Facilitating recreation programs and services for low-income citizens: practitioners’ challenges and strategies

References

• Braedley, S., & Luxton, M. (2010). Neoliberalism and everyday life. McGill-Queen's University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brenner, N., & Theodore, N. (2002). Cities and the geographies of “actually existing neoliberalism”. Antipode, 34(3), 349–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–8330.00246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie, J. M. (2007). Reforming social justice in neoliberal times. Studies in Social Justice, 1(2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i2.972
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Parks and Recreation Association and Interprovincial Sport and Recreation Council. (2015). A framework for recreation in Canada: Pathways to wellbeing. lin.ca/national-recreation-framework
   Google Scholar
• Carman, J. G. (2010). The accountability movement: What’s wrong with this theory of change? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(2), 256–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008330622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. (2011). Ideology doesn’t just happen: Sport and neoliberalism. Revista Da ALESDE, 1(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.5380/alesde.v1i1.22743
   Google Scholar
• Collins, M. (2004). Sport, physical activity and social exclusion. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(8), 727–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001712430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, M., & Kay, T. (2014). Sport and social exclusion (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crowhurts, I. (2013). The fallacy of the instrumental gate? Contextualising the process of gaining access through gatekeepers. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(6), 465–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2013.823282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cureton, K., & Frisby, W. (2011). Staff perspectives on how social liberal and neo-liberal values influence the implementation of leisure access policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2010.544665
   Google Scholar
• Daft, R. L., & Armstrong, A. (2009). Organizational theory and design. Nelson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Dattilo, J., Siperstein, G. N., McDowell, E. D., Schleien, S. J., Whitaker, E. B., Block, M. E., Spolidoro, M., Bari, J., & Hall, A. (2019). Perceptions of programming needs for inclusive leisure services. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 37(4), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, R., & Moore, L. (2010). Neoliberalising nature? Elephant-back tourism in Thailand and Botswana. Antipode, 42(3), 742–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00771.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, B., Richmond, T., & Shields, J. (2005). Structuring neoliberal governance: The nonprofit sector, emerging new modes of control and the marketization of service delivery. Policy and Society, 24(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(05)70050-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster, M. (1994). Labour market and social policy occasional papers #14: Measurement of low-incomes and poverty in a perspective of international comparisons. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Frisby, W., Alexander, T., Taylor, J., Tirone, S., Watson, C., Harvey, J., & Laplante, D. (2005). Bridging the recreation divide: Listening to youth and parents from low income families across Canada, Ottawa. Canadian Parks and Recreation Association (CPRA).
   Google Scholar
• Frisby, W., Crawford, S., & Dorer, T. (1997). Reflections on participatory action research: The case of low-income women accessing local physical activity services. Journal of Sport Management, 11(1), 8–28. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.1.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisby, W., & Millar, S. (2002). The actualities of doing community development to promote the inclusion of low income populations in local sport and recreation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2(3), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740208721923
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, D. (2000). Measuring absolute and overall poverty. In D. Gordon & P. Townsend (Eds.), Breadline Europe: The measurement of poverty (pp. 49–78). The Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. (2001). The role of sport and recreation policy in fostering citizenship: The Canadian experience. In J. Jenson, J. Harvey, W. Kimlicka, A. Maoni, E. Schragge, P. Greafe, & J. M. Fontan (Eds.), Building citizenship: Government and service provision in Canada (pp. 23–46). Canadian Policy Research Networks.
   Google Scholar
• Haudenhuyse, R. (2018). The impact of austerity on poverty and sport participation: Mind the knowledge gap. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 10(1), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1406975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, N., Kingsley, B., Tink, L., & Scherer, J. (2011). Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, P., & Lord, J. (2008). Community-based research and leisure scholarship: A discernment process. Leisure/Loisir, 36(1), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2012.701883
   Google Scholar
• Keil, R. (2002). “Common-sense” neoliberalism: Progressive conservative urbanism in Toronto, Canada. Antipode, 34(3), 578–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, K., & Caputo, T. (2011). Community: A contemporary analysis of policies, programs, and practices. University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCarville, R. (2008). The design of financial assistance programs: Suggestions from those living in poverty. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26(4), 157–168.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, T. L., Moody, J. S., Carlson, J. A., Lopez, N. V., & Elder, J. P. (2013). Neighbourhood income matters: Disparities in community recreation facilities, amenities, and programs. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 31(4), 12–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore, J., Jilcott, S., Shores, K., Evenson, K., Brownson, R., & Novick, L. (2010). A qualitative examination of perceived barriers and facilitators of physical activity for urban and rural youth. Health Education Research, 25(2), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyq004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oncescu, J. (2021). Low-income families and the community sport and leisure delivery systems. In D. E. Trussell & R. Jeanes (Eds.), Families, sport, leisure and social justice (pp. 164–176). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oncescu, J., & Loewen, M. (2020). Community recreation provisions that support low-income families’ access to recreation. Leisure/Loisir, 44(2), 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2020.1760120
   Google Scholar
• Oncescu, J., & Neufeld, C. (2019). Low-income families and the positive outcomes associated with participation in a community-based leisure education program. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(5), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2019.1624586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, D., & Raphael, D. (2011). Poverty in Canada. North York Health Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, C. (2004). The wounds of exclusion: Poverty, women’s health and social justice. Qualitative Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, C., Frisby, W., & Ponic, P. (2002). Confronting two-tiered community recreation and poor women's exclusion: Promoting inclusion, health, and social justice. Canadian Woman Studies, 21(3), 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Salamon, L. M., & O’Sullivan, R. (2004). Stressed but coping: Nonprofit organiza-tions and the current fiscal crisis. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, Center for Civil Society Studies, The Listening Post Project. www.jhu.edu/listeningpost/news/pdf/comm02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schnirer, L., & Cutler, H. (2011). Recruitment and engagement of low-income populations: Service provider and researcher perspectives. Edmonton, Youth and Families.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J., & McCarville, R. (2008). Leisure behaviors among selected women living in poverty. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 26(4), 83–104.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. E., & Higgins, J. (2012). Upstreaming social marketing: Exploring the experiences of recreation professionals in delivering physical activity to low- income citizens. Social Marketing Quarterly, 18(2), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500412450488
   Google Scholar
• Smale, B., & Reid, D. G. (2002). Public policy on recreation and leisure in Urban Canada. In E. P. Fowler & D. Siegel (Eds.), Urban policy issues: Canadian perspectives (pp. 172–193). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. (2006). Improving access to municipal recreation programs: What mothers on low income have to say [Doctoral dissertation]. University of British Columbia].
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J., & Frisby, W. (2010). Addressing inadequate leisure access policies through citizen engagement. In H. Mair, S. M. Arai, & D. G. Reid (Eds.), Decentering work: Critical perspectives on leisure, social policy, and human development (pp. 30–45). University of Calgary Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thibault, L., Frisby, W., & Kikulis, L. M. (1999). Interorganizational linkages in the delivery of local leisure services in Canada: Responding to economic, political and social pressures. Managing Leisure, 4(3), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/136067199375805
   Google Scholar
• Thibault, L., Kikulis, L., & Frisby, W. (2004). Partnerships between local government sport and leisure departments and the commercial sector: Changes, complexities, and consequences. In T. Slack (Ed.), The commercialization of sport (pp. 119–140). Frank Cass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tink, L. N., Peers, D., Nykiforuk, C. I. J., & Kingsley, B. C. (2020). Moving beyond ideology: Contemporary recreation and the neoliberal discourses of new public health. Leisure Studies, 39(6), 767–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1778772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirone, S. (2003). “Evening the playing field”: Recreation in a low-income Canadian community. Leisure/Loisir, 28(1–2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2003.9649944
   Google Scholar
• Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Vandermeerschen, H., & Scheerder, J. (2017). Sport managers’ perspectives on poverty and sport: The role of local sport authorities. Sport Management Review, 20(5), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withall, J., Jago, R., & Fox, K. R. (2011). Why some do but most don’t. Barriers and enablers to engaging low-income groups in physical activity programmes: A mixed methods study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolford, A., & Nelund, A. (2013). The responsibilities of the poor: Performing neoliberal citizenship within the bureaucratic field. Social Service Review, 87(2), 292–318. https://doi.org/10.1086/671072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar