Three Questions About the Early British Port of Singapore, c.1819–1830

References

• Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds Relating to India and the Neighbouring Countries, Vol. I, ‘The Treaties, etc. Relating to Bengal, Assam, Burmah, and the Eastern Archipelago’. Calcutta: Reprinted at the Foreign Office Press, 1876.
   Google Scholar
• Ali al-Haji, ibn Ahmad. The Precious Gift/Tuḥfat al-Nafis. Edited and translated by Virginia Matheson Hooker and Barbara Watson Andaya. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Andaya, Leonard Y. “Orang Asli and the Melayu in the History of the Malay Peninsula.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (JMBRAS) 75 (2002): 23–48.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Surat-surat perdjandjian antara kesultanan Riau dengan pemerintahan-pemerintahan VOC dan Hindia-Belanda, 1784–1909. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Assey, Charles. On the Trade to China, and the Indian Archipelago; with Observations on the Insecurity of the British Interests in That Quarter. 2nd edn. London: Printed for Rodwell and Martin, 1819.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, Michael D. Singapore: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bastin, John Sturgus. The Founding of Singapore 1819: Based on the Private Letters of Sir Stamford Raffles to the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India, the Marquess of Hastings, Preserved in the Bute Collection at Mount Stuart, Isle of Bute, Scotland. Singapore: National Library, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Bastin, John Sturgus. “Historical Sketch of the Settlement of Singapore.” In Studying Singapore’s Past. C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore, edited by Nicholas Tarling, 110–124. Singapore: NUS Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, Graham. “Raffles, Farquhar and Crawfurd.” In 200 Years of Singapore and the United Kingdom, edited by Tommy Koh, and Scott Wightman, 40–47. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Borschberg, Peter. “The 1824 Treaties.” In 200 Years of Singapore and the United Kingdom, edited by Tommy Koh, and Scott Wightman, 48–55. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Borschberg, Peter. “Dutch Objections to British Singapore.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51 (2019): 540–561.
   Google Scholar
• Borschberg, Peter. “The Melaka Sultanate, c.1400–1528.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 65 (2022): 344–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borschberg, Peter, and Benjamin J. Q. Khoo. “Singapore as a Port City, c.1290–1819: Evidence, Frameworks and Challenges.” JMBRAS 91, no. 1 (3028): 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Chew, Ernest C.T. “The Foundation of a British Settlement.” In A History of Singapore, edited by Ernest C. T. Chew, and Edwin Lee, 36–40. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, C. D. “Early Penang and the Rise of Singapore, 1805–1832.” JMBRAS 13, no. 2 (1950): 2–212.
   Google Scholar
• Crawfurd, John. History of the Indian Archipelago, Facsimile Edition Printed by Archibald Constable & Co., Edinburgh, 1820, 3 Vols. London: Frank Cass, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Crawfurd, John. Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China; Exhibiting a View of the Actual State of Those Kingdoms, Repr. 1828. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Falck, Anton R. Gedenkschriften Anton Reinhard Falck. Edited by Herman Theodorus Colenbrander. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1913.
   Google Scholar
• Furnivall, John S. Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1939.
   Google Scholar
• Furnivall, John S. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
   Google Scholar
• Glendinning, Victoria. Raffles and the Golden Opportunity. London: Profile Books, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hack, Karl, Jean-Louis Margolin, and Karine Delaye, eds. Singapore from Temasek to the 21st Century: Reinventing the Global City. Singapore: NUS Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Hooker, M. Barry, and Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. “Raffles’ Singapore Regulations – 1823.” Malaya Law Review 10 (1968): 248–291.
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons. Third Report from the Select Committee Appointed to Consider the Means of Improving and Maintaining the Foreign Trade of the Country. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1821.
   Google Scholar
• Kadir, Abdullah bin. The Hikayat Abdullah: The Autobiography of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir (1797–1854). Edited and translated by A.H. Hill. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Keay, John. The Honourable Company. A History of the English East India Company. London: Harper Collins, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Pieter Hendrik van der. “De Sluiting van het Londensche Tractaat van 13 Augustus 1814.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (BKI) 47 (1897): 239–339.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Pieter Hendrik van der. “De Singapoorsche Papieroorlog.” BKI 49 (1898): 389–457.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Pieter Hendrik van der. “De Stichting van Singapore, de Afstand ervan met Malakka door Nederland, en de Britsche aanspraken op den Linga-Riouw-Archipel.” BKI 54 (1902): 313–476.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Pieter Hendrik van der. “Geschiedenis van het Londensch Tractaat van 17 Maart 1824.” BKI 56 (1904): 1–244.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Pieter Hendrik van der. De Teruggave der Oost-Indische Koloniën, 1814−1816. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1910.
   Google Scholar
• Khoo, Benjamin J.Q. “A Royal Wedding Gone Wrong: The 1820 Uprising in Riau That Brought the Bugis to Singapore.” BiblioAsia 18, no. 2 (2022): 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Knapman, Gareth. “Settler Colonialism and Usurping Malay Sovereignty in Singapore.” JSEAS 52, no. 3 (2021): 418–440.
   Google Scholar
• Kwa, Chong Guan. Pre-Colonial Singapore. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kwa, Chong Guan. “From Temasek to Singapore: Locating a Global City-State in the Cycles of Melaka Straits History.” In Studying Singapore Before 1800, edited by Kwa Chong Guan and Peter Borschberg, 179–205. Singapore: NUS Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kwa, Chong Guan. “Introduction.” In Studying Singapore Before 1800, edited by Kwa Chong Guan, and Peter Borschberg, 1–26. Singapore: NUS Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kwa, Chong Guan. “Singapore in 1819: The Beginnings of a New Kerajaan.” In Studying Singapore Before 1800, edited by Kwa Chong Guan and Peter Borschberg, 366–384. Singapore: NUS Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kwa, Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Peter Borschberg, and Tan Tai Yong. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Edwin. The British as Rulers: Governing Multiracial Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, Harry J. The First Contest for Singapore, 1819–1824. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, Anthony C. Kerajaan: Malay Political Culture at the Eve of Colonial Rule. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, Anthony C. “Who Created Malaysia’s Plural Society?” JMBRAS 76, no. 2 (2003): 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, Anthony C. The Malays. Oxford: Wiley, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, Anthony C. “Singapore’s Role in Constituting the “Malay” Narrative.” In Studying Singapore’s Past. C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore, edited by Nicholas Tarling, 125–145. Singapore: NUS Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Netscher, Elisa. De Nederlanders in Djohor en Siak, 1602–1865. Batavia: Bruining & Wijt, 1870.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, Tze Shiung. “British Conceptions of Wealth and Property in the East Indies and their Influence on Governance and Society: 1807 – 1824.” Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, Tze Shiung. “The Ideological Origins of the Founding of Singapore.” In Liberalism and the British Empire in Southeast Asia, edited by Gareth Knapman, Anthony Milner, and Mary Quilty, 68–95. Abindgon: Routledge, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Pires, Tomé. Suma Oriental: An Account of the East from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, 2 Vols. Edited by Armando Cortesão. London: Hakluyt Society, 1944.
   Google Scholar
• Purbatjaraka, Purnadi. “Shahbandars of the Archipelago.” In Studying Singapore Before 1800, edited by Kwa Chong Guan and Peter Borschberg, 354–365. Singapore: NUS Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Raffles, Thomas Stamford. “Historical Sketch of the Settlement of Singapore.” Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies XVI, no. 91 (1823): 24–30.
   Google Scholar
• Raffles, Lady Sophia. Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. etc: Particularly in the Government of Java, 1811–1816, and of Bencoolen and its Dependencies, 1817–1824. London: John Murray, 1830.
   Google Scholar
• Skott, Christina. “Imagined Centrality: Sir Stamford Raffles and the Birth of Modern Singapore.” In Singapore from Temasek to the 21st Century: Reinventing the Global City, edited by Karl Hack, Jean-Louis Margolin, and Karine Delaye, 155–184. Singapore: NUS Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Swettenham, Sir Frank. British Malaya. An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1955.
   Google Scholar
• Tarling, Nicholas. Piracy and Politics in the Malay World: A Study of British Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century South-East Asia. Singapore: D. Moore, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Ting, Kennie. “Singapore’s Port City Heritage.” In 200 Years of Singapore and the United Kingdom, edited by Tommy Koh, and Scott Wightman, 56–61. Singapore: Straits Times Press, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Tregonning, Kennedy Gordon. The British in Malaya: The First Forty Years 1786–1826. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Trocki, Carl A. Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784–1885. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Trocki, Carl A. Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control. New York: Routledge, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull, Constance Mary. The Straits Settlements 1826–1867. Indian Presidency to Crown Colony. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull, Constance Mary. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005. Singapore: NUS Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Virunha, Chuleeporn. “Power Relations Between the Orang Laut and the Malay Kingdoms of Melaka and Johor During the Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries.” In Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia, edited by Sunait Chutinaranond, and Chris Baker, 143–166. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Vos, Reinout. Gentle Janus, Merchant Prince: The VOC and the Tightrope of Diplomacy in the Malay World, 1740–1800. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Wake, Christopher H. “Raffles and the Rajas: The Founding of Singapore in British and Malayan Colonial History.” JMBRAS 48, no. 1 (1975): 47–73.
   Google Scholar
• Winstedt, Sir Richard Olaf. “A History of Johore, 1365–1895 AD.” JMBRAS 10, no. 3 (1932): 1–137.
   Google Scholar
• Winstedt, R. O., and P. E. de Josselin de Jong. “The Maritime Laws of Malacca.” JMBRAS 29, no. 3 (1956): 22–59.
   Google Scholar
• Wolters, Oliver William. History, Culture, Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives, rev. edn. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Lin Ken. “The Trade of Singapore, 1819–1869.” JMBRAS 33, no. 4 (1960): 4–315.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Lin Ken. “Singapore: Its Growth as an Entrepot Port, 1819–1941.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 9, no. 1 (1978): 50–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Nadia H. William Farquhar and Singapore: Stepping Out from Raffles’ Shadow. Penang: Entrepot Publishing, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Nadia H. “Pragmatism at Play. Farquhar, Raffles and the Founding of Singapore.” In Liberalism and the British Empire in Southeast Asia, edited by Gareth Knapman, Anthony Milner, and Mary Quilty, 49–67. Abindgon: Routledge, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Wurtzburg, Charles Edward. Raffles of the Eastern Isles. London: Hodder Stoughton, 1954.
   Google Scholar