The short life of the European Super League: a case study on institutional tensions in sport industries

References

• Aarons, E., & Ingle, S. (18 April 2021). European Super League: Premier League ‘big six’ sign up to competition. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/18/five-english-clubs-sign-up-to-european-super-league-report-says
   Google Scholar
• Allison, R. (2016). Business or cause? Gendered institutional logics in women’s professional soccer. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 40(3), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723515615349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshaabi, T., Dewhurst, D. R., Minot, J. R., Arnold, M. V., Adams, J. L., Danforth, C. M., & Dodds, P. S. (2021). The growing amplification of social media: Measuring temporal and social contagion dynamics for over 150 languages on Twitter for 2009-2020. EPJ data science, 10(1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreff, W. (2015). An attempt at disequilibrium modelling a team sports league. In W. Andreff (Ed.), Disequilibrium sports economics: Competitive imbalance and budget constraints (pp. 11–49). Edgar Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Atefeh, F., & Khreich, W. (2015). A survey of techniques for event detection in twitter. Computational Intelligence, 31(1), 132–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/coin.12017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battilana, J., & Dorado, S. (2010). Building sustainable hybrid organizations: The case of commercial microfinance organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(6), 1419–1440. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.57318391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News. (21 April 2021). Super League: Why have the plans collapsed? BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56768728
   Google Scholar
• BBC Sport. (21 April 2021a). European Super League: All six Premier League teams withdraw from competition. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56823501
   Google Scholar
• BBC Sport. (21 April 2021b). European Super League timeline: Game changer – Football’s volatile 72 hours. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56825570
   Google Scholar
• Besharov, M. L., & Smith, W. K. (2014). Multiple institutional logics in organizations: Explaining their varied nature and implications. Academy of Management Review, 39(3), 364–381. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brannagan, P. M., Scelles, N., Valenti, M., Inoue, Y., Grix, J., & Perkin, S. J. (2022). The 2021 European Super League attempt: Motivation, outcome, and the future of football. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.2013926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Bruns, A., & Moe, H.. (2014). Structural layers of communication on Twitter. In Bruns A., Mahrt M., Weller K., Burgess J., & Puschmann C. (Eds.), Twitter and Society (pp. 15–28). New York: Peter Lang Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Cleland, J., Doidge, M., Millward, P., & Widdop, P. (2018). Collective action and football fandom: A relational sociological approach. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cocieru, O. C., Delia, E. B., & Katz, M. (2019). It’s our club! From supporter psychological ownership to supporter formal ownership. Sport Management Review, 22(3), 322–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietl, H. M., Franck, E., & Lang, M. (2008). Overinvestment in team sports leagues: A contest theory model. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 55(3), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2008.00457.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, M. B., & Jones, C. (2010). Institutional logics and institutional pluralism: The contestation of care and science logics in medical education, 1967–2005. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 114–149. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. (1998). The European model of sport: Consultation document of DG X. European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Franck, E. (2014). Financial fair play in European Club Football – What is it all about? UZH Business Working Paper Series, (328).
   Google Scholar
• Friedland, R., & Alford, R. R. (1991). Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions. In W. W. Powell, & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 232–263). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gammelsæter, H. (2010). Institutional pluralism and governance in “commercialized” sport clubs. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(5), 569–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2010.524241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammelsæter, H. (2021). Sport is not industry: Bringing sport back to sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(2), 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1741013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, B., & Welford, J. (2015). Supporters and football governance, from customers to stakeholders: A literature review and agenda for research. Sport Management Review, 18(4), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, B., & Llopis-Goig, R. (2020). Club-militants, institutionalists, critics, moderns and globalists: A quantitative governance-based typology of football supporters. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(8), 1116–1135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690219868661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, M. A., & Lounsbury, M. (2005). From the critics’ corner: Logic blending, discursive change and authenticity in a cultural production system. Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), 1031–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00531.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield, S., & Osborn, G. (2001). Regulating football: Commodification, consumption and the law. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, R., Raynard, M., Kodeih, F., Micelotta, E. R., & Lounsbury, M. (2011). Institutional complexity and organizational responses. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 317–371. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.590299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehn, T., & Szymanski, S. (1999). The Americanization of European football. Economic Policy, 14(28), 203–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00048
   Google Scholar
• Holt, M. (2009). UEFA, governance and the control of club competition in European football. Football Governance Research Centre, Birkbeck University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, R. (1989). Sport and the British: A modern history. Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jockers, M. (2017). Package ‘syuzhet. Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://github.com/mjockers/syuzhet
   Google Scholar
• Jungherr, A. (2014). The logic of political coverage on Twitter: Temporal dynamics and content. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, P., & Kennedy, D. (2012). Football supporters and the commercialisation of football: Comparative responses across Europe. Soccer & Society, 13(3), 327–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2012.655503
   Google Scholar
• Késenne, S. (2006). The objective function of a team. In W. Andreff, & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of sport (pp. 601–609). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Llewellyn, M. P., & Gleaves, J. (2016). The rise and fall of Olympic amateurism. University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lounsbury, M. (2002). Institutional transformation and status mobility: The professionalization of the field of finance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, H. E. (2008). Institutional complementarities and institutional dynamics: Exploring varieties in European football capitalism. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 99–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwm009
   Google Scholar
• Millward, P. (2012). Reclaiming the Kop? Analysing Liverpool supporters’ 21st century mobilizations. Sociology, 46(4), 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511425557
   Google Scholar
• Nite, C., Singer, J. N., & Cunningham, G. B. (2013). Addressing competing logics between the mission of a religious university and the demands of intercollegiate athletics. Sport Management Review, 16(4), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D., & Slack, T. (2003). An analysis of change in an organizational field: The professionalization of English Rugby Union. Journal of Sport Management, 17(4), 417–448. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.4.417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., & Slack, T. (2004). The emergence of a professional logic in English rugby union: The role of isomorphic and diffusion processes. Journal of Sport Management, 18(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.18.1.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp, B., Germelmann, C. C., & Jung, B. (2016). We love to hate them! Social media-based anti-brand communities in professional football. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(4), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-2016-018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, D. (2011). The end of the amateur hegemony in British sport, c. 1960–2000. Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies, 43(2), 69–80.
   Google Scholar
• Reay, T., & Hinings, C. R. (2009). Managing the rivalry of competing institutional logics. Organization Studies, 30(6), 629–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609104803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, W R. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Seo, M. G., & Creed, W. D. (2002). Institutional contradictions, praxis, and institutional change: A dialectical perspective. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 222–247. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirstad, B., & Chelladurai, P. (2011). For ‘love’and money: A sports club’s innovative response to multiple logics. Journal of Sport Management, 25(4), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.4.339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sky Sports. (2021). Super League: Fans’ reaction to announcement of new breakaway European competition. Sky Sports. https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12280153/super-league-fans-reaction-to-announcement-of-new-breakaway-european-competition
   Google Scholar
• Solberg, H. A., & Gratton, C. (2004). Would European soccer clubs benefit from playing in a Super League? Soccer & Society, 5(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970512331391004
   Google Scholar
• Storm, R K, & Nielsen, K. (2015). Soft budget constraints in European and US leagues: Similarities and differences. In W Andreff (Ed.), Disequilibrium Sports Economics (pp. 151–174). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Suh, B., Hong, L., Pirolli, P., & Chi, E. H. (2010). Want to be retweeted? Large scale analytics on factors impacting retweet in Twitter network. IEEE second international conference on social computing, 20-22 August 2010, 177–184.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, W. A., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(1), 15–22.
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski, S. (2015). Money and football: A soccernomics guide. Nation Books.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. (1999). Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958–1990. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 801–843. https://doi.org/10.1086/210361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• UEFA. (18 April 2021). Statement by UEFA, the English Football Association, the Premier League, the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF), LaLiga, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) and Lega Serie A. UEFA.com. https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/0268-12121411400e-7897186e699a-1000–statement-by-uefa-the-english-football-association-the-premier-/
   Google Scholar
• UEFA. (2019). UEFA and ECA sign Memorandum of Understanding. UEFA.com. https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/024e-0f8e67dbf3f6-ba5d21b0a571-1000–uefa-and-eca-sign-memorandum-of-understanding/
   Google Scholar
• Vrooman, J. (2007). Theory of the beautiful game: The unification of European football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 54(3), 314–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2007.00418.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, U. (2018). Agency constraints and possibilities: Athletes manoeuvring between the logics of community, market, profession and corporation in their quest for individual sponsorships. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216643953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, U., Storm, R. K., & Cortsen, K. (2021). Commercialization, governance problems, and the future of European football – Or why the European Super League is not a solution to the challenges facing football. International Journal of Sport Communication, 14(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2021-0049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. (19 April 2021). Boris Johnson says government will try to stop European Super League. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/19/ministers-urged-to-take-action-over-european-super-league-plan
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, S. (25 April 2019). Faction led by Juventus chairman Andrea Agnelli outlines plans to turn European competition into more of a closed shop. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/04/25/faction-led-juventus-chairman-andrea-agnelli-outlines-plans/
   Google Scholar
• Washington, M. (2004). Field approaches to institutional change: The evolution of the National Collegiate Athletic association 1906–1995. Organization Studies, 25(3), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840604040042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, M., & Ventresca, M. J. (2008). Institutional contradictions and struggles in the formation of US Collegiate basketball, 1880–1938. Journal of Sport Management, 22(1), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.1.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber, D. M. (2015). ‘Playing on the break’: Karl Polanyi and the double-movement ‘against modern football’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215621025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welford, J., García, B., & Smith, B. (2015). A ‘healthy’ future? Supporters’ perceptions of the current state of English football. Soccer & Society, 16(2–3), 322–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.961380
   Google Scholar