148
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Thematic Dossiers / Dossiers thématiques

Eurocentrism, Africanity and ‘the Jihad’: Towards an Africa Worldview on Jihadism

ORCID Icon

References

  • Achebe, Chinua. 1978. “An Image of Africa.” Research in African Literatures 9 (1): 1–15.
  • Adesoji, Abimbola O. 2010. “The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria/Die Boko-Haram-Unruhen und die Wiederbelebung des Islam in Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum 45 (2): 95–108.
  • Adesoji, Abimbola O. 2011. “Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State.” Africa Today 57 (4): 98–119. doi: 10.2979/africatoday.57.4.99
  • Agbiboa, Daniel. 2013. “The Ongoing Campaign of Terror in Nigeria: Boko Haram versus the State.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2 (3): 1–18.
  • Aghedo, Iro and Osumah, Oarhe. 2012. “The Boko Haram Uprising: How Should Nigeria Respond?” Third World Quarterly 33 (5): 853–869. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2012.674701
  • Aghedo, Iro, and Surulola James Eke. 2013. “From alms to arms: The Almajiri Phenomenon and Internal Security in Northern Nigeria.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 28 (3): 97–123.
  • Alao, Abiodun. 2013. “Islamic radicalisation and violent extremism in Nigeria.” Conflict, Security & Development 13 (2): 127–147. doi: 10.1080/14678802.2013.796205
  • Amin, Samir. 1973. Neo-colonialism in West Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Amin, Samir. 2009. Eurocentrism: Modernity, Religion, and Democracy, a Critique of Eurocentrism and Cultural. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Ammour, Laurence Aïda. 2012. “The Sahara and Sahel after Gaddhafi.” Notes Internacionales CIDOB 44: 1–5.
  • Anyadike, Nkechi O. 2013. “Boko Haram and National Security Challenges in Nigeria; Causes and Solutions.” Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4 (5): 12–23.
  • Azeez, Govand Khalid. 2014. “Western Notions of Middle Eastern Revolutions: Counter-revolutionary Discourse from Mahdi to the Arab Spring.” In The Contemporary Middle East: Revolution or Reform? edited by Adel Abdel Ghafar, Brenton Clark, and Jessie Moritz, 64–86. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
  • Azeez, Govand Khalid. 2015a. “The Oriental Rebel in Western History.” Arab Studies Quarterly 37 (3): 244–263. doi: 10.13169/arabstudquar.37.3.0244
  • Azeez, Govand Khalid. 2015b. “The Thingified Subject’s Resistance in the Middle East.” Middle East Critique 24 (2): 119–135. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2015.1023505
  • Bassil, Noah. 2011. “The Roots of Afropessimism: The British Invention of the ‘Dark Continent’.” Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies 25 (3): 377–396. doi: 10.1080/02560046.2011.615141
  • Bassil, Noah. 2013. The Post-colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur. London: IB Tauris.
  • Bayo, Ogunrotifa Ayodeji. 2008. “Systemic Frustration Paradigm: A New Approach to Explaining Terrorism.” Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 7 (1): 1.
  • Berman, Bruce J. 1998. “Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism.” African Affairs 97 (388): 305–341. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007947
  • Booth, Ken. 1991. “Security and Emancipation.” Review of International Studies 17 (04): 313–326. doi: 10.1017/S0260210500112033
  • Booth, Ken. 2005. Critical Security Studies and World Politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap De Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Campbell, Horace. 2013. Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya. New York: New York University Press.
  • Campbell, John. 2014. “US Policy to Counter Nigeria’s Boko Haram.” Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed July 16, 2015. http://www.cfr.org/nigeria/us-policy-counter-nigerias-boko-haram/p33806.
  • Celso, Anthony N. 2015. “The Islamic State and Boko Haram: Fifth Wave Jihadist Terror Groups.” Orbis 59 (2): 249–268. doi: 10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.010
  • Césaire, Aimé. 2000. Discourse on Colonialism. New York: New York University Press.
  • Clark, Peter B. 1982. West Africa and Islam: A Study of Religious Development from the 8th to the 20th Century. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Cline, Lawrence E. 2011. “‘Today We Shall Drink Blood’: Internal Unrest in Nigeria.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 22 (02): 273–289. doi: 10.1080/09592318.2011.573399
  • Conrad, Joseph. 1899. Heart of Darkness. London: Blackwood’s Magazine.
  • Cox, Robert W., and Timothy J. Sinclair. 1996. Approaches to World Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Curtin, Philip D. 1973. The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Davison, Roderic H. 1960. “Where Is the Middle East?” Foreign Affairs 38 (4): 665–675. doi: 10.2307/20029452
  • Diarra, Oumar. 2012. Insecurity and Instability in the Sahel Region: The Case of Mali. DTIC Document.
  • Dowd, Caitriona. 2015a. “Cultural and Religious Demography and Violent Islamist Groups in Africa.” Political Geography 45: 11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.09.006
  • Dowd, Caitriona. 2015b. “Grievances, Governance and Islamist Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 53 (04): 505–531. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X15000737
  • Dowd, Caitriona, and Clionadh Raleigh. 2013. “The Myth of Global Islamic Terrorism and Local Conflict in Mali and the Sahel.” African affairs 112 (448): 498–509. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adt039
  • Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Elden, Stuart. 2014. “The Geopolitics of Boko Haram and Nigeria’s ‘War on Terror’.” The Geographical Journal 180 (4): 414–425. doi: 10.1111/geoj.12120
  • Ellis, John Martin. 1989. Against Deconstruction. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Ewi, Martin Abang. 2014. “Counter-terrorism and Pan-Africanism: From Non-action to Non-indifference.” In Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism, edited by Ben Saul, 734–753. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Ewi, Martin Abang. 2015. “Regional Integration in an Age of Terrorism: A Critical Study of Pan-African Responses to Terrorism.” doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4282.8247.
  • Falk, Richard A. 1999. Predatory Globalization: A Critique. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
  • Fanon, Frantz. 1968. Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
  • Foucault, Michel. 1977. Language, Counter-memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews. Translated from the French by Donald F. Couchard and Sherry Simon. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Freeden, Michael. 1998. “Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?” Political Studies 46 (4): 748–765. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00165
  • Gaasholt, Ole Martin. 2013. “Northern Mali 2012: The Short-Lived Triumph of Irredentism.” Strategic Review for Southern Africa 35 (2): 68.
  • Gettleman, Jeffrey. 2010. “Africa’s Forever Wars.” Foreign Policy (March/April) (178): 73–75.
  • Grovogui, Siba N. 2007. “Postcolonialism.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, edited by Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, 229–246. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Grovogu, Siba N. 2011. “A Revolution Nonetheless: The Global South in International Relations.” The Global South 5 (1): 175–190. doi: 10.2979/globalsouth.5.1.175
  • Gunther, John. 1955. Inside Africa. London: Hamish Hamilton.
  • Hailu, Alem. 2010. “The State in Historical and Comparative Perspective: State Weakness and the Specter of Terrorism in Africa.” In Terrorism in Africa: The Evolving Front in the War on Terror, edited by John Davis, 25–57. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
  • Hall, Stuart. 1996. “The Problem of Ideology.” In Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, edited by David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, 24–45. London: Routledge.
  • Hall, Bruce S. 2005. “The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara.” The Journal of North African Studies 10 (3–4): 339–367. doi: 10.1080/13629380500336714
  • Hansen, William W, and Umma Aliyu Musa. 2013. “Fanon, the Wretched and Boko Haram.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 48 (3): 281–296. doi: 10.1177/0021909612467277
  • Harmon, Stephen A. 2014. Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012-2013. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Hawker, Geoffrey. 2005. “Huntington’s Dog That Didn’t Bark: Africa in the ‘Clash of Civilisations’.” AQ: Australian Quarterly 77 (3): 7–11.
  • Hill, Jonathan. 2005. “Beyond the Other? A Postcolonial Critique of the Failed State Thesis.” African Identities 3 (2): 139–154. doi: 10.1080/14725840500235381
  • Hill, Jonathan N. C. 2010. Sufism in Northern Nigeria: Force for Counter-Radicalization? Strategic Studies Institute. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a520898.pdf.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49. doi: 10.2307/20045621
  • Jackson, Richard. 2005. Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter-terrorism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Jackson, Richard. 2007. “Constructing Enemies: ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse.” Government and Opposition 42 (3): 394–426. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00229.x
  • Jackson, Richard, Jeroen Gunning, and Marie Breen Smyth. 2007. “Introduction: The Case for Critical Terrorism Studies.” European Political Science 6 (3): 225–227. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210140
  • Jones, Branwen Gruffydd. 2006. Decolonizing International Relations. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Jones, Branwen Gruffydd. 2008. “The Global Political Economy of Social Crisis: Towards a Critique of the ‘Failed State’ Ideology.” Review of International Political Economy 15 (2): 180–205. doi: 10.1080/09692290701869688
  • Kaplan, Robert D. 1994. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly (February): 44–76.
  • Karmon, Ely. 2014. “Boko Haram’s International Reach.” Perspectives on Terrorism 8 (1): 74–83.
  • Keenan, Jeremy. 2009. The Dark Sahara: America’s War on Terror in Africa. London: Pluto Press.
  • Krause, Keith. 1998. “Critical Theory and Security Studies: The Research Programme of ‘Critical Security Studies’.” Cooperation and Conflict 33 (3): 298–333. doi: 10.1177/0010836798033003004
  • Lebon, Gustav. 1980. The Psychology of Revolution. New York: Putnam.
  • Lecocq, Baz. 2013. “Mali: This Is Only the Beginning.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 2013 (Summer/Fall): 59–69.
  • Leuprecht, Christian, Todd Hataley, Sophia Moskalenko, and Clark McCauley. 2010. “Containing the Narrative: Strategy and Tactics in Countering the Storyline of Global Jihad.” Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 5 (1): 42–57. doi: 10.1080/18335300.2010.9686940
  • Lewis, Bernard. 1990. “The Roots of Muslim Rage.” The Atlantic 266 (3): 47–60.
  • Lewis, Bernard. 2002. Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lloyd, Robert B. 2016. “Ungoverned Spaces and Regional Insecurity: The Case of Mali.” SAIS Review of International Affairs 36 (1): 133–141. doi: 10.1353/sais.2016.0012
  • Loimeier, Roman. 2012. “Boko Haram: The Development of aMmilitant Religious Movement in Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum 47 (2–3): 137–155.
  • Long, Edward. 1774. The History of Jamaica: Or, General Survey of the Ancient and Modern State of the Island: With Reflections on Its Situation Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws, and Government. London: T. Lowndes.
  • Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi. 2003. “Can a ‘Realist Pan-Africanism’ Be a Relevant Tool Toward the Transformation of African and African Diaspora Politics? Imagining a Pan-African State.” African Journal of International Affairs 6 (1& 2): 87–121.
  • Lyons, Tanya. 2009. “Globalisation, failed states and pharmaceutical colonialism in Africa.” Australasian Review of African Studies 30 (2): 68–85.
  • Mafeje, Archie. 1971. “The Ideology of ‘Tribalism’.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 9 (02): 253–261. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00024927
  • Mafeje, Archie. 2011. “Africanity: A Combative Ontology.” In The Postcolonial Turn: Re-imagining Anthropology and Africa, edited by Rene Devisch and Francis Nyamnjoh, 31–44. Bamenda: Langaa Research and Publishing.
  • Maiangwa, Benjamin, Ufo Okeke Uzodike, Ayo Whetho, and Hakeem Onapajo. 2012. “‘Baptism by fire’: Boko Haram and the reign of terror in Nigeria.” Africa Today 59 (2): 40–57. doi: 10.2979/africatoday.59.2.41
  • Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Mamdani, Mahmood. 2002. “Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism.” American Anthropologist 104 (3): 766–775. doi: 10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.766
  • Mamdani, Mahmood. 2005. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror. New York: Random House.
  • Mamdani, Mahmood. 2009. Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror. New York: Verso.
  • Mazama, Ama. 2001. “The Afrocentric Paradigm: Contours and Definitions.” Journal of Black Studies 31 (4): 387–405. doi: 10.1177/002193470103100401
  • Mazama, Ama. 2003. “The Afrocentric Paradigm.” In The Afrocentric Paradigm, edited by Ama Mazama. Trenton, NJ: Africa Word Press.
  • Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin. 1976. A World Federation of Cultures: An African Perspective. New York: The Free Press.
  • Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin. 1986. The Africans: A Triple Heritage. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin. 1990. Cultural Forces in World Politics. London: James Currey.
  • Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin. 2005. “The Re-invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Beyond.” Research in African Literatures 36 (3): 68–82. doi: 10.2979/RAL.2005.36.3.68
  • Mignolo, Walter D. 2011. “Epistemic Disobedience and the Decolonial Option: A Manifesto.” Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World 1 (2): 44–66.
  • Monteiro-Ferreira, Ana. 2009. “Afrocentricity and the Western Paradigm.” Journal of Black Studies 40 (2): 327–336. doi: 10.1177/0021934708314801
  • Mudimbe, Valentin Y. 1988. The Invention of Africa: Prognosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Mudimbe, Valentin Y. 1994. The Idea of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2013a. Empire, Global Coloniality and African Subjectivity. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2013b. “The Entrapment of Africa Within the Global Colonial Matrices of Power: Eurocentrism, Coloniality, and Deimperialization in the Twenty-First Century.” Journal of Developing Societies 29 (4): 331–353. doi: 10.1177/0169796X13503195
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2013c. “Why Decoloniality in the 21st Century.” The Thinker 48: 10–15.
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2015. “Decoloniality in Africa: A Continuing Search for a New World Order.” Australasian Review of African Studies 36 (2): 22–50.
  • Nkrumah, Kwame. 1966. Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. New York: International.
  • Ogunrotifa, Ayodeji Bayo. 2013. “Class Theory of Terrorism: A Study of Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria.” Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 3 (1): 27–59.
  • Osumah, Oarhe. 2013. “Boko Haram Insurgency in Northern Nigeria and the Vicious Cycle of Internal Insecurity.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 24 (3): 536–560.
  • Pasha, Mustapha Kamal. 2006. “Liberalism, Islam, and International Relations.” In Decolonizing International Relations, edited by Branwen Gruffydd Jones, 65–85. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Patman, Robert G. 2006. “Globalisation, the New US Exceptionalism and the War on Terror.” Third World Quarterly 27 (6): 963–986. doi: 10.1080/01436590600869046
  • Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A. 2014. Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
  • Quijano, A. 2007. “Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality.” Cultural Studies 21 (2–3): 168–178. doi: 10.1080/09502380601164353
  • Raleigh, Clionadh, and Caitriona Dowd. 2013. “Governance and Conflict in the Sahel’s ‘Ungoverned Space’.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2 (2): Article 32. doi:10.5334/sta.bs.
  • Ranger, Terence. 1983. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric J. Hobsbawm and Terence O. Ranger, 211–262. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Riddell, J. Barry. 1992. “Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 30 (01): 53–68. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00007722
  • Rodney, Walter. 2012. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press.
  • Rupert, Mark. 2010. “Marxism and Critical Theory.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, edited by Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, 148–165. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ryfman, Philippe. 2015. “Afghanistan-Sahel: Même Combat?” Humanitaire, Enjeux, pratiques, débats 41: 122–126.
  • Schmidt, Elizabeth. 2013. Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schmidt, Alex P., and Albert I. Jongman. 1988. Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Databases and Literature. Oxford: North Holland.
  • Shani, Giorgio, Makoto Sato, and Mustapha Kamal Pasha. 2007. Protecting Human Security in a Post 9/11 World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Shaw, Scott. 2013. “Fallout in the Sahel: The Geographic Spread of Conflict from Libya to Mali.” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 19 (2): 199–210. doi: 10.1080/11926422.2013.805153
  • Silke, Andrew. 2004. “The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems with Research on Terrorism.” In Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, edited by Andrew Silke, 57–71. London: Frank Cass.
  • Smith, Mike. 2015. Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria’s Unholy War. London: IB Tauris.
  • Solomon, Hussein. 2013a. “The African State and the Failure of US Counter-terrorism Initiatives in Africa: The Cases of Nigeria and Mali.” South African Journal of International Affairs 20 (3): 427–445. doi: 10.1080/10220461.2013.841804
  • Solomon, Hussein. 2013b. “Mali: West Africa’s Afghanistan.” The RUSI Journal 158 (1): 12–19. doi: 10.1080/03071847.2013.774635
  • Soyinka, Wole. 2012. “The Butchers of Nigeria.” http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74819:soyinka-the-butchers-of-nigeria&catid=38:columnists&Itemid=615. Accessed February 10, 2017.
  • Stewart, Frances. 2009. Religion Versus Ethnicity as a Source of Mobilization: Are There Differences? CRISE Working Paper. Edited by Human Security and Ethnicity Centre for Research on Inequality, Oxford.
  • Sulemana, Mohammed. 2014. “Centenary of Failure?: Boko Haram, Jihad and the Nigerian Reality.” Australasian Review of African Studies 35 (2): 69–87.
  • Sulemana, Mohammed, and Govand Azeez. 2015. “Rethinking Islamism in Western Africa.” Australasian Review of African Studies 36 (1): 51–70.
  • Sun, Lung-kee. 2002. The Chinese National Character: From Nationhood to Individuality. New York: M, E, Sharp.
  • Thompson, John B. 1984. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • wa Thiong'o, Ngugi. 2004. “African Identities: Pan-Africanism in the Era of Globalization and Capitalist Fundamentalism.” Macalester International 14 (Article 9): 21–42.
  • Umar, Muhammad Sani. 2012. “The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Salafi Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram.” Journal of Religion in Africa 42 (2): 118–144. doi: 10.1163/15700666-12341224
  • Williams, Paul D. 2007. “Thinking about Security in Africa.” International Affairs 83 (6): 1021–1038. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00671.x
  • Wouter, Everaerts, and Dirk De Ridder. 2013. “Boko Haram Looks to Mali.” Africa Research Bulletin – Political, Social and Cultural Series 49 (12), doi:10.1111/j.1467-825X.2013.04864.x.
  • Wyn Jones, Richard. 2005. “On Emancipation: Necessity, Capacity, and Concrete Utopias.” In Critical Security Studies and World Politics, edited by Ken Booth, 215–235. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Press.
  • Yates, Joshua J. 2007. “The Resurgence of Jihad & the Specter of Religious Populism.” SAIS Review 27 (1): 127–144. doi: 10.1353/sais.2007.0022
  • Yonah, Alexander. 2012. Terrorism in North, West, and Central Africa: From 9/11 to the Arab Spring, Special Update Report. Arlington: International Center for Terrorism Studies and the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
  • Zenn, Jacob. 2013. “Boko Haram’s International Connections.” CTC Sentinel 6 (1): 7–13.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.