Vitamin B12 and haemoglobin levels may be related with ADHD symptoms: a study in Turkish children with ADHD

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Spetie L, Arnold EL. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Martin A, Fred RW, editors. Lewis’s child and adolescent psychiatry: a comprehensive textbook. Philadelphia: Williams&Wilkins; 2007. p. 430–454.
   Google Scholar
• Beard J. Iron deficiency alters brain development and functioning. J Nutr. 2003;133:1468–1472. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1468S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, et al. Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev. 2006;64:34–43. doi: 10.1301/nr.2006.may.S34-S43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Wolf AW, et al. Iron deficiency anemia and iron therapy effects on infant developmental test performance. Pediatrics. 1987;79:981–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor JR, Menzies SL. Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia. 1996;17:83–93. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199606)17:2<83::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roncagliolo M, Garrido M, Walter T, et al. Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:683–690. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.3.683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz E, Pasquini JM, Thompson K, et al. Effect of manipulation of iron storage, transport, or availability on myelin composition and brain iron content in three different animal models. J Neurosci Res. 2004;77:681–689. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgieff MK. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutr Rev. 2011;69:S43–S48. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff B. Behavioral alterations in iron deficiency. Adv Pediatr. 1998;35:331–359.
   Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Azoulay R, Castellanos FX, et al. Brain iron levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot MRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13:223–231. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.570376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, et al. Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Medç. 2004;158:1113–1135. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.12.1113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oner P, Oner O. Relationship of ferritin to symptom ratings children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effect of comorbidity. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2008;39:323–330. doi: 10.1007/s10578-007-0095-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner O, Alkar OY, Oner P. Relation of ferritin levels with symptom ratings and cognitive performance in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Int. 2008;50:40–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02496.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner O, Oner P, Bozkurt OH, et al. Effects of zinc and ferritin levels on parent and teacher reported symptom scores in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010;41:441–447. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0178-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner P, Oner O, Azik FM, et al. Ferritin and hyperactivity ratings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Int. 2012;54:688–692. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03664.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percinel I, Yazici K, Ustundag B. Iron deficiency parameters in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016;47:259–269. doi: 10.1007/s10578-015-0562-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donfrancesco R, Parisi P, Vanacore N, et al. Iron and ADHD: time to move beyond serum ferritin levels. J Atten Disord. 2013;17:347–357. doi: 10.1177/1087054711430712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menegassi M, Mello ED, Guimaraes LR, et al. Food intake and serum levels of iron in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2010;32:132–138. doi: 10.1590/S1516-44462009005000008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal MJ, Goodwin JS. Cognitive effects of nutritional deficiency. Adv Nutr Res. 1985;7:71–100. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2529-1_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan J, Osendarp S, Hughes D, et al. Nutrients for cognitive development in school-aged children. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(8):295–306. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00055.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourre JM. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10:377–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazir S, Nagalla B, Thangiah V, et al. Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: mental function. Nutrition. 2006;22:S26–S32. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge JJ, Johnstone J, Gorman B, et al. Moderators of treatment response in adults with ADHD treated with a vitamin–mineral supplement. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;50:163–171. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee SE, Grissom NM, Herdt CT, et al. Methyl donor supplementation alters cognitive performance and motivation in female offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams. FASEB J. 2017;31(6):2352–2363. doi: 10.1096/fj.201601172R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha T, Chatterjee M, Sinha S, et al. Components of the folate metabolic pathway and ADHD core traits: an exploration in eastern Indian probands. J Hum Genet. 2017;62(7):687–695. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2017.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökler B, Ünal F, Pehlivantürk B, et al. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children – present and lifetime version-turkish version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2004;11:109–116.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:980–988. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead AB, Redlich F C. Social class and mental illness: A community study. New York: Wiley; 1958.
   Google Scholar
• Conners CK, Barkley RA. Rating scales and checklists for child psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:809–843.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dereboy Ç, Şenol S, Şener Ş, et al. Conners kısa form öğretmen ve ana baba derecelendirme ölçeklerinin geçerliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2007;18(1):48–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir N. Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turkish Arch Pediatr. 2015;50:11–19. doi: 10.5152/tpa.2015.2337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benton D, Cook R. Vitamin and mineral supplements improve the intelligence scores and concentration of six-year-old children. Pers Indiv Differ. 1991;12:1151–1158. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90079-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilander A, Gera T, Sachdev HS, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials 1–3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:115–130. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy DO, Haskell CF. Vitamins and cognition what is the evidence? Drugs. 2011;71:1957–1971. doi: 10.2165/11594130-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton D. Micronutrient supplementation and the intelligence of children. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001;25:297–309. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00015-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenthaler SJ, Amos SP, Doraz WE, et al. Controlled trial of vitamin-mineral supplementation: effect on intelligence and performance. Pers Indiv Differ. 1991;12:1151–1158. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90079-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bala KA, Doğan M, Kaba S, et al. Hormone disorder and vitamin deficiency in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;29:1077–1082. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garipardic M, Doğan M, Bala KA, et al. Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders with mean platelet volume and vitamin D. Med Sci Monit. 2017;20(23):1378–1384. doi: 10.12659/MSM.899976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karababa IF, Savas SN, Selek S, et al. Homocysteine levels and oxidative stress parameters in patients with adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2017;21(6):487–493. doi: 10.1177/1087054714538657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds E. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the nervous system. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:949–960. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70598-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dror DK, Allen LH. Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:250–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00031.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millichap JG, Yee MM, Davidson SI. Serum ferritin in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;34:200–203. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, et al. Zinc, ferritin, magnesium and copper in a group of Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ital J Pediatr. 2011;37:60. doi: 10.1186/1824-7288-37-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Angriman M, Lecendreux M, et al. Iron and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: what is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12:1227–1240. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar