Would you like some coffee with your sugar? A natural field experiment on the efficiency and acceptability of setting zero sugars as a default in coffee-vending machines

References

• Arad, A., & Rubinstein, A. (2018). The people’s perspective on libertarian-paternalistic policies. Journal of Law & Economics, 61(2), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.1086/698608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang, H. M., Shu, S. B., & Weber, E. U. (2018). The role of perceived effectiveness on the acceptability of choice architecture. Behavioural Public Policy, 4(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.1
   Google Scholar
• Benartzi, S., Beshears, J., Milkman, K. L., Sunstein, C. R., Thaler, R. H., Shankar, M. & Galing, S. (2017). Should governments invest more in nudging? Psychological Science, 28(8), 1041–1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617702501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovens, L. (2009). The ethics of nudge. In T. Grüne-Yanoff & S. O. Hansson (Eds.), Preference change: Approaches from philosophy, economics and psychology (pp. 207–219). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2593-7_10
   Google Scholar
• Brannon, L. A., Tagler, M. J., & Eagly, A. H. (2007). The moderating role of attitude strength in selective exposure to information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 611–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, C., Duffy, B., Perry, C., & Wellings, D. (2012). Acceptable behaviour: Public opinion on behaviour change policy. Ipsos MORI, London.
   Google Scholar
• Cadario, R., & Chandon, P. (2019). Which healthy eating nudges work best? A meta-analysis of field experiments. Appetite, 130, 300–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.170
   Google Scholar
• Cesareo, M., Lopes, M. E., Oppo, A., Stoyanova, P., Vaccaro, M., Volpe, M., Pozzi, F., & Moderato, P. (2019). Less sugar by default: a nudge methodology to reduce sugar consumption in a coffee bar. Ergonomics International Journal, 3(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.23880/EOIJ-16000203
   Google Scholar
• Choi, J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B., & Metrick, A. (2004). Employees Investment Decisions about Company Stock. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w10228
   Google Scholar
• Davidai, S., & Shafir, E. (2018). Are ‘nudges’ getting a fair shot? Joint versus separate evaluation. Behavioural Public Policy, 4(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.9
   Google Scholar
• Dinner, I., Johnson, E. J., Goldstein, D. G., & Liu, K. (2011). Partitioning default effects: Why people choose not to choose. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, 17(4), 332. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsen, G., Castelo, N., & Reiner, P. B. (2013). Decisional enhancement and autonomy: Public attitudes towards overt and covert nudges. Judgment & Decision Making, 8(3), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500005933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2008). Using SPSS for window and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (5th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hagman, W., Andersson, D., Västfjäll, D., & Tinghög, G. (2015). Public views on policies involving nudges. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 6(3), 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-015-0263-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, P. G., & Jespersen, A. M. (2013). Nudge and the manipulation of choice: A framework for the responsible use of the nudge approach to behaviour change in public policy. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00002762
   Google Scholar
• Hüffmeier, J., Mazei, J., & Schultze, T. (2016). Reconceptualizing replication as a sequence of different studies: A replication typology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jachimowicz, J. M., Duncan, S., Weber, E. U., & Johnson, E. J. (2019). When and why defaults influence decisions: A meta-analysis of default effects. Behavioural Public Policy, 3(02), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.43
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. J., & Goldstein, D. (2003). Do defaults save lives? Science, 302(5649), 1338–1339. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, J. Y., & Mellers, B. A. (2016). American attitudes toward nudges. Judgment & Decision Making, 11(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500007592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroese, F. M., Marchiori, D. R., & de Ridder, D. T. (2015). Nudging healthy food choices: A field experiment at the train station. Journal of Public Health, 38(2), e133–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P., & Licata, L. (2013). Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(4), 764–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, M., Fenton, N., Pilditch, T., Lagnado, D., & Neil, M. (2018). Whom do we trust on social policy interventions? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 40(5), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2018.1469986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petticrew, M., Maani, N., Pettigrew, L., Rutter, H., & Van Schalkwyk, M. C. Dark nudges and sludge in big alcohol: Behavioral economics, cognitive biases, and alcohol industry corporate social responsibility. (2020). The Milbank Quarterly, 98(4), 1290–1328. Wh. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisch, L. A., & Sunstein, C. R. (2016). Do Europeans like nudges? Judgment & Decision Making, 11(4), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500003740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. C., Goldstein, D. G., & Johnson, E. J. (2013). Choice without awareness: Ethical and policy implications of defaults. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 32(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.10.114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffel, M., Williams, E. F., & Pogacar, R. (2016). Ethically deployed defaults: Transparency and consumer protection through disclosure and preference articulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 865–880. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R., Reisch, L. A., & Kaiser, M. (2018). Trusting nudges? Lessons from an international survey. Journal of European Public Policy, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3191954
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R., Reisch, L. A., & Rauber, J. (2018). A worldwide consensus on nudging? Not quite, but almost. Regulation & Governance, 12(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaszi, B., Palinkas, A., Palfi, B., Szollosi, A., & Aczel, B. (2018). A systematic scoping review of the choice architecture movement: Toward understanding when and why nudges work. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 31(3), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, D., Fox, C. R., & Rogers, T. (2017). On the misplaced politics of behavioural policy interventions. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(7), 0130, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, R. H. (2018). Nudge, not sludge. Science, 361(6401), 431. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Vers une méthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques : Implications pour la recherche en langue française. Canadian Psychology, 30(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venema, T. A., Kroese, F. M., & de Ridder, D. T. (2018). I’m still standing: A longitudinal study on the effect of a default nudge. Psychology & Health, 33(5), 669–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1385786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter, M., & Kutzner, F. (2016). Nudge me if you can-how defaults and attitude strength interact to change behavior. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology, 1(1–3), 8–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743603.2016.1139390
   Google Scholar
• Weber, E. U. (2015). Climate change demands behavioral change: What are the challenges? Social Research: An International Quarterly, 82(3), 561–580. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2015.0050
   Google Scholar
• Mertens, S., Herberz, M., Hahnel, U. J., & Brosch, T. (2021). The effectiveness of nudging: A meta-analysis of choice architecture interventions across behavioral domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(1), e2107346118.
   Google Scholar
• Maier, M., Bartoš, F., Stanley, T. D., Shanks, D. R., Harris, A. J., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2022). No evidence for nudging after adjusting for publication bias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(31), e2200300119.
   Google Scholar