan, A. Z., Peter Trkmanc, P., & Afshari, S. (2019). The role of business analytics capabilities in bolstering firms’ agility and performance. International Journal of Information Management, 47, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayman, F. M. (2021). Indonesia to Prepare Positive Investment List. ASEAN Briefing. Deza Shira & Associates. https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-to-prepare-positive-investment-list/
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, R., & Grainger, P. (2019). Rethinking Pathways to Employment: Technical and Vocational Training for the Digital Age, the Future of Work and Realizing Education for All in the Digital Age. In Realizing Education for All in the Digital Age (pp. 55–62). Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/503706/adbi-realizing-education-all-digital-age.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bank, W. (2020b). Purchasing Power Parities and the Size of World Economies: Results from the 2017 International Comparison Program. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1530-0
   Google Scholar
• Bank, W. (2020c). Human Capital Index 2020. The Human Capital Project. The World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital#Index
   Google Scholar
• Bappenas. (2019).Policies to support the development of Indonesia’s manufacturing sector during 2020–2024: A Joint ADB–BAPPENAS Report, Kementerian PPN and Bappenas, and ADB. Bappenas. https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/6215/4994/1543/policies-manufacturing-sector-indonesia-2020-2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bappenas. (2020). Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2020-2024. Lampiran Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2020 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2020-2024.Bappenas. https://drive.bappenas.go.id/owncloud/index.php/s/4q7Cb7FBxavq3lK#pdfviewer
   Google Scholar
• Berruti, F., Hu, A., Sood, R., Chesnais, T., Daub, M., Jesús Moreno Sosa, J. M., Rosendahl,M., P. G., Schenk, T., Wan, X., & Rob Whiteman, R. (2021). Introduction: Three objectives to scale digital service operations successfully. Insights. Mckinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/introduction-three-objectives-to-scale-digital-service-operations-successfully?
   Google Scholar
• Bisen, A. (2018). The Path to “Agile” Policymaking. Government Innovators Network. ASH Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. Havard Kennedy School. https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/blog/path-agile-policymaking
   Google Scholar
• Booth, A. (2011). China’s Economic Relations with Indonesia: Threats and Opportunities. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000207
   Google Scholar
• BPS. 2017. Statistics Yearbook of Indonesia, BPS, Jakarta, Indonesia
   Google Scholar
• BPS. (2020) . Economic Indicators June 2020. Monthly statistical Bulletin. Central Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Cahyani, D. R. (2020). 47 Persen UMKM Bangkrut Akibat Pandemi Corona.Tempo. https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1344540/47-persen-umkm-bangkrut-akibat-pandemi-corona
   Google Scholar
• Cámara, N., & Tuesta, D. (2017). DiGiX: The Digitization Index BBVA Research No 17/03 February 2017. BBVA Research
   Google Scholar
• Caner, M., Grennes, T., & Fritzi Koehler-Geib, F. (2010). Finding The Tipping Point – When Sovereign Debt Turns Bad. Policy Research Working Paper No. 5391. The World Bank https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/3875/WPS5391.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Dang, D. A., & Dang, V. A. (2020). Global Value Chain Participation and Firms’ Innovations: Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Viet Nam. ADBI Working Paper 1138. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/publications/globalvalue-chain-participation-firms-innovations-evidence-sme-vietnam
   Google Scholar
• Das, K., Gryseels, M., Sudhir, P., & Tan, K. T. (2016). Unlocking Indonesia’s digital opportunity. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Locations/Asia/Indonesia/Our%20Insights/Unlocking%20Indonesias%20digital%20opportunity/Unlocking_Indonesias_digital_opportunity.ashx
   Google Scholar
• Das, K., Tamhane, T., Vatterott, B., Wibowo, P., & Wintels, S. (2018). The digital archipelago: How online commerce is driving Indonesia’s economic development.Report. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/the-digital-archipelago-how-online-commerce-is-driving-indonesias-economic-development
   Google Scholar
• Deyshappriya, N. P. R., & Maduwanthi, B. C. H. (2020). Impact of Global Value Chains on Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Sri Lanka: Evidence from Sri Lanka. ADBI Working Paper 1153. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/publications/impact-global-value-chains-performance-smse-sri-lanka
   Google Scholar
• Di Matteo, I. (2018). Handbook on Backcasting. United Nations Statistics Division. ECE Meeting of the Group of Experts on National Accounts.
   Google Scholar
• EU Commission. (2020). SURE: Commission proposals to the Council for support to the Member States. EU Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/sure-commission-proposals-council-support-member-states_en
   Google Scholar
• EU Commission. (February 12, 2021). Recovery plan for Europe. EU Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/recovery-plan-europe_en
   Google Scholar
• EU Council. (July 13, 2020). EU’s Emergency response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. EU Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/covid-19-eu-emergency-response/
   Google Scholar
• Furstenthal, L., Hirt, M., & Roth, E. (2021). To innovate your way out of this downturn, you need to change behaviors and mindsets—starting at the very top. Strategy & Corporate Finance.McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/innovation-your-launchpad-out-of-the-covid-19-crisis?
   Google Scholar
• Frost. J.,Gambacorta, L & Shin, H. S. (2021). From Financial Innovation to Financial Inclusion. Finance & Development (pp. 14-17). March 2021.IMF
   Google Scholar
• Goergieva, K. (2020). Strategy of Recovery: A Conversation with IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva A Virtual Event hosted by Réka Szemerkényi of the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). Center for European Policy Analysis. https://www.cepa.org/strategy-of-recovery
   Google Scholar
• Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2009). The Race Between Education and Technology. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gumbel, A. (2020). This public US university has seen grades soar despite Covid. What’s it doing right? The Guardian
   Google Scholar
• Hakim, R. N. 2020. Presiden Jokowi: Kalau Menteri Tak Bisa Adaptasi, Pasti Saya Ganti. Kompas. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/02/23/15162991/presiden-jokowi-kalau-menteri-tak-bisa-adaptasi-pasti-saya-ganti.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschmann, R. (2019). Labor productivity per hour in Indonesia 2000-2018. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/878170/indonesia-labor-productivity-per-hour/
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg, J. K., & Robert, H. (2000). Backcasting — A framework for strategic planning. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 7(4), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500009470049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDN (2020). Indonesia debt-to-GDP ratio rises to 34.53% in August. IDN Financials. https://www.idnfinancials.com/news/36034/indonesia-debt-to-gdp-ratio-rises-august
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2020). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis. Internation al Labour Organisation. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IMF.(2018). World Economic Outlook. International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• IMF. (2020a). COVID-19 Financial Assistance and Debt Service Relief. IMF Financing and Debt Relief, International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/COVID-Lending-Tracker
   Google Scholar
• IMF. (2020b). A Crisis Like No Other, An Uncertain Recovery. World Economic Outlook Update, June 2020. World Economic Outlook Reports, International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOUpdateJune2020
   Google Scholar
• IMF. (2021). World Economic Outlook Update January 2021. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/01/26/2021-world-economic-outlook-update
   Google Scholar
• Iswara, M. A. (2020).Disconnected: Digital divide may jeopardize human rights. The Jakarta Post, Tuesday, May 19, 2020. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/18/disconnected-digital-divide-may-jeopardize-human-rights.html
   Google Scholar
• John, G., & Susan, O. (2020). Direct and Indirect Effects of Covid-19 On Life Expectancy and Poverty in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 56(3), 325–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1847244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lähdemäk, J. (2018). Case Study: The Finnish National Curriculum 2016. A Co-created National Educational Policy Chapter 13 pgs 397-422. In J. W. Cook (Ed.), Sustainability, Human Well-Being, and the Future of Education. Palgrav macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• LIPI. (2020). Survei Kinerja UMKM di Masa Pandemi COVID19. Lembaga Imu Pengetahuan Indonesia. http://lipi.go.id/berita/survei-kinerja-umkm-di-masa-pandemi-covid19/22071
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey, R. E., & Sjoholm, F. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in East Asia: Lessons for Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 47(1), 35–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2011.556055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, T. Q., Helble, M., & Trang, L. T. (2020). Global Value Chains and Formal Employment in Viet Nam. ERIA Discussion Paper Series, No. 298. ERIA. https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/ERIA_DP_No.298.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Maki, S. (2021). World’s $281 Trillion Debt Pile Is Set to Rise Again in 2021. Bloomberg Business. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-17/global-debt-hits-all-time-high-as-pandemic-boosts-spending-need
   Google Scholar
• Marois, G., Muttarak, R., & Scherbov, S. (2020). Assessing the potential impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy. PLos One, 15(9), e0238678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238678
   Google Scholar
• Maulani, A. M. (2018). Internet penetration in Indonesia reaches 143M people: APJII Report. Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia APJII). https://e27.co/internet-user-penetration-indonesia-reaches-143m-people-report-20180220/
   Google Scholar
• McGivney, E., & Winthrop, R. (2016). Education’s Impact on Economic Growth and Productivity. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/educations-impact-on-productivity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McGowan, M. A., & Andrews, D. (2015). Labor Market Mismatch and Labor Productivity Evidence from PIAAC Data. OECD Economics Department Working Paper No. 1209. Paris: OECD Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Mikalef, P., Bourab, M., Lekakosb, G., & JohnKrogstie, J. (2019). Big data analytics and firm performance: Findings from a mixed-method approach. Journal of Business Research, 98, 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Finance RI. (2020). APBN KITA, KINERJA DAN FAKTA. Ministry of Finance Government of the Republic of Indonesia. https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/15459/apbn-kita-juni-2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. J., Huang, B., & Trinh, L. Q. (2019). The Need to Promote Digital Financial Literacy for the Digital Age. The Future of Work and Education for the Digital Age. In Realizing Education for All in the Digital Age (pp. 40–46). Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/503706/adbi-realizing-education-all-digital-age.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mufti, R. R. (August 07, 2019). Lack of funding access hampers SMEs’ contribution to Indonesia’s exports. The Jakarta Post, August 07, 2019. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/08/07/lack-of-funding-access-hampers-smes-contribution-to-indonesias-exports.html
   Google Scholar
• Muller, J. (2020a). Smartphone users in Indonesia 2015-2025. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266729/smartphone-users-in-indonesia/
   Google Scholar
• Muller, J. (2020b). Mobile internet users in Indonesia 2015-2025. Statista.
   Google Scholar
• Muyanja-Ssenyonga, J., & Susanto, E. (2018). Enhancing Education Effectiveness: In Which ‘Education’ Should Society’s Hard-Earned Money Go? Conference proceedings, Asian Association for Public Administration Annual Conference, 22-23 March 2018, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (AAPA 2018) themed: Reinventing Public Administration in a Globalized World: A Non-Western Perspective, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research Volume 191, 221–242. http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/pub.php?publication=aapa-18
   Google Scholar
• Nalletamby, S. (2020).COVID-19 pandemic bolsters case for technology-based economic resilience.African Development Bank (AfDB). https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/covid-19-pandemic-bolsters-case-technology-based-economic-resilience-35255
   Google Scholar
• Nasution, A. (2016). Government Decentralization Program in Indonesia. ADBI Working Paper Series No.601. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute: https://www.adb.org/publications/government-decentralization-program-indonesia/
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2019) . PISA 2018 Results (Volume I): What Students Know and Can Do. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
   Google Scholar
• Packham, C. (2020). Australia’s Monash to open Indonesia’s first foreign university campus. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-indonesia-education/australias-monash-to-open-indonesias-first-foreign-university-campus-idUSKBN2040TV
   Google Scholar
• Pepinsky, T. B., & Wiharja, M. M. (2011). Decentralization and Economic Performance in Indonesia.. Journal of East Asian Studies, 11, 337–371. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plecher, H. (2020). Share of economic sectors in the GDP in Indonesia 2009-2019. Statista.
   Google Scholar
• Plecher, H. (2021). Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Indonesia 2025. Statista.
   Google Scholar
• Prasidya, Y. (2020). Foreign Investor sell-off likely to continue to year-end. The Jakarta Post.
   Google Scholar
• Priyatma, J. E. (2020). Merdeka Berpikir. Opini. Kompas, Thursday, February 06, 2020
   Google Scholar
• Purwanto, A. (July 03, 2020). Merunut Kebijakan Penanganan Wabah Covid-19 di Indonesia.Paparan Topik,Virus Corona. Kompas. https://kompaspedia.kompas.id/baca/paparan-topik/merunut-kebijakan-penanganan-wabah-covid-19-di-indonesia
   Google Scholar
• PWC. (2015). Best Practice Report: Select Case Studies for Public Service Delivery Reforms Digital Agenda 2020 for Estonia (Ministry of Economic Affairs & Communication in 52-54
   Google Scholar
• Rachmawati, A. R. (2020). Pelaku UMKM Gulung Tikar Akibat Pandemi Covid-19 Bisa Capai 70 Persen. PikiranRakyat. https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/ekonomi/pr-01393904/pelaku-umkm-gulung-tikar-akibat-pandemi-covid-19-bisa-capai-70-persen
   Google Scholar
• Rahim, F., Allen, R., Barroy, H., Gores, L., & Kutzin, J. (2020). COVID-19 Funds in Response to the Pandemic.IMF
   Google Scholar
• Rastogi, V. (2018). Indonesia’s Growing Special Economic Zones – Opportunities and Challenges.Economy & Trade. ASEAN Briefing. Dezan Shira & Asscoiates. https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesias-growing-special-economic-zones-opportunities-and-challenges/
   Google Scholar
• Regan, H. (2020). Indonesia is putting business before the environment and that could be disastrous for its rainforests. Analysis, CNN.https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/12/asia/indonesia-omnibus-law-environment-intl-hnk/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Reimers, F. M., & Schleicher, A. (2020). Schooling disrupted, schooling rethought How the Covid-19 pandemic is changing education. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=133_133390-1rtuknc0hi&title=Schooling-disrupted-schooling-rethought-How-the-Covid-19-pandemic-is-changing-education
   Google Scholar
• SAFE. (2019). Achieving Business Agility with SAFe® 5.0: Achieving Business Agility with SAFe® 5.0s. A Scaled Agile, Inc. White Paper. December 2019. Scaled Agile Inc. https://www.icescrum.com/edof/safe-white-paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Salna, H., & Suhartono, K. (2019). Indonesia has a $412 billion plan to rebuild the country, Bloomberg
   Google Scholar
• Salna, K. (2019). Why Indonesia Is Missing Out as Companies Move Out of China. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-07/why-indonesia-misses-out-as-companies-move-from-china-quicktake
   Google Scholar
• Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What it means, how to respond. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/
   Google Scholar
• Scwarz, M. G. (2010). Project 30: A Revolution in Vietnamese Governance? Brookings Asia Commentary. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/project-30-a-revolution-in-vietnamese-governance/
   Google Scholar
• Secretariat, A. S. E. A. N. (2019b). ASEAN Digital Integration Framework, ASEAN Secretariat publications. https://asean.org/storage/2019/01/ASEAN-Digital-Integration-Framework.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sezer, B., & Elcin, M. (2019). Using traditional or flipped classrooms to teach “vascular access skill”: A pilot study to investigate the impact of the flipped classroom approach on students’ competencies. The Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Sok, K., Phim, R., Keo, S., & Kim, V. 2020. Connecting Cambodia’s SMEs to Regional Value Chains: The “Bridging Gap” and “Missing Link”. ADBI Working Paper 1150. Tokyo. Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/publications/connectingcambodia-smes-regional-value-chains-bridging-gap-missing-link
   Google Scholar
• Syaikhu, U. (2001).Indonesia’s Decentralization Policy: Initial Experiences and Emerging Problems. SMERU Institute. A Paper Prepared for The Third EUROSEAS Conference Panel on Decentralization and Democratization in Southeast Asia.
   Google Scholar
• The Jakarta Post, April 27, 2016). Indonesia to build digital information highway. The Jakarta Post, Wednesday, April 27, 2016. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/27/indonesia-to-build-digital-information-highway.html.
   Google Scholar
• The Omnibus Jobs creation Law No.11/202U., Republic of Indonesia
   Google Scholar
• Tongzon, J. L. (2005). ASEAN-China Free Trade Area: A Bane or Boon for ASEAN Countries. The World Economy, 28(2), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00643.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toshio, O. B. I. (2018). Waseda-IAC-International Digital Governance Rankings 2018 Report. Waseda University. https://informationpolity.com/news-blog/14th-waseda-iac-international-digital-government-rankings-2018-report
   Google Scholar
• Twilio (2020). COVUD-18 Digital engagement report. Twilio. https://www.twilio.com/covid-19-digital-engagement-report
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2020). E-Government Survey 2020: Digital government in the Decade of Action for Sustainable Development. United Nations. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2020-Survey/2020%20UN%20E-Government%20Survey%20(Full%20Report).pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2020). Human Development Report 2020 The New Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene. United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2020). COVID-19: Are children able to continue learning during school closures? A global analysis of the potential reach of remote learning. Factbook, United Nations Children's Fund. https://data.unicef.org/resources/remote-learning-reachability-factsheet/oliciesusing
   Google Scholar
• Upton, P. (2019). ASEAN as Asia’s New Manufacturing Hub: Too Good to be True? ASEAN Briefing. Dezan Shira & Associates. https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/asean-asias-new-manufacturing-hub/
   Google Scholar
• Manpower Law No.13/ 2003(UU No.13/2003) 
   Google Scholar
• Van Alten, D. C. D., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Liesbeth Kester, L. (2019). Effects of flipping the classroom on learning outcomes and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 28, 100281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEC. (2019). In 2020 Asia will have the world’s largest GDP. Here’s what that means. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/asia-economic-growth/
   Google Scholar
• WEO. 2021. World Economic Outlook Database January 2021. IMF
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020). A World in Disorder. Global Preparedness Monitoring Board Annual Report 2020. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/annual_report/GPMB_AR_2020_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C., Tansey, J., & LeRoy, S. (2006). Integrating Backcasting & Decision Analytic Approaches to Policy Formulation: A Conceptual Framework. IAJ The Integrated Assessment Journal Bridging Sciences & Policy, 6(4), 143–164.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020). World Bank Group: 100 Countries Get Support in Response to COVID-19 (Coronavirus). The World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/05/19/world-bank-group-100-countries-get-support-in-response-to-covid-19-coronavirus
   Google Scholar
• World Bank (2021). World Bank Commodities Price Data (The Pink Sheet). https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020a). World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value. The World Bank Group
   Google Scholar
• Yap, L. (2020).Yuan Decouples from Asian Peers as Two-Speed Recovery Takes Hold. Markets. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-23/asia-currencies-decouple-from-china-s-yuan-in-two-speed-recovery
   Google Scholar
• Zemmel, R. (2020). Reskilling for a changing economy: A discussion with Glenn Youngkin. Excerpt of an Interview of Glenn Youngkin, founder of Virginia Ready Initiative by Rodney Zemmel. Public & Social Sector Practice. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Public%20and%20Social%20Sector/Our%20Insights/Reskilling%20for%20a%20changing%20economy%20A%20discussion%20with%20Glenn%20Youngkin/Reskilling-for-a-changing-economy-A-discussion-with-Glenn-Youngkin-vF.pdf
   Google Scholar