References
- Alabama Claims Arbitration (USA v UK). 1872. 29 RIAA 125.
- Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro). 2007. Judgment, ICJ Reports 2007, 43. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/91/091-20070226-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
- ASEAN Cybersecurity Cooperation Strategy 2021–2025. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/01-ASEAN-Cybersecurity-Cooperation-Paper-2021-2025_final-23-0122.pdf.
- Beecroft, Nick. 2022. “Evaluating the International Support to Ukrainian Cyber Defense.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 3. https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/11/03/evaluating-international-support-to-ukrainian-cyber-defense-pub-88322.
- Bencasath, Boldizsar, and Analysis team of Ukatemi and CrySys Lab. 2018. Territorial Dispute – NSA’s Perspective on APT Landscape. Crysys Technical Report, March. https://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/tedi/ukatemicrysys_territorialdispute.pdf.
- Biden, Joe. 2021. “Remarks by President Biden on the Colonial Pipeline Incident.” The White House, May 13. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/05/13/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-colonial-pipeline-incident/#:~:text=THE%20PRESIDENT%3A%20Hello%2C%20folks.,refined%20products%20in%20their%20pipeline.
- Boyle, Alan, and Catherine Redgwell, eds. 2021. Birnie, Boyle and Redgwell’s International Law and the Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Coco, Antonio, and Talita de Souza Dias. 2021. “‘Cyber Due Diligence’: A Patchwork of Protective Obligations in International Law.” European Journal of International Law 32 (3): 771–806. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab056.
- Corfu Channel Case (UK v Albania). Merits, Judgment of 9 April 1949. ICJ Reports 1949, 4, at 22. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/1/001-19490409-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
- Council of Europe. 2022. “The Global State of Cybercrime Legislation 2013–2023: A Cursory Overview.” https://rm.coe.int/3148-1-3-4-cyberleg-global-state-jan-2023-public-v1/1680a99137.
- Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (‘Friendly Relations Declaration’). UN General Assembly. 24 October 1970, A/RES/2625(XXV).
- Dias, Talita, and Antonio Coco. 2021. Cyber Due Diligence in International Law. Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict. https://www.elac.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/finalreport-bsg-elac-cyberduediligenceininternationallawpdf.pdf.
- Dominioni, Samuele. 2023. Operationalizing a Directory of Points of Contact for Cyber Confidence-Building Measures. United Nations Institute For Disarmament Research UNIDIR. May 23. https://www.unidir.org/publication/operationalizing-directory-points-contact-cyber-confidence-building-measures.
- Government of Argentina. 2020. “Statement at the 2nd Substantive Session of the OEWG.” February 11. https://media.un.org/en/asset/k18/k18w6jq6eg(timestamp02:15:05).
- Government of Australia. 2020. “Annex B: Australia's Position on How International Law Applies to State Conduct in Cyberspace.” https://www.internationalcybertech.gov.au/our-work/annexes/annex-b.
- Government of Brazil. 2021. “Contribution in the UN’s Official Compendium of Voluntary National Contributions on how International Law Applies to Cyberspace, 17.” https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/A-76-136-EN.pdf.
- Government of Canada. 2021. “Canada’s Proposal for the Work of the 2021–25 United Nations Open-Ended Working Group on “Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security”.” https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Canadian-position-paper-2021-25-OEWG-final-Dec-6_Annex-Gender-Considerations.pdf.
- Government of Canada. 2022. “Statement of April 2022 on International Law Applicable in Cyberspace.” https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/peace_security-paix_securite/cyberspace_law-cyberespace_droit.aspx?lang=eng.
- Government of France. 2019. “French Ministry of Defence: International Law Applied to Operations in Cyberspace.” https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/National_position_of_France_(2019)#cite_note-1.
- Government of Germany. 2021. “On the Application of International Law in Cyberspace: Position Paper.” https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2446304/32e7b2498e10b74fb17204c54665bdf0/on-the-application-of-international-law-in-cyberspace-data.pdf.
- Government of Japan. 2021. “Contribution in the UN’s Official Compendium of Voluntary National Contributions on How International Law Applies to Cyberspace, 44.” https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/A-76-136-EN.pdf.
- Government of Norway. 2021. “Contribution in the UN’s Official Compendium of Voluntary National Contributions on how International Law Applies to Cyberspace.” 68–69. https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/wiki/National_position_of_Norway_(2021)#cite_note-1.
- Hague Convention of 1907. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/hague-conv-iv-1907.
- Hansel, Mischa, and Jantje Silomon. 2023. On the Peace and Security Implications of Cybercrime: A Call for an Integrated Perspective. Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg. Research Report no. 12, April. https://ifsh.de/file/publication/Research_Report/012/Research_Report_012_EN_web.pdf.
- Heathcote, Sarah. 2012. “State Omissions and Due Diligence: Aspects of Fault, Damage and Contribution to Injury in the Law of State Responsibility.” In The ICJ and the Evolution of International Law: The Enduring Impact of the Corfu Channel Case, edited by Karine Bannelier, Theodore Christakis, and Sarah Heathcote, 311–330. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Helmore, Edward, and Joan Greve. 2021. “Biden Says ‘No Evidence’ Russia Involved in US Pipeline Hack but Putin Should Act.” The Guardian, May 10. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/10/colonial-pipeline-shutdown-us-darkside-message.
- Hollis, Duncan. 2020. Fourth Report to the Organization of American States: Improving Transparency – International Law in State Cyber Operations. March 5, 2020. https://ceipfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/CyberNorms/LawStatements/Improving+Transparency+International+Law+and+State+Cyber+Operations_+Fourth+Report.pdf.
- International Cyber law: Interactive Toolkit Contributors. “Main Page.” International Cyber Law: Interactive Toolkit. Accessed August 15, 2023. https://cyberlaw.ccdcoe.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=3885.
- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. 2011. Responsibilities and Obligations of States with Respect to Activities in the Area: Advisory Opinion on Case No 17. ITLOS Reports 2011, 10. https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf.
- Kenny, Jack. 2024. “Cyber Operations and the Status of Due Diligence Obligations in International Law: A critical assessment” (forthcoming 2024). International & Comparative Law Quarterly 73 (1).
- Krieger, Heike, Anne Peters, and Leonhard Kreuzer. 2020. Due Diligence in the International Legal Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/due-diligence-in-the-international-legal-order-9780198869900?cc=gb&lang=en&.
- Lahmann, Henning. 2020. Unilateral Remedies to Cyber Operations: Self-Defence, Countermeasures, Necessity and the Question of Attribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lemnitzer, Jan. 2022. “Back to the Roots: The Laws of Neutrality and the Future of Due Diligence in Cyberspace.” European Journal of International Law 33 (3): 789–819. https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-abstract/33/3/789/6770702.
- McDonald, Neil. 2019. “The Role of Due Diligence in International Law.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 68 (04): 1041–1054. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/role-of-due-diligence-in-international-law/B92BB8B8E094EA071AD82380C2FA9340/share/3509964938eb744e781a34e9d6362c4bee465d84.
- Mikanagi, Tomohiro. 2021. “Application of the Due Diligence Principle to Cyber Operations.” International Law Studies 97: 1019–1038. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol97/iss1/42/.
- Pantechniki SA Contractors & Engineers (Greece) v Albania, ICSID Tribunal Case No. ARB/07/21. 30 July 2009. https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-pantechniki-s-a-contractors-engineers-v-republic-of-albania-award-thursday-30th-july-2009#decision_451.
- Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay). Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, 14. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/135/135-20100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
- Report of the Open-Ended Working Group on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. 2021. UN Doc A/AC.290/2021/CRP.2. https://ict4peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Final-report-A-AC.290-2021-CRP.2.pdf.
- Report of the UN Group of Government Experts on Advancing Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace in the Context of International Security to the UN General Assembly. 2021. UN Doc A/76/135. https://ceipfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/CyberNorms/Multilateral/UN+GGE+Report_7.14.21.pdf.
- Report of the UN Group of Government Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. 2015. UN Doc A/70/174. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/228/35/PDF/N1522835.pdf?OpenElement.
- Schmitt, Michael, and Luis Vihul, eds. 2017. Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schondorf, Ron. 2020. “Israel’s Perspective on Key Legal and Practical Issues Concerning the Application of International Law to Cyber Operations.” International Law Studies. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol97/iss1/21/
- Statute of the International Court of Justice. Article 38. https://www.icj-cij.org/statute.
- Talbot Jensen, Eric, and Sean Watts. 2017. “A Cyber Duty of Due Diligence: Gentle Civilizer or Crude Destabilizer?” Texas Law Review 95: 1555–1577. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3002036.
- Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States, Canada). Arbitral Award of 16 April 1938 and March 1941. Reports of International Arbitral Awards II, 1905–1982. https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_III/1905-1982.pdf.
- Treaty between the United States and Great Britain. 1871. “The Washington Treaty.” https://www.trans-lex.org/502000/_/treaty-between-the-united-states-and-great-britain-1871-/.
- UN Convention against Torture. Adopted by UNGA on 10 December 1984. Entered Into Force on 26 June 1987. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading.
- The UN Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2014. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf.
- The UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons was adopted in 1973 and entered into force in 1997. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_4_1973.pdf.
- UN Convention on the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings. Adopted on 15 December 1997. Entered into force 23 May 2001. https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/Special/1997%20International%20Convention%20for%20the%20Suppression%20of%20Terrorist.pdf.
- UN Draft Articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, with Commentaries. 2001. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_7_2001.pdf.
- UN Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries. 2001. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/terrorism/res_1373_english.pdf.
- UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. 2011. UN Doc A/HRC/17/31. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf.
- UN Official Compendium of Voluntary National Contributions on how International Law applies to Cyberspace. 2021. UN Doc A/76/136. https://www.un.org/disarmament/group-of-governmental-experts/.
- UN Security Council Resolution 1373. 2001. September 28, 2001. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/terrorism/res_1373_english.pdf.
- Walton, Beatrice. 2016. “Duties Owed: Low-Intensity Cyber Attacks and Liability for Transboundary Torts in International Law.” Yale Law Journal 126: 1460.