The developmental gene Chordin is amplified and expressed in human cancers

References

• Sasai Y, Lu B, Steinbeisser H, Geissert D, Gont LK, De Robertis EM. Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. Cell. 1994;79(5):779–8. PMID: 8001117. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90068-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HX, Ambrosio AL, Reversade B, De Robertis EM. Embryonic dorsal-ventral signaling: secreted frizzled-related proteins as inhibitors of tolloid proteinases. Cell. 2006;124(1):147–159. PMID: 16413488. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oelgeschläger M, Kuroda H, Reversade B, De Robertis EM. Chordin is required for the Spemann organizer transplantation phenomenon in Xenopus embryos. Dev Cell. 2003;4(2):219–230. PMID: 12586065. doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00404-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccolo S, Sasai Y, Lu B, De Robertis EM. Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of chordin to BMP-4. Cell. 1996;86(4):589–598. PMID: 8752213. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80132-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccolo S, Agius E, Lu B, Goodman S, Dale L, De Robertis EM. Cleavage of Chordin by Xolloid metalloprotease suggests a role for proteolytic processing in the regulation of Spemann organizer activity. Cell. 1997;91(3):407–416. PMID: 9363949. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80424-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouhinec JL, Zakin L, Moriyama Y, De Robertis EM. Chordin forms a self-organizing morphogen gradient in the extracellular space between ectoderm and mesoderm in the Xenopus embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(51):20372–20379. PMID: 24284174. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319745110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bier E, De Robertis EM. BMP gradients: a paradigm for morphogen-mediated developmental patterning. Science. 2015;348(6242):aaa5838. PMID: 26113727. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser M, Binder O, Wu Y, Aitsebaomo J, Ren R, Bode C, Bautch VL, Conlon FL, Patterson C. BMPER, a novel endothelial cell precursor-derived protein, antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein signaling and endothelial cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23(16):5664–5679. PMID: 12897139. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.16.5664-5679.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosio AL, Taelman VF, Lee HX, Metzinger CA, Coffinier C, De Robertis EM. Crossveinless-2 is a BMP feedback inhibitor that binds Chordin/BMP to regulate Xenopus embryonic patterning. Dev Cell. 2008;2(2):248–260. PMID: 18694564. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.06.013.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor MB, Umulis D, Othmer HG, Blair SS. Shaping BMP morphogen gradients in the Drosophila embryo and pupal wing. Development. 2006;133(2):183–193. PMID: 16368928. doi:10.1242/dev.02214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley CA, Silburn R, Singer MA, Ralston A, Rohwer-Nutter D, Olson DJ, Gelbart W, Blair SS. Crossveinless 2 contains cysteine-rich domains and is required for high levels of BMP-like activity during the formation of the cross veins in Drosophila. Development. 2000;127(18):3947–3959. PMID: 10952893. doi:10.1242/dev.127.18.3947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakin L, Metzinger CA, Chang EY, Coffinier C, De Robertis EM. Development of the vertebral morphogenetic field in the mouse: interactions between Crossveinless-2 and Twisted Gastrulation. Dev Biol. 2008;323(1):6–18. PMID: 18789316. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thul PJ, Lindskog C. The human protein atlas: a spatial map of the human proteome. Protein Sci. 2018;27(1):233–244. PMID: 28940711. doi:10.1002/pro.3307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomczak K, Czerwińska P, Wiznerowicz M. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA): an immeasurable source of knowledge. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2015;19(1A):A68–77. PMID: 25691825. doi:10.5114/wo.2014.47136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, Gross BE, Sumer SO, Aksoy BA, Jacobsen A, Byrne CJ, Heuer ML, Larsson E, et al. The cBio cancer genomics portal: an open platform for exploring multidimensional cancer genomics data. Cancer Discov. 2012;2(5):401–404. PMID: 22588877. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsherniak A, Vazquez F, Montgomery PG, Weir BA, Kryukov G, Cowley GS, Gill S, Harrington WF, Pantel S, Krill-Burger JM, et al. Defining a Cancer Dependency Map. Cell. 2017;170(3):564–576.e16. PMID: 28753430. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consortium G, Thomas J, Salvatore M, Phillips R, Lo E, Shad S, Hasz R, Walters G, Garcia F, Young N, et al. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Nat Genet. 2013;45(6):580–585. PMID: 23715323. doi:10.1038/ng.2653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeneBio Systems, Inc. Human Chordin (CHRD) ELISA kit. Ontario (CA): GeneBio Systems, Inc.; 2011 [accessed 2022 Dec 4]. https://www.genebiosystems.com/products/human-chordinchrd-elisa-kit
   Google Scholar
• Lehallier B, Gate D, Sghaum N, Nanasi T, Lee SE, Yousef H, Losada PM, Berdnik D, Keller A, Veghese J, et al. Undulating changes in human plasma proteome profiles across the lifespan. Nat Med. 2019;26:1843–1850. PMID: 31806903. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0673-2.
   Google Scholar
• Millet C, Lemaire P, Orsetti B, Guglielmi P, François V. The human chordin gene encodes several differentially expressed spliced variants with distinct BMP opposing activities. Mech Dev. 2001;106(1–2):85–96. PMID: 11472837. doi:10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00423-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. Hepatic stellate Cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver Physiol. Rev. 2008;88(1):125–172. PMID:18195085. doi:10.1152/physrev.00013.2007.
   Google Scholar
• Cyr-Depauw C, Northey JJ, Tabariès S, Annis MG, Dong Z, Cory S, Hallett M, Rennhack JP, Andrechek ER, Siegel PM. Chordin-Like 1 Suppresses Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4-Induced Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Mol Cell Biol. 2016;36(10):1509–1525. PMID: 26976638. doi:10.1128/MCB.00600-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll F, Millet C, Noël D, Orsetti B, Bardin A, Katsaros D, Jorgensen C, Garcia M, Theillet C, Pujol P, et al. Chordin is underexpressed in ovarian tumors and reduces tumor cell motility. Faseb J. 2006;20(2):240–250. PMID: 16449796. doi:10.1096/fj.05-4126com.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng B, Chen X, Xu L, Zheng L, Zhu X, Shi J, Yang L, Wang D, Jiang D. Chordin-like 1 is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlative with immune cell infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma. Aging. 2022;14(1):389–409. PMID: 35021154. doi:10.18632/aging.203814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Xu W, Mei Y, Wang X, Liu W, Zhu Z, Ni Z. CHRDL2 promotes cell proliferation by activating the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway in gastric cancer. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;20(193):158–170. PMID: 36206931. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.006.
   Google Scholar
• Wickham H. Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• R-Studio Team. Rstudio: integrated development for R. Ver. 7.2.576. [RStudio]. Boston (MA): PBC; 2022 Dec 12.
   Google Scholar
• Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15(12):550. PMID: 25516281. doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer M, Wildenhain J, Rappsilber J, Tyers M. BoxPlotR: a web tool for generation of box plots. Nat Methods. 2014;11(2):121–122. PMID: 24481215. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacParland SA, Liu JC, Ma XZ, Innes BT, Bartczak AM, Gage BK, Manuel J, Khuu N, Echeverri J, Linares I, et al. Single cell RNA sequencing of human liver reveals distinct intrahepatic macrophage populations. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):4383. PMID: 30348985. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06318-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becht E, McInnes L, Healy J, Dutertre CA, Kwok IWH, Ng LG, Ginhoux F, Newell EW. Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP. Nat Biotechnol. 2018. PMID: 30531897. doi:10.1038/nbt.4314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar