COVID-19: The impacts of the global crises on African remittances and countries response to this an extreme crisis

References

• Acharya, C. P., & Gonzalez, R. L. (2014). How do migration and remittances affect human capital investment? The effects of relaxing information and liquidity constraints. Journal of Development Studies, 50(3), 444–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.866224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, R. H. (2011). Evaluating the economic impact of international remittances on developing countries using household surveys: A literature review. The Journal of Development Studies, 47(6), 809–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.563299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adarkwa, M. A. (2015). Impact of remittances on economic growth: Evidence from selected West African countries (Cameroon,Cape Verde, Nigeria and Senegal). African Human Mobility Review, 1(2), 178–202.
   Google Scholar
• Africa, D.W. (2020). World Bank: No African country can face this crisis alone. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/world-bank-no-africancountry-can-face-this-crisis-alone/a53142901
   Google Scholar
• African Development Bank (AfDB). 2020. The African Development Bank and its partners want your ideas for beating the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://www.africanews.com/2020/04/10/the-african
   Google Scholar
• African Development Bank Group. (2020). African Economic Outlook. Africa’s economy forecast to grow despite external shocks. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/en/news-andevents/press-releases/african-economic-outlook-2020-africas-economy-forecastgrow-despite-externalshocks-33839
   Google Scholar
• African focus. (2020). Africa/Global: Pandemic mobilization amid high vulnerability. Africa Focus Bulletin, 27 April 2020. Available at: www.africafocus.org/docs20/covid19d.php
   Google Scholar
• African News. (2020). Coronavirus: 19 poor African countries benefit from IMF debt service relief, 15 April 2020. Available at: https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/
   Google Scholar
• African Union. (2016). High cost of remittance flow within Africa: The African Institute for Remittances (AIR) to work with key market players to lower the cost of sending money to and within Africa. Directorate of Information and Communication Press Release Nº 279/2016. Available at: https://www.tralac.org/news/article/10354-africa
   Google Scholar
• African Union. (2020). Impact of the coronavirus (COVID 19) on the African economy. Available at: https://au.int/en/documents/20200406/impact-corona
   Google Scholar
• Aguilar, A., & Cantú, C. (2020). Monetary policy response in emerging market economies: Why was it different this time? BIS Bulletin No. 32, BIS, Basel, 12 November 2020. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull32.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aidi, W., Fatai, R., & Karingi, S. (2020). COVID-19 and migrant remittances: Supporting this essential lifeline under threat. Africa in Focus, 20 October 2020. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/
   Google Scholar
• Akano, A. Y., Jamiru, O. O., Oladejo, T. B., & Sunday, O. O. (2013). Effects of remittance inflows on economic growth of Nigeria. Development Country Studies, 3(3), 113-122. Available at: https://issuu.com/alexanderdecker/docs/effects_of_remittance_inflows_on_ec
   Google Scholar
• Akkoyunlu, S. (2013). Remittances and financial development: Is there a direct link? Evidence from Turkey Data, Presented by Mrs. Sule Akkoyunlu at the Conference on “Migration: Available at: https://www.wti.org/research/publications/578/
   Google Scholar
• Alberola, E., Arslan, Y., Cheng, G., & Moessner, R. (2020). The fiscal response to the COVID-19 Crisis in advanced and emerging market economies. BIS Bulletin No. 23, BIS, Basel. 1–9. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull23.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Amega, K., & Tajani, F. (2018). Remittances, education and health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1516488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, L. (2012). Migration, remittances and household welfare in Ethiopia. UNU-MERIT. Working Paper # 2014-004. Available at: https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/portal/files/1374880/guid-256aea1c-02bc-4d72.824b-82eddd85d3e0-ASSET1.0
   Google Scholar
• Angela, S., Chandani, T., Arur, A., Patsika, R., & Carmona, A. (2003). Private sector partnerships, economic strengthening programs for HIV/AIDS-affected communities: Evidence of subsistence constraints. Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 233–260.
   Google Scholar
• Arslan, Y., Drehmann, M., & Hofmann, B. (2020). Central bank bond purchases in developing market economies. BIS Bulletin No 20, BIS, Basel. Available at: www.bis.org
   Google Scholar
• Ataguba, J. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, a war to be won: Understanding its economic implications for Africa. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 181, 325–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-020-00580-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ather, A., Patel, B., Ruparel, N. B., Diogenes, A., & Hargreaves, K. M. (2020). Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for clinical dental care. Journal of endodontics, 46 (5),1-12.Evidence of subsistence constraints. Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 233–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.008
   Google Scholar
• Barajas, A., Chami, R., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P. (2009). Do workers’ remittances promote economic growth? IMF Working Paper Series WP/09/153. IMF. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Andu/Downloads/_wp09153.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barasa, E., Mothupi, M., Guleid, F., Nwosu, C., Kabia, E., Araba, D., Orangi, S., Muraya, K., Gitaka, J., & Marsh, K. (2020). Health and socio-economic impacts of physical distancing for COVID-19 in Africa. UK Department for International Development, May 2020. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/
   Google Scholar
• Benmelech, E., & Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). The determinants of fiscal and monetary policies during the COVID-19 Crisis. NBER Working Paper 27461, NBER, Cambridge, MA. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w27461
   Google Scholar
• Bisong, A. (2020).The consequences of the economic Crisis on remittances flows in Africa. 02 October 2020. ISPI. Available at: https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione
   Google Scholar
• Bisong, A., Ahairwe, P. E., & Njoroge, E. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 on remittances for developments in Africa. Discussion paper No. 269, May 2020. ecdpm. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/06/
   Google Scholar
• Bitanihirwe, B. K. Y., & Ssewanyana, D. (2020). The health and economic burden of the coronavirus in sub-Saharan Africa. Commentary. Global health promotion, 0 (0),1-5.Evidence of subsistence constraints. Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 233–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975920977874
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg. 2020. The money’s not coming home: $690 Billion remittance risk. Investing.com. 8 April 2020. Available at: https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/the-moneys
   Google Scholar
• Blouchoutzi, A., & Nikas, C. (2014). Emigrants’ remittances and economic growth in small transition economies: The cases of Moldova and Albania. East-West Journal Of Economics And Business, 17(2), 97-118. Available at: https://www.u-picardie.fr/eastwest/fichiers/art186.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Blumenstock, J. E., Eagle, N., & Fafchamps, M. (2016). Airtime transfers and mobile communications: Evidence in the aftermath of natural disasters. Journal of Development Economics, 120, 157–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning, M., & Rigolon, A. (2019). School green space and its impact on academic performance: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Global Development. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19 in Africa: A round-up of this week’s analysis. Available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/economic-impact-covid-19-africa-weeks-latest-analysis
   Google Scholar
• Cesar, C., Kambou, G., Calvin, Z. D., Vijdan, K., Megumi, K., & Catalina, C. C. (2020). Assessing the economic impact of Covid-19 and policy responses in Sub-Saharan Africa. An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future. Africa’s Pulse, World Bank 21, 1–124. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1568-3.
   Google Scholar
• Chauvet, L., & Mercier, M. (2014). Do return migrants transfer political norms to their origin country? Evidence from Mali. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(3), 630–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Mrkaic, M., & Nabar, M. (2019). The global economic recovery 10 years after the 2008 financial crisis. International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/19/83. Available at: www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/04/26/The-
   Google Scholar
• Chiappori, P. A., Samphantharak, K., Schulhofer-Wohl, S., & Townsend, R. M. (2014). Heterogeneity and risk sharing in village economies. Quantitative Economics, 5(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3982/QE131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, A. (2020). Reviving the economy, creating the ‘new normal’ global issues, June 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.globalissues.org/news/2020/06/16/26523
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, A., & Sundaram, J. K. (2020). Reviving the economy, creating the ‘new normal’.BELA. Accessed March 6, 2020. The MALAYSIAN INSIGHT.  Available at: www.ipsnews.net/2020/06/reviving-economy-creating-new-normal/
   Google Scholar
• Chuc, A. T., Li, W., Minh Phi, N. T., Quoc Tuan Le, Q. T., Yoshino, N., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). The necessity of financial inclusion for enhancing the economic impacts of Remittances. Borsa Istanbul Review, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2020.12.007 www.sciencedirect.com
   Google Scholar
• Clemens, M. A., & McKenzie, D. (2014). Why don’t remittances appear to affect growth? The Economic Journal, 128(612), 179–209. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2457194
   Google Scholar
• COMNSA. (2020). Macroeconomic impacts of COVID 19 in Sub-Saharan-Africa, Special Report, 5 June. Available at: file.html(tralac.org)
   Google Scholar
• Council, P. (2020). Kenya: COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes and practices responses from second round of data collection in five informal Nairobi settlements (Kibera,Huruma, Kariobangi, Dandora, Mathare) [COVID-19 research & evaluations brief]. MINISTRY OF HEALTH. Available at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/view
   Google Scholar
• Damak, M., & Bahtia, R. (2020). COVID-19 exacerbates Africa’s social and macroeconomic vulnerabilities. S&P Global Ratings. 18 March 2020. Available at: https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/
   Google Scholar
• Dave, S., & Vyas, M. (2020). Importers of Chinese goods face supply constraints, unable to pay via hawala routes. The Economic Times. 15 February 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/…
   Google Scholar
• De vasconcelos, P. (2020). COVID-19: The decline of global remittances puts rural families at risk. IFAD. Available at: https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/blog/asset/41959217
   Google Scholar
• Debuysscher, J. (2020). Ghana will struggle with impact of COVID-19 and oil price shock, 2 April 2020. IFAD. Available at: https://www.credendo.com/country-news/ghana-will…
   Google Scholar
• Delamou, A., Ayadi, A. M., Sidibe, S., Delvaux, T., Camara, B. S., Sandouno, S. D., Beavogui, A. H., Rutherford, G. W., Okumura, J., Zhang, W. H., & Brouwere, V. D. (2017). Effect of Ebola virus disease on maternal and child health services in Guinea: A retrospective observational Cohort study. The Lancet Global Health, 5(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30078-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercon, S. (2002). Income risk, coping strategies, and safety nets. The World Bank Research Observer, 17 (2), 141–166. Available at: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermendzhieva, Z. (2011). Emigration from the South Caucasus: Who goes abroad and what are the economic implications? Post-Communist Economies, 23(3), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2011.595135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devermont, J. (2020). COVID-19 is an African Political Crisis as much as a health and economic emergency. CSIS, 18 March 2020. Available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/covid-19-african-political-crisis-much-health-and…
   Google Scholar
• Djankov, S., & Panizza, U. (2020). COVID-19 in developing economies. International Development Policy Journal. CSIS. Available at: https://voxeu.org/system/files/epublication/Covid…PDF.file
   Google Scholar
• Dramane, C. (2015). Remittances and financial development in Sub-Saharan African countries: A system approach. Economic Modelling, 45, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzinamarira, T., Dzobo, M., & Chitungo, I. (2020). COVID‐19: A perspective on Africa’s capacity and response. Journal of Medical Virology, 92, 2465–2472. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzobo, M., Chitungo, I., & Dzinamarira, T. (2020). COVID‐19: A perspective for lifting lockdown in Zimbabwe. Pan African Medical Journal, 35(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.23059
   Google Scholar
• Ebadi, N., Sirkeci, I., Sirkeci, I., & Melgar-Quiñonez, H. (2018). The impact of remittances on food security status in the global South. Remittances Review, 3 (2), 135–150. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328761465
   Google Scholar
• Emi, I. (2020). Ghanaian government seeks over $3 billion in alternative funds from Africans in the diaspora. Ventures Africa, 10 January 2020. Available at: https://venturesafrica.com/ghanaian-government…
   Google Scholar
• Endurance, O. (2020). Why Sub Sahran Africa is costliest region to send remittances. Business Daily, 4 November 2020. Available at: https://businessday.ng/financial-inclusion/article/
   Google Scholar
• Fafchamps, M., & Lund, S. (2003). Risk-sharing networks in rural Philippines. Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 261–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(03)00029-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. (2020). Migrant workers and remittances in the context of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb0184en/
   Google Scholar
• Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2010). The impact of remittances on economic growth and development in Africa. The American Economist, 55(2), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/056943451005500210
   Google Scholar
• Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. (2010). Do remittances boost economic development? Evidence from Mexican states. Research department working paper 1007. Available at:https://www.dallasfed.org/~/media/documents/research/papers/2010/wp1007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Feeny, S., Iamsiraroj, S., & Mc Gillivray, M. (2014). Remittances and economic growth: Larger impacts in smaller countries? Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 50(8), 1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.895815
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3557504
   Google Scholar
• Fiszbein, A., Ringold, D., & Srinivasan, S. (2011). Cash transfers, children and the Crisis: Protecting current and future investments. Development Policy Review, 29(5), 585–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00548.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flahaux, M. L., & De Haas., H. (2016). African migration: Trends, patterns, and drivers. Comparative Migration Studies, 4(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-015-0015-6
   Google Scholar
• Fornaro, L., & Wolf, M. (2020). Covid-19 Coronavirus and macroeconomic policy. Working Paper. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/bge/wpaper/1168.html
   Google Scholar
• Forsythe, E., Kahn, L. B., Lange, F., & Wicze, D. (2020). Labor demand in the time of Covid-19: Evidence from vacancy postings and Ui Claims. Journal of Public Economics, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104238
   Google Scholar
• FPA. (2019). Diaspora Liberians to Suspend Remittances to Liberia. 29 July 2019. Available at: https://frontpageafricaonline.com/front-slider/
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, J. (2020). COVID-19: Consequences for international migration and development. OECD, 2 April 2020. Available at: https://oecd-development-matters.org/2020/04/02
   Google Scholar
• Global Money Transfer. (2020). Africa remittance outlook for 2020, 4 February 2020. Available at: www.xpressmoney.com/blog/industry/africa-remittance-outlook-for-2019/
   Google Scholar
• Gossling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
   Google Scholar
• Guluma, Y. (2018). Outcome analysis: Cash transfer programming response to the Ebola Crisis in Sierra Leone and Liberia, USAID and CaLP. Available at: https://www.calpnetwork.org/ar/publication/outcome…
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, S., Nguyen, T. D., Rojas, F. L., Raman, S., Lee, B., Bento, A., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020). Tracking public and private response to the Covid-19 epidemic. Evidence from state and local government actions. National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper Series 27027. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w27027
   Google Scholar
• Harper, C., Jones, N., Pereznieto, P., & McKay, A. (2011). Promoting children’s well‐being: Policy lessons from past and present economic crises. Development Policy Review, 29(5), 621–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00550.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopman, J., Allegranzi, B., & Mehtar, S. (2020). Managing COVID- 19 in low- and middle-income countries. JAMA, 323(16), 1549-1550. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4169
   Google Scholar
• Hosny, A. (2020). Remittance concentration and volatility: Evidence from 72 developing countries. International Economic Journal, 34(4), 553-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2020.1824008
   Google Scholar
• Hougaard, C. (2008). The landscape of remittances in Zambia. Available at: http://cenfri.org/documents/Remittances/2008/Zambia_remittances_doc_Sep%202008.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IFAD. (2020). Remittances in times of crisis: Facing the COVID-19 challenges. Available at: https://www.findevgateway.org/news/remittances
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2018). More than 60 per cent of the world’s employed population are in the informal economy. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_627189/lang-en/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A., & Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modelling, 36(3), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMF. (2020a). World economic outlook. The Great Lockdown, Global Prospects and Policies. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020
   Google Scholar
• IMF. (2020b). Policy responses to COVID-19. Last updated on February 5, 2021. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2020a). IOM steps up response for migrants stranded in Niger Amidst COVID-19 lockdown. The Africa Renewal, 2 April 2020. Available at: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/coronavirus/
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2020b). COVID-19 analytical snapshot #16: International remittances, 17 April 2020. Available at: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19_analytical_snapshot_16_-_international_remittances.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ITWEB. (2020). Forty three percent growth in remittances to Africa in 2019. Business Wire. 24 January 2020. Available at: https://apnews.com/BusinessWire/c329bc43b12d470491fb08eec950be20
   Google Scholar
• Ivlevs, A., & King, R. M. (2017). Does emigration reduce corruption? Public Choice, 171(3–4), 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-017-0442-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, W., & Suri, T. (2014). Risk sharing and transactions costs: Evidence from Kenya’s mobile money revolution. American Economic Review, 104(1), 183–223. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.1.183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens, W., Pradhan, M., Groot, R., Sidze, E., Donfouet, H. P. P., & Abajobir, A. (2020). The short-term economic effects of COVID-19 on low-incomehouseholds in rural Kenya: An analysis using weekly financial household data. World Development, 138, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.200.105280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffang, K. (2020). COVID-19: Gambia faces brunt with looming cut in remittances. The Chronicle, 9 April 2020. Available at: https://www.chronicle.gm/covid-19-gambia-faces
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N., & Marsden, H. (2010). Division of policy and strategy, assessing the impacts of and response to the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis through a child rights lens, Working paper no. 1002. UNICEF. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicola_Jones8
   Google Scholar
• Kalantaryan, S., & McMahon, S. (2020). Covid-19 and remittances in Africa. JRC technical report. Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC121055/remittances_in_the_context_of_covid_19_africa_12062020_final_online_clean.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Karagoz, K. (2009). Workers’ remittances and economic growth: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Yasar Univiversity, 4 (13), 1891–1908. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/WORKERS
   Google Scholar
• Karikari, N. K., Mensah, S., & Harvey, S. K. (2016). Do remittances promote financial development in Africa? Springer Plus, 51, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2658-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karim, M. R., Islam, M. T., & Talukder, B. (2020). COVID-19′s impacts on migrant workers from Bangladesh: In search of policy intervention. World Development, 136, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105123
   Google Scholar
• Kazianga, H., & Udry, C. (2006). Consumption smoothing? Livestock, insurance and drought in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Economics, 79(2), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitenge, S. Y. (2020). Globalization linkage to COVID-19: How Africa’s Economy is impacted? Africa Renewal, 15 April 2020. Available at: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/coronavirus
   Google Scholar
• Koay, Y. Y., & Choong, C. K. (2013). The nexus between worker remittances and economic growth in Malaysia. Prosiding Perkem, 8 (1), 507–515. Available at: https://www.ukm.my/fep/perkem/pdf/perkemVIII/PKEM2013_2D1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Laing, T. (2020). The economic impact of the Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-2019): Implications for the mining industry. The Extractive Industries and Society, in press. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.04.003
   Google Scholar
• Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: Migration driven local—level forms of culture diffusion. International Migration Review, 32(4), 926–948. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M., & Verhoeven, M. (2010). Financial Crises and social spending: The impact of the 2008-2009 Crisis, the World Bank. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1670341
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, F. (2020). World Bank: Global remittances set to decline sharply as a result of Coronavirus. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/freylindsay/2020/04/
   Google Scholar
• Lone, A. S., & Ahmad, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic–an African perspective. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 1300–1308. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1775132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler, G. D., Lakner, C., Castaneda Aguilar, R. A., & Wu, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) on global poverty: Why Sub-Saharan Africa might be the region hardest hit, World Bank. Available at: GMT. (2020). Africa Remittance Outlook for 2020. Available at: https://www.xpressmoney.com/blog/industry/africa-remittance-outlook-for-2019
   Google Scholar
• Mahmud, M., & Riley, E. (2020). Household response to an extreme shock: Evidence on the immediate impact of the Covid-19 lockdown on economic outcomes and well-being in rural Uganda. World Development, 140, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majid, N., Hammond, L., Abdirahman, K., Adan, G., & Kleist, N. (2020). How will remittances affect the Somali COVID-19 response? LSE. 7, April 2020. Available at: https://blogs.soas.ac.uk/ref-hornresearch/2020/04/…
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Markhvida, M., Hallegatte, S., & Walsh, B. (2020). Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 on household consumption and poverty. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 4, 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00070-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masron, T. A., & Subramaniam, Y. (2018). Remittance and poverty in developing countries. Emerald. 3 emerald insight. September 2018. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-04-2018-0054
   Google Scholar
• McCord, A., & Himmelstine, C. L. (2013). Social Protection and HIV, global literature review. IOM. Available at: https://gsdrc.org/document-library/social…
   Google Scholar
• Mehtar, S., Preiser, W., Lakhe, N. A., Bousso, A., TamFum, J. J., Kallay, O., Seydi, M., Zumla, A., & Nachega, J. B. (2020). Limiting the spread of COVID- 19 in Africa: One size mitigation strategies do not fit all countries. Lancet Glob Health, 8, 881–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30212-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, D., & Shera, A. (2017). The impact of remittances on economic growth: An econometric model Dietmar. ECONOMIA, 18, 147–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2016.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Micro Fiancé Work for Africa. (2015). Remittances. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Bastagli, F., Hart, T., Raga, S., Mustapha, S., Papadavid, P., Prizzon, A., & Velde, D. W. (2020). Financing the coronavirus response in sub-Saharan Africa. ODI. Working paper 579, 20 April. Available at: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/
   Google Scholar
• Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Rojas, F. L., Schmutte, I. M., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020). Determinants of disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 27132. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w27132
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M., Gelfeld, B., Okunogbe, A., & Paul, C. (2016). Identifying future disease hot spots, infectious disease vulnerability index. RAND Cooperation, 1–81. Available at https://www.rand.org/pubs/research.reports/RR1605.html
   Google Scholar
• Mora, A. G., & Rutkowski, M. (2020). Remittances in times of the coronavirus-keep them flowing. World Bank Blogs. 3 April 2020. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/remittances-times
   Google Scholar
• Morduch, J. (1995). Income smoothing and consumption smoothing. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(3), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.3.103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami, E., Shimizutani, S., & Yamada, E. (2020). Projection of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the welfare of remittance-dependent households in the Philippines. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00078-9
   Google Scholar
• Mutua, J. (2020). Banks now halt mobile money transfer charges. Business Daily, 18 March 2020. Available at: https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/
   Google Scholar
• Mwaniki, C. (2019). Kenya diaspora remittances top in East Africa. Business Daily, 8 July 2019. Available at: https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/data-hub/
   Google Scholar
• Nachega, J. B., Seydi, M., & Zumla, A. (2020). The late arrival of COVID-19 in Africa – Mitigating pan-continental spread. Clinical Infection Disease, 71(15), 875-878. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa353
   Google Scholar
• Naudé, W. (2012). Migration, remittances, and resilience in Africa. United Nations University, Available at: https://unu.edu/publications/articles/migratio
   Google Scholar
• Ndiaye, A. S., Niang, O. K., Dedehouanou, E. A. S., & Ndione, Y. C. (2016). Migration, remittances, labour market and human capital in Senegal. PEP working paper series 2016-10. 1 March 2016. Available at: https://www.africaportal.org/publications/
   Google Scholar
• Ndulu, B. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on Sub-Saharan African economies. Center for International Governance innovation, 6 August 2020. Available at: https://www.cigionline.org/articles/covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Nikolova, M., Roman, M., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2017). Left behind but doing good? Civic engagement in two post—Socialist countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(3), 658–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2016.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyamongo, E. M., Misati, R. N., Kipyegon, L., & Lydia, N. (2012). Remittances, financial development and economic growth in Africa. Journal of Economics and Business, 64(3), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2012.01.001
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2020). COVID-19 and Africa: Socio-economic implications and policy responses, 7 May 2020. Available at: www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Olayungbo, D. O., & Quadri, A. (2019). Remittances, financial development and economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries: Evidence from a PMG-ARDL approach. Financial Innovation, 5(9), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0122-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opali, O. (2020). Pandemic may sweep away 20m jobs in Africa. China daily.com.cn. Africa. Available at: https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/09/WS5e8
   Google Scholar
• Orozco, M. (2009). Understanding the continuing effect of the economic crisis on remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean IADB, 2009. Available at: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:idb:brikps:2553
   Google Scholar
• Orozco, M., Klaas, K., & Ledesma, N. (2020). The remittance marketplace in 2019. The Growing Role of Digital Payments. The Dialogue, March 2020. Available at: https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/the
   Google Scholar
• Ozili, P. K., & Arun, T. (2020). Spillover of COVID-19: Impact on the global economy, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3562570
   Google Scholar
• Parpia, A. S., Ndeffo-Mbah, M. L., Wenzel, N. S., & Galvani, A. P. (2016). Effects of response to 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak on deaths from malaria, HIV/ AIDS,and tuberculosis, West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(3), 433–441. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2203.150977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, G., Upadhyay, M., & Upadhaya, K. (2008). Remittances and economic growth in developing countries. The European Journal of Development Research, 20(3), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578810802246285
   Google Scholar
• Quaglio, G., Tognon, F., Finos, L., Bome, D., Sesay, S., Kebbie, A., Gennaro, F. D., Camara, B. S., Marotta, C., Pisani, V., Bangura, Z., Pizzol, D., Saracino, A., Mazzucco, W., Jones, S., & Putoto, G. (2019). Impact of Ebola outbreak on reproductive health services in a rural district of Sierra Leone: A prospective observational study. BMJ Open, 9(9), 29–93. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratha, D., De, S., Kim, E. J., Plaza, S., Seshan, G., & Yameogo, N. D. (2020). Phase II: COVID-19 Crisis through a migration lens. Migration and Development Brief 33: KNOMAD-World Bank Group. Available at: https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-33
   Google Scholar
• Reed, J., & England, A. (2020). Migrant workers count the cost of coronavirus. Financial Times, 29 March 2020 Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/e71b9fa6-2e94-439b-985d-88b4bbed71b8
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, M. R. (1988). Risk, implicit contracts and the family in rural areas of low-income countries. The Economic Journal, 98(393), 1148–1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahuddin, M., & Gow, J. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and remittances in the presence of cross-sectional dependence. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49 (1), 1–15. Available at: https://eprints.usq.edu.au/26180/1/Salahuddin_Gow_AV.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Salas, V. B. (2014). International remittances and human capital formation. World Development, 59, 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambo, H. (2016). Do remittances impact gender equality? Evidence from Africa. CEPN Working Papers. August 2016. Centre d’Economie de l’Université de Paris Nord. Available at: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:upn:wpaper:2016-08
   Google Scholar
• Sayeh, A., & Chami, R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic threatens to dry up a vital source of income for poor and fragile countries. Life line in danger. Finance & development, June 2020. Available at: econintersect.com/pages/contributors/contributor.php?post=202007120523
   Google Scholar
• Senghore, M., Savi, M. K., Gnangnon, B., Hanage, W. P., & Okeke, I. N. (2020). Leveraging Africa’s preparedness towards the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Global Health, 8(7), 884–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30234-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibindi, A. B. (2014). Remittances, financial development and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Lesotho. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 3(4), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i4_c1_p4
   Google Scholar
• Siddique, A., Selvanathan, E. A., & Selvanathan, S. (2012). Remittances and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. The Journal of Development Studies, 48(8), 1045–1062. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.663904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. (2020). Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) on the African economy. Tralac news. 6 April 2020. Available at: https://au.int/en/documents/20200406/impact-corona
   Google Scholar
• Sulemana, I., Anarfo, B. E., & Quartey, P. (2018). International remittances and household food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Migration and Development, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2018.1560926
   Google Scholar
• Sulemana, I., Doabil, L., & Anarfo, E. B. (2019). International remittances and subjective wellbeing in Sub-Saharan Africa: A micro-level study. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-019-09615-5
   Google Scholar
• Sumner, A., Hoy, C., & Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020). Estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty (WIDER working paper 2020/43). UNU-WIDER. World Health Organization. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/800-9
   Google Scholar
• Taran, P. (2009). The impact of the financial crisis on migrant workers. Presentation to the 17th OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum. “Migration management and its linkages with economic, social and environmental policies to the benefit of stability and security in the OSCE region” Second Preparatory Conference. 16-17 March 2009. TIRANA. ILO. Available at: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/d/36454.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Temin, M. (2010). UNAIDS, HIV-sensitive social protection: What does the evidence say? Report, UNICEF. Available at: https://socialprotection-humanrights.org/wp
   Google Scholar
• Terzo, G. (2020). Global remittances to suffer a blow from covid-19, 17 June 2020. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-remittances-suffer-blow-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• The Economist. (2020). COVID-19 stops many migrants sending money home. 16 April 2020. Available at: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/
   Google Scholar
• Tirivayi, N., Richardson, D., Gavrilovic, M., Groppo, V., Kajula, L., Valli, E., & Viola, F. (2020). A rapid review of economic policy and social protection responses to health and economic crises and their effects on children-Lessons for the COVID-19 pandemic response, Innocenti Working Paper 2020-02, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence. Available at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/WP2020-02.pdf.PDF.file
   Google Scholar
• Townsend, R. M. (2010). Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society. Risk and Insurance in Village India, 62(3), 539–591. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951659
   Google Scholar
• Udry, C. (1994). Risk and insurance in a rural credit market: An empirical investigation in northern Nigeria. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(3), 495–526. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2019). Remittances matter: 8 facts you don’t know about the money migrants send back home. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 17 June 2019. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/06/104058
   Google Scholar
• UNDESA. (2019). Remittances matter: 8 facts you don’t know about the money migrants send back home. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/06/1040581
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2016). Remittances. Financing solutions for sustainable development. Available at: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/sdfinance/doc/remittances
   Google Scholar
• UNECA. (2020a). COVID-19 in Africa protecting lives and economies, economic commission for Africa. 17 April 2020. Available at: https://www.uneca.org/covid-19-africa-protecting-lives-and-economies
   Google Scholar
• UNECA. (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and migrant remittances: Protecting an economic lifeline by the economic commission for Africa. 20 September 2020. Available at: https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/43925
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP & other partners. (2010). UNAIDS expanded business case: Enhancing social protection, UNAIDS. Available at: https://data.unaids.org/pub/basedocument/2010/jc
   Google Scholar
• Wasonga, M. (2020). Safaricom waives M-Pesa fees in the wake of COVID-19. Daily Nation, 16 March 2020. Available at: https://www.cio.co.ke/safaricom-waives-mpesa-fees-in-the-wake-of-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020a). The Corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19): Strategic response plan for the Who African Region, Update 4 May 2020. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/covid-19
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020b). COVID-19. Situation update for the WHO African Region, 21 October 2020: External Situation Report 34. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336181/SITREP_COVID-19_WHOAFRO_20201021-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, J., Prüss-Ustün, A., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Bonjour, S., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2014). Systematic review assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrheal disease in low- and middle-income settings: Systematic review and meta-regression. Tropical Medicine and Health, 19(8), 928–942. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2010). Remittances to Africa resilient despite global financial Crisis. 8 November. Available at: www.worldbank.org/en/news/press.release/2010/11/08/remittances-to-africa-resilient-despite-global-financial-crisis-world-bank-study
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2011). Migration and remittances Facebook 2011 (2nd). Available at: https://www.sendmoneypacific.org/images/downloads
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2012). Migration and remittances during the global financial crisis and beyond. Available at: library. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8826-6
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2014). Migration and development brief Issue 22 Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migration
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2016a). Migration and remittances fact book 2016 (3rd). Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/brief/migration-and-remittances
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2016b). Remittance prices worldwide. An analysis of trends in cost of remittance services, 19, September 2016. Available at: http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2019b). Leveraging economic migration for development. KNOMAD. September 2019. Available at: pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/156631574377977434/SPJCC
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020a). Global economic prospects, January 2020. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33044?show=full
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020b). Remittances data, 2 March April 2020. Available at: https://www.knomad.org/data/remittances.2/16/2200
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020c). Remittances in times of the coronavirus-keep them flowing, 3 April 2020 Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/remittances-times-coronavirus-keep-them-flowing
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020d). COVID-19 to Plunge global economy into worst recession since World War II, 8 June 2020. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020e). Remittance prices worldwide. Special Issue 1 on COVID-19. 10 April 2020. Available at: https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en/resources
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020f). Remittances to developing countries decline for second consecutive year, 21 April 2020. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020g). World Bank predicts sharpest decline of remittances in recent history, 22 April 2020. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/22/
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020h). World Bank predicts sharpest decline of remittances in recent history. 23 April 2020. Available at: https://theworldnews.net/gh-news/world-bank
   Google Scholar
• World Bank Group. (2019a). Migration and Remittances recent developments and outlook. Migration and development brief 31, April 2019. Available at: https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/201904/Migrationanddevelopmentbrief31.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yang, D. (2008). International migration, remittances, and household investment: Evidence from Philippine migrants’ exchange rate shocks. The Economic Journal, 118(528), 591–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02134.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, D. (2011). Migrant remittances. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshino, N., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., & Otsuka, M. (2020). Covid-19 and optimal Portfolio selection for investment in sustainable development goals. Finance Research Letters, 101695, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101695
   Google Scholar