Is restless legs syndrome related with depression/anxiety disorders or medications used in these disorders? A cross-sectional, clinic-based study

References

• Allen RP, Earley CJ. Validation of the Johns Hopkins restless legs severity scale. Sleep Med. 2001;2:239–242. doi: 10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00080-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger K, Luedemann J. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population; 2004. Available from: http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=216556
   Google Scholar
• Walters AS, Aldrich MS, Allen R. Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 1995. doi: 10.1002/mds.870100517/full
   Google Scholar
• Manconi M, García-Borreguero D. Restless legs syndrome/Willis Ekbom disease: long-term consequences and management. New York (NY): Springer; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Benbir G, Kaynak D, Kaynak H. Huzursuz Bacak Sendromu ve Uykuda Periyodik Hareket Bozukluğu. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. 2004;10:117–123.
   Google Scholar
• Wetter TC, Brunner J, Bronisch T. Restless legs syndrome probably induced by risperidone treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002;35:109–111. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-31514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leutgeb U. Regular intake of analgesics as a risk factor of RLS in patients with affective and anxiety disorders? Sleep Med. 2005;91.
   Google Scholar
• Allen RP, Lesage S, Earley CJ. Anti-histamines and benzodiazepines exacerbate daytime restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms. Sleep. 2005;28:A279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliwise DL, Zhang RH, Kutner NG. Medications associated with restless legs syndrome: a case-control study in the US renal data system (USRDS). Sleep Med. 2014;15:1241–1245. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolla BP, Mansukhani MP, Bostwick JM. The influence of antidepressants on restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;38:131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taşdemir M, Erdoğan H, Börü UT, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome in Turkish adults on the western Black Sea coast of Turkey: a door-to-door study in a rural area. Sleep Med. 2010;11:82–86. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LK, Dedrick DL, Doggett JW, et al. Antidepressant medication use and restless legs syndrome in patients presenting with insomnia. Sleep Med. 2005;6:443–450. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2005.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:547–554. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00443-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottach KG, Schaner BM, Kirch MH, et al. Restless legs syndrome as side effect of second generation antidepressants. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43:70–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odabaş FÖ, Uca AU. Is there any association between antidepressants and restless legs syndrome in a large Turkish population receiving mono or combined treatment? A cross-sectional comparative study. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018:1–5. doi: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1480855
   Google Scholar
• Dimmitt SB. Selective serotonin receptor uptake inhibitors can reduce restless legs symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 2000:712–715. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.5.712
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. Hospital anxiety and depression scale. PsycTESTS Dataset; 1983. doi: 10.1037/t03589-000
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave R, Beckley DJ. Restless leg syndrome exacerbated by sertraline. Psychosomatics. 1998;39:177–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik IH, Lee C, Choi BM, et al. Mianserin-induced restless legs syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;155:415–417. doi: 10.1192/bjp.155.3.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey C. Fluoxetine-induced sleep disturbance in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;14:437–442. doi: 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00148-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markkula J, Lauerma H. Mianserin and restless legs. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;12:53–58. doi: 10.1097/00004850-199701000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Fuentenebro FJ, Huidobro A, Tejadas-Rivas A. Restless legs syndrome and paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94:482–484. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09896.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agargun MY, Kara H, Ozbek H, et al. Restless legs syndrome induced by mirtazapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:1179. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v63n1214a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teive HAG, de Quadros A, Barros FC, et al. Worsening of autosomal dominant restless legs syndrome after use of mirtazapine: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2002;60:1025–1029. doi: 10.1590/S0004-282X2002000600027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earley CJ. Clinical practice. Restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2103–2109. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp021288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picchietti D, Winkelman JW. Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, and depression. Sleep. 2005;28:891–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford DE, Kamerow DB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? JAMA. 1989;262:1479–1484. doi: 10.1001/jama.1989.03430110069030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L, et al. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young Adults. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:411–418. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00188-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce ML. Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:175–184. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01410-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:39–47. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.1.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Walters AS, et al. Circadian rhythm of periodic limb movements and sensory symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 1999;14:102–110. doi: 10.1002/1531-8257(199901)14:1<102::AID-MDS1017>3.0.CO;2-E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verster J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Streiner DL. Sleep and quality of life in clinical medicine. New York (NY): Springer; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• de Mello MT, Lauro FA, Silva AC, et al. Incidence of periodic leg movements and of the restless legs syndrome during sleep following acute physical activity in spinal cord injury subjects. Spinal Cord. 1996;34:294–296. doi: 10.1038/sc.1996.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skolnick P, Popik P, Janowsky A, et al. “Broad spectrum” antidepressants: is more better for the treatment of depression? Life Sci. 2003;73:3175–3179. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl SM, Grady MM. Differences in mechanism of action between current and future antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl 13):13–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen R. Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med. 2004;5:385–391. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2004.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevim S, Dogu O, Camdeviren H, et al. Unexpectedly low prevalence and unusual characteristics of RLS in Mersin, Turkey. Neurology. 2003;61:1562–1569. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000096173.91554.B7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çalikuşu C, Küçükgöncü S, Beştepe E. Does antidepressant use increases risk of restless legs syndrome. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi. 2012;49:212–217. doi: 10.4274/Npa.y6205
   Google Scholar
• Baughman KR, Bourguet CC, Ober SK. Gender differences in the association between antidepressant use and restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2009;24:1054–1059. doi: 10.1002/mds.22517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semiz M, Solmaz V, Aksoy D, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among psychiatric patients who are under antidepressant or antipsychotic monotherapy. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol [Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni]. 2016;26:161–168. doi: 10.5455/bcp.20150908024954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo WG. Restless legs syndrome. Neurol Clin. 2005;23:1165–1185. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2005.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Guan Z, et al. Sleep-promoting properties of quetiapine in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;174:421–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip NS, Mello K, Carpenter LL, et al. Patterns of quetiapine use in psychiatric inpatients: an examination of off-label use. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008;20:15–20. doi: 10.1080/10401230701866870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittmannsberger H, Werl R. Restless legs syndrome induced by quetiapine: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16:1427–1431. doi: 10.1017/S1461145712001599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman P, Tallerico T. Rapid release of antipsychotic drugs from dopamine D2 receptors: an explanation for low receptor occupancy and early clinical relapse upon withdrawal of clozapine or quetiapine. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:876–884. doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.6.876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden R, Dawkins K, Nicholas L. Trazodone and nefazodone. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology; 2009.
   Google Scholar