References
- Adsul, B. B., Laad, P. S., Howal, P. V., & Chaturvedi, R. M. (2011). Health problems among migrant construction workers: A unique public–private partnership project. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 15(1), 29–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.83001
- Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11–39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
- Aldana, S. G., Sutton, L. D., Jacobson, B. H., & Quirk, M. G. (1996). Relationships between leisure time physical activity and perceived stress. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82(1), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.1.315
- Associated Press. (2014, December 17). In Qatar, migrant workers paid to be sports “fans.” USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2014/12/17/in-qatar-migrant-workers-paid-to-be-sports-fans/20523237/
- Blough, D. (2020). Sportwashing. Rue de l\echiquier. https://www.ruedelechiquier.net/essais/275-sportwashing.html
- Booth, R., & Pattisson, P. (2014, July 28). Trapped in Qatar: The migrants who helped build the “tower of football.” The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/28/-sp-qatar-migrants-tower-football-world-cup
- Brannagan, P. M., & Grix, J. (2014, January 18). Qatar’s soft power gamble: The FIFA World Cup 2022. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2014/01/18/qatars-soft-power-gamble-the-fifa-world-cup-2022/
- Breuer, C., Hallmann, K., & Wicker, P. (2011). Determinants of sport participation in different sports. Managing Leisure, 16(4), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.613625
- Chadwick, S. (2018, August 24). Sport-washing, soft power and scrubbing the stains. Policy Forum. https://www.policyforum.net/sport-washing-soft-power-and-scrubbing-the-stains/
- Chen, C.-Y., & Lin, Y.-H. (2020). Persuasion effect of corporate social responsibility initiatives in professional sport franchise: Moderating effect analysis. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0243579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243579
- Choe, J., O’Regan, M., & Kimbu, A. N. (2020). Filipino migrant workers’ leisure and subjective quality of life in Macao. World Leisure Journal, 62(3), 242–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1798052
- Cobourn, S., & Frawley, S. (2017). CSR in professional sport: An examination of community models. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2017.1402694
- Corporate Social Responsibility. (n.d.). Qatar Chamber. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.qatarchamber.com/corporate-social-responsibility/
- CSR Report—Qatar Citizenship (6th Issue). (2017). Qatar CSR Network. http://qatarcsr.com/uploads/links/2018-05-05/Qatar-CSR-Report-2017-EN.pdf
- CSR Report—Qatar (No. 5). (2016). Qatar CSR Network. https://www.qatarcsr.org/uploads/links/2017-12-07/file_Lmc4ka2H.pdf
- Cui, X., Rockett, I. R., Yang, T., & Cao, R. (2012). Work stress, life stress, and smoking among rural–urban migrant workers in China. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 979. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-979
- Cunningham, S. (2021, November 23). Qatar World Cup 2022: The ultimate in “sportswashing”? Inews.Co.Uk. https://inews.co.uk/news/long-reads/qatar-world-cup-2022-f1-psg-newcastle-utd-man-city-sportswashing-1312185
- Dhar, R. L. (2011). Leisure as a way of coping with stress: An ethnographic study of the low-income construction workers. Leisure/Loisir, 35(3), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2011.614842
- Diop, A., Le, K. T., Johnston, T., & Ewers, M. (2017). Citizens’ attitudes towards migrant workers in Qatar. Migration and Development, 6(1), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1112558
- Doki, S., Sasahara, S., Matsuzaki, I., & Matsuzaki, I. (2018). Stress of working abroad: A systematic review. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 91(7), 767–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1333-4
- Dun, S. A. (2019). Opposing sides: Integrating Qatar's migrant labourers into local football fandom for the 2022 World Cup. In H. Alkhateeb (Ed.), Qatar: Political, economic and social issues (pp. 249-262). Nova Publishers.
- Dun, S. A. & Kalaji, M. (2014). The unintended effects of international events hosting: Expanding opportunities for Muslim women in sport. In S. A. Dun, K. Spracklen, & N. Wise, (Eds.), Game changer: The transformative potential of sport (pp. 71–86). Inter-Disciplinary Press.
- Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., & Chambliss, H. O. (2005). Exercise treatment for depression: Efficacy and dose response. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003
- Edmunds, S., Biggs, H., & Goldie, I. (2013). Let’s get physical. Mental Health Foundation. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/lets-get-physical-report.pdf
- Fang, K. (2014, November 30). Just how many people don’t watch sports? Awful Announcing. https://awfulannouncing.com/2014/just-many-people-dont-watch-sports.html
- FIFA World Cup—Bid evaluation report: Qatar. (n.d.). Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/fd4w8qgexnrxmquwsb7h.pdf
- Fishbein, M. (2000). The role of theory in HIV prevention. AIDS Care, 12(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120050042918
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley (Vol. 27).
- Gerber, M., & Pühse, U. (2009). Review article: Do exercise and fitness protect against stress-induced health complaints? A review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37(8), 801–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809350522
- Global views on sports: 58% globally would like to practice more. (2021, August 3). Ipsos. https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-views-to-sports-2021
- Graves, W. (2018, November 3). Quiet Qatar: Few fans, little buzz for gymnastics worlds. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/e951f0dac4134290949776cf2025f0eb
- Hansen, E., & Donohoe, M. (2003). Health issues of migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 14(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0790
- Harvard Health Publishing. (2015, July 17). Race and ethnicity: Clues to your heart disease risk? https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/race-and-ethnicity-clues-to-your-heart-disease-risk
- Harwood, A. (2018). Modern slavery: Qatar workers allowed to leave without exit visas - News - GCR. http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/modern-slavery-qatar-workers-allowed-leave-without/
- Hatim, Y. (2020). FIFA to help African football reach world-class standards. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/02/292611/fifa-to-help-african-football-reach-world-class-standards/
- Health of migrants: Report by the secretariat. (2007). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/health_of_migrants/B122_11-en.pdf
- Heerdt, D., & Naess, H. E. (2021). Large sporting events: Human rights as a game changer? (PE 653.642; p. 68). European Parliament Directorate General for Eternal Policies Policy Department. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/653642/EXPO_STU(2021)653642_EN.pdf
- Hiott, A. E., Grzywacz, J. G., Davis, S. W., Quandt, S. A., & Arcury, T. A. (2008). Migrant farmworker stress: Mental health implications. The Journal of Rural Health, 24(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2008.00134.x
- Hughes, A. K., Rostant, O. S., & Curran, P. G. (2014). Improving sexual health communication between older women and their providers: How the integrative model of behavioral prediction can help. Research on Aging, 36(4), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027513500055
- Inoue, Y., Sato, M., Filo, K., Du, J., & Funk, D. C. (2017). Sport spectatorship and life satisfaction: A multicountry investigation. Journal of Sport Management, 31(4), 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0295
- International labour standards on migrant workers. (2018). International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/migrant-workers/lang–en/index.htm
- Jallow, F., O’Leary, K. A., Rugowski, D. E., Guerrero, J. F., Ponik, S. M., & Schuler, L. A. (2019). Dynamic interactions between the extracellular matrix and estrogen activity in progression of ER+ breast cancer. Oncogene, 38(43), 6913–6925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-019-0941-0
- Jonsdottir, I. H., Rödjer, L., Hadzibajramovic, E., Börjesson, M., & Ahlborg, G. (2010). A prospective study of leisure-time physical activity and mental health in Swedish health care workers and social insurance officers. Preventive Medicine, 51(5), 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.07.019
- Kanso, H. (2018, September 12). Despite reforms, Qatar’s migrant workers still fear exploitation. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-migrant-labour-idUSKCN1LS007
- Keohane, R. O. (2001). Governance in a partially globalized world. American Political Science Review, 95(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401000016
- Khaled, S. M., & Gray, R. (2019). Depression in migrant workers and nationals of Qatar: An exploratory cross-cultural study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 65(5), 354–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764019850589
- Khamis, R. Y., Ammari, T., & Mikhail, G. W. (2016). Gender differences in coronary heart disease. Heart, 102(14), 1142–1149. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306463
- Kim, H. K., & Niederdeppe, J. (2013). Exploring optimistic bias and the integrative model of behavioral prediction in the context of a campus influenza outbreak. Journal of Health Communication, 18(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.688247
- Kim-Godwin, Y. S., & Bechtel, G. A. (2004). Stress among migrant and seasonal farmworkers in rural southeast North Carolina. The Journal of Rural Health, 20(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2004.tb00039.x
- Kirat, M. (2014, February 24). CSR in Qatar: Realities and challenges. The Penisula. https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/opinion/24/02/2014/CSR-in-Qatar-Realities-and-challenges
- Kokolakakis, T., Lera-López, F., & Panagouleas, T. (2012). Analysis of the determinants of sports participation in Spain and England. Applied Economics, 44(21), 2785–2798. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.566204
- Koutonin, M. R. (2015, March 13). Why are white people expats when the rest of us are immigrants? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/13/white-people-expats-immigrants-migration
- Krieg, A. (2021, April 11). Qatar’s labor rights legacy: Between a rock and a hard place. CIRS. https://cirs.qatar.georgetown.edu/qatars-labor-rights-legacy-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/
- Kumagai, N. (2013). Physical inactivity of workers and its relation to uneven allocation of public sports facilities. CIS Discussion paper series (No. 598; CIS Discussion Paper Series). Center for Intergenerational Studies, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. https://ideas.repec.org/p/hit/cisdps/598.html
- Larcom, A. (2018, August 15). Time can be a barrier to exercise. Clinicians can help patients overcome It. https://health.gov/news-archive/blog/2018/08/time-can-be-a-barrier-to-exercise-clinicians-can-help-patients-overcome-it/
- Lee, S. J., & Lee, T. W. (2020). Factors influencing migrant workers’ motivation to participate in physical leisure activities in Korea. Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01276-1
- Legg, E., Jones, G. J., & White, M. (2018). Whose job is it anyway? Public–private partnerships in youth sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(4–6), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1530070
- Lenneis, V., & Pfister, G. (2017). Too tired for exercise? The work and leisure of female cleaners in Denmark. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1216579
- Lera-López, F., & Rapún-Gárate, M. (2011). Determinants of sports participation and attendance: Differences and similarities. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 12(2), 66–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-12-02-2011-B007
- Lynch, J. (2021, February 21). Qatar’s 2022 World Cup has put the spotlight on migrant workers, but what legacy will it deliver? CIRS. https://cirs.qatar.georgetown.edu/qatars-2022-world-cup-has-put-the-spotlight-on-migrant-workers-but-what-legacy-will-it-deliver/
- Lysenko, E. (2016). Labour adaption of migrants as an aspect of corporate social responsibility. 10th International Days of Statistics and Economics, pp. 1099–1108.
- MacLeod, C. (n.d.). It’s okay to be less-social, be quiet, not like sports, and so on. www.succeedsocially.com. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.succeedsocially.com/okaytobelesssocial
- Marya, P., & Tandon, M. (2020, April 28). Sportswashing: Brushing Human Rights Violations Under the Rug. GNLU Essay Competition on Sports Law 2020.
- Migrant, refugee, immigrant and expatriate: What is the difference? (2017, April 1). Antidote’s Blog. https://www.antidote.info/en/blog/reports/migrant-refugee-immigrant-and-expatriate-what-difference
- Misra, A., & Ganda, O. P. (2007). Migration and its impact on adiposity and type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, 23(9), 696–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.008
- Morin, R. (2013, April 12). Indentured servitude in the Persian Gulf. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/sunday-review/indentured-servitude-in-the-persian-gulf.html
- Nagla, M. (2011). Migrant labour and lesiure: An analysis. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 4(1), 56–62.
- Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
- Perraton, L. G., Kumar, S., & Machotka, Z. (2010). Exercise parameters in the treatment of clinical depression: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 16(3), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01188.x
- Qatar population 2021. (2021). World population review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/qatar-population
- Raja, M. (2018a). Cric qatar champions league: The biggest cricket tournament. Gulf Times. https://www.gulf-times.com/story/617183/Cric-Qatar-Champions-League-The-biggest-cricket-to
- Raja, M. (2018b, October 1). Exciting cricket tournament kicks off for South Asian expatriates. Gulf-Times. https://gulf-times.com/story/607988
- Reality check: Migrant workers’ rights in Qatar. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/02/reality-check-migrant-workers-rights-with-two-years-to-qatar-2022-world-cup/
- Robbins, R., & Niederdeppe, J. (2015). Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to identify promising message strategies to promote healthy sleep behavior among college students. Health Communication, 30(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.835215
- Roussel, C. (2021). Advocacy and sports: Human rights in Bahrain. http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/handle/10234/194798
- Sánchez-Sáez, J. A., Segado Segado, F., Calabuig-Moreno, F., & Gallardo Guerrero, A. M. (2020). Measuring residents’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility at small- and medium-sized sports events. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238798
- Schwingel, A., Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Tanaka, K., & Ito, L. S. (2008). Physical activity levels of Japanese Brazilian migrant workers living in Japan: Implications for health promotion and well-being. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(5), S490. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000323075.09115.d0
- Singh, A., & Misra, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57861
- Sinnott, J., & Masters, J. (2015, May 21). World Cup 2022: Qatar worker rights pledge “PR stunt.” CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/20/sport/qatar-2022-world-cup-amnesty-international-news/index.html
- Søyland, H. S. (2020). Qatar’s sports strategy: A case of sports diplomacy or sportswashing? https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/22176
- Stodolska, M., & Santos, C. A. (2006). Transnationalism and leisure: Mexican temporary migrants in the U.S. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2006.11950073
- Su, S., Zhang, F., Liu, Q., Wang, Y., Wen, J., Tang, X., & Zhang, L. (2014). Factors associated with utilization of reproductive healthcare services among migrant women workers in Chong Qing, China. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 127(1), 66–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.04.005
- Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy. (2019, January 17). 2019 Workers’ Cup final: Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy. https://www.sc.qa/en/news/2019-workers-cup-final
- Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy. (n.d.-a). Recreation facilities. See You In 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.qatar2022.qa/en/opportunities/workers-welfare/the-journey/social/recreation-facilities
- Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy. (n.d.-b). Workers’ Cup. See You In 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://www.qatar2022.qa/en/opportunities/workers-welfare/the-journey/social/workers-cup
- Vaala, S. E. (2014). The nature and predictive value of mothers’ beliefs regarding infants’ and toddlers’ TV/video viewing: Applying the integrative model of behavioral prediction. Media Psychology, 17(3), 282–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2013.872995
- Vacková, J., & Brabcová, I. (2015). Socioeconomic status and health of immigrants. Neuro-Endocrinology Letters, 36(Suppl. 2), 69–77.
- Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2009). Do fans care? Assessing the influence of corporate social responsibility on consumer attitudes in the sport industry. Journal of Sport Management, 23(6), 743–769. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.6.743
- Wang, W. W., & Fan, C. C. (2012). Migrant workers’ integration in urban China: Experiences in employment, social adaptation, and self-identity. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(6), 731–749. https://doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.53.6.731
- Wang, X. (2013). Applying the integrative model of behavioral prediction and attitude functions in the context of social media use while viewing mediated sports. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1538–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.031
- Winkelman, S. B., Chaney, E. H., & Bethel, J. W. (2013). Stress, depression and coping among Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(5), 1815–1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10051815
- Workers’ Cup Final. (2019, January 17). See You In 2022. https://www.qatar2022.qa/en/news/2019-workers-cup-final
- Workers’ Welfare. (n.d.). See You In 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2021, from https://www.workerswelfare.qa/en/workers-welfare
- Yzer, M. (2008). The integrative model of behavioral prediction and message-based HIV prediction. In P. Swanepoel & H. Hoeken (Eds.), Adapting health communication to cultural needs: Optimizing documents in South-African health communication on HIV and AIDS (pp. 49-69). John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.140.04yze.
- Zillmann, D., Bryant, J., & Sapolsky, B. S. (1989). Enjoyment from sports spectatorship. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 241–278). Psychology Press.
- Zolezzi, M., Bensmail, N., Zahrah, F., Khaled, S. M., & El-Gaili, T. (2017). Stigma associated with mental illness: Perspectives of university students in Qatar. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 1221–1233. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S132075