1,665
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Insects as mini-livestock: Considering insect welfare in feed production

, &
Article: 2191797 | Received 15 Nov 2022, Accepted 10 Mar 2023, Published online: 22 Mar 2023

References

  • Adamo, S. A. (2016). Do insects feel pain? A question at the intersection of animal behaviour, philosophy and robotics. Animal Behaviour, 118, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.005
  • Alem, S., Perry, C. J., Zhu, X., Loukola, O. J., Ingraham, T., Søvik, E., Chittka, L., & Louis, M. (2016). Associative mechanisms allow for social learning and cultural transmission of string pulling in an insect. PLoS Biology, 14, e1002564. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002564
  • Allen-Hermanson, S. (2008). Insects and the problem of simple minds. The Journal of Philosophy, 105, 389–415. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil2008105833
  • Appleby, M. C., Olsson, I. A. S., & Galindo, F. (2018). Animal welfare (3rd edit. (CABI)377 ed.).
  • Ayres, J. S., Schneider, D. S., & Promislow, D. (2009). The role of anorexia in resistance and tolerance to infections in Drosophila. PLoS Biology, 7, e1000150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000150
  • Baars, B. J. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press.
  • Baars, B. J. (1997). In the theatre of consciousness: Global workspace theory, a rigorous scientific theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4(4), 292–309.
  • Barragan Fonseca, K., Gort, G., Dicke, M., & van Loon, J. (2019). Effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate on life-history traits and body protein and fat contents of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Nutrition of black soldier fly. Physiological Entomology, 44, 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12285
  • Barragan-Fonseca, K. B., Dicke, M., & van Loon, J. J. A. (2017). Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed – a review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 3(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0055
  • Barrett, M., Chia, S., Fischer, B., & Tomberlin, J. (2022). Welfare considerations for farming black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): A model for the insects as food and feed industry. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 0, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2022.0041
  • Barron, A. B., & Klein, C. (2016). What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 4900–4908. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520084113
  • Bateson, M., Desire, S., Gartside, S. E., & Wright, G. A. (2011). Agitated honeybees exhibit pessimistic cognitive biases. Current Biology, 21, 1070–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.017
  • Batsching, S., Wolf, R., Heisenberg, M., & Tanimoto, H. (2016). Inescapable stress changes walking behavior in flies - learned helplessness revisited. Plos One, 11, e0167066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167066
  • Bear, C. (2019). Approaching insect death: Understandings and practices of the UK’s edible insect farmers. Society & Animals, 27(7), 751–768. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001871
  • Bear, C. (2021). Making insects tick: Responsibility, attentiveness and care in edible insect farming. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 4(3), 1010–1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848620945321
  • Berry, A., Vitale, A., Carere, C., & Alleva, E. (2015). EU guidelines for the care and welfare of an exceptional invertebrate class scientific research. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 51(4), 267–269. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_15_04_04
  • Birch, J., Burn, C., Schnell, A., Browning, H., & Crump, A. (2021). Review of the evidence of sentience in cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans. LSE consulting. LSE Enterprise Ltd. The London school of economics and political Science. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/PDFs/2021/Sentience-in-Cephalopod-Molluscs-and-Decapod-Crustaceans-Final-Report-November-2021.pdf.
  • Block, N. (1995). On a confusion about a function of consciousness. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18(2), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00038188
  • Blokhuis, H. J., Veissier, I., Jones, B., & Miele, M. (2013). The welfare quality® vision. In H. Blokhuis, M. Miele, I. Veissier, & B. Jones Eds., Improving farm animal welfare Wageningen Academic Publishers https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-770-7_4
  • Blokhuis, H. J., Veissier, I., Miele, M., & Jones, B. (2010). The welfare quality® project and beyond: Safeguarding farm animal well-being. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science, 60(3), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2010.523480
  • Boppré, M., & Vane-Wright, R. I. (2019). Welfare dilemmas created by keeping insects in captivity. In C. Carere & J. Mather (Eds.), The welfare of invertebrate animals (pp. 23–67). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13947-6_3
  • Bovenkerk, B., & Meijboom, F. L. B. (2013). Fish welfare in aquaculture: Explicating the chain of interactions between science and ethics. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 26(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-012-9395-x
  • Bracke, M. B. M. (2006). Providing cross-species comparisons of animal welfare with a scientific basis. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 54(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(06)80004-7
  • Brambell, R. F. W. (1965). Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems. Retrieved from: https://edepot.wur.nl/134379
  • Broom, D. M. (2019). Sentience. In J. C. Choe (Ed.), Encylopedia of Animal Behaviour (Vol. 1, pp. 13–133). Elsevier, Academic Press.
  • Bruno, D., Bonelli, M., Cadamuro, A. G., Reguzzoni, M., Grimaldi, A., Casartelli, M., & Tettamanti, G. (2019). The digestive system of the adult Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Morphological features and functional properties. Cell and Tissue Research, 378, 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03025-7
  • Candian, V., Meneguz, M., & Tedeschi, R. (2023). Immune responses of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on catering waste. Life, 13, 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010213
  • Carruthers, P. (2004a). Suffering without subjectivity. Philosophical Studies, 121(2), 99–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-004-3635-5
  • Carruthers, P. (2004b). On being simple minded. American Philosophical Quarterly, 41(3), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199277362.003.0012
  • Carruthers, P. (2007). Invertebrate minds: A challenge for ethical theory. The Journal of Ethics, 11(3), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-007-9015-6
  • Carruthers, P. (2019). Human and animal minds: The consciousness questions laid to rest. Oxford University Press.
  • Cassill, D., Ford, K., Huynh, L., Shiffman, D., & Vinson, S. B. (2016). A study on abdominal wagging in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, with speculation on its meaning. Journal of Bioeconomics, 18, 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-016-9226-7
  • Chalmers, D. J. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2(3), 200–219.
  • Chia, S. Y., Tanga, C. M., Khamis, F. M., Mohamed, S. A., Salifu, D., Sevgan, S., Fiaboe, K. K. M., Niassy, S., van Loon, J. J. A., Dicke, M., Ekesi, S., & Falabella, P. (2018). Threshold temperatures and thermal requirements of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Implications for mass production. Plos One, 13(11), e0206097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206097
  • Čičková, H., Pastor, B., Kozánek, M., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Rojo, S., Takač, P., & Palli, S. R. (2012). Biodegradation of pig manure by the housefly, Musca domestica: A viable ecological strategy for pig manure management. Plos One, 7(3), e32798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032798
  • Commission regulation (EU) 2021/1372. (2021). Amending annex iv to regulation (EC) no 999/2001 of the European parliament and of the council as regards the prohibition to feed non-ruminant farmed animals, other than fur animals, with protein derived from animals. Retrieved online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2021:295:FULL&from=EN
  • Cooper, J. E. (2011). Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia of Invertebrates. ILAR Journal, 52(2), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.52.2.196
  • Dawkins, M. S. (2017). Animal welfare with and without consciousness. Journal of Zoology, 301, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12434
  • De Goede, D. M., Erens, J., Kapsomenou, E., & Peters, M. (2013). Large scale insect rearing and animal welfare. In H. Röcklinsberg & P. Sandin (Eds.), The ethics of consumption. Wageningen Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-784-4_38
  • De Smet, J., Wynants, E., Cos, P., van Campenhout, L., & Drake, H. L. (2018). Microbial community dynamics during rearing of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) and impact on exploitation potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84, e02722–02717. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02722-17
  • Dicke, M. (2018). Insects as feed and the sustainable development goals. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 4, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0003
  • Dickson, B. J. (2008). Wired for sex: The neurobiology of Drosophila mating decisions. Science, 322, 904–909. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159276
  • Donlea, J. M., Pimentel, D., & Miesenböck, G. (2014). Neuronal machinery of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. Neuron, 81, 860–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.013
  • Dretske, F. (1995). Naturalizing the Mind. MIT Press/A Bradford Book.
  • Drinkwater, E., Robinson, E. J. H., Hart, A. G., & Ellison, A. (2019). Keeping invertebrate research ethical in a landscape of shifting public opinion. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(8), 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13208
  • Dzepe, D., Nana, P., Fotso, A., Tchuinkam, T., & Djouaka, R. (2005). Aspects of the biology and welfare of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. The EFSA Journal, 3, 292. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2005.292
  • Dzepe, D., Nana, P., Fotso, A., Tchuinkam, T., & Djouaka, R. (2020). Influence of larval density, substrate moisture content and feedstock ratio on life history traits of black soldier fly larvae. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 6, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2019.0034
  • Elwood, R. W. (2011). Pain and suffering in invertebrates? ILAR Journal, 52(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.52.2.175
  • Elwood, R. W., & Appel, M. (2009). Pain experience in hermit crabs? Animal Behaviour, 77(5), 1243–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.028
  • Engel, P., & Moran, N. A. (2013). The gut microbiota of insects – diversity in structure and function. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 37(5), 699–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12025
  • Erens, J., van Es, S., Haverkort, F., Kapsomenou, E., & Luijben, A. (2012). A bug’s life: Large-scale insect rearing in relation to animal welfare. 57 pp. Retrieved from: https://venik.nl/onewebmedia/Rapport-Large-scale-insect-rearing-in-relation-to-animal-welfare.pdf
  • Francuski, L., & Beukeboom, L. W. (2020). Insects in production – an introduction. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 168(6–7), 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12935
  • Fraser, D., Weary, D. M., Pajor, E. A., & Milligan, B. N. (1997). A scientific conception of animal welfare that reflects ethical concerns. Animal Welfare, 6, 187–205. Retrieved from. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ethawel
  • Ganda, H., Zannou, E. T., Kenis, M., Abihona, H. A., Houndonougbo, F. M., Chrysostome, C. A. A. M., Chougourou, D. C., & Mensah, G. A. (2022). Effect of four rearing substrates on the yield and the chemical composition of housefly larvae, Musca domestica L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 42, 1331–1339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00651-z
  • Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A., & Tempio, G. (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock – a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3437e/i3437e.pdf
  • Gibbons, M., Crump, A., Barrett, M., Sarlak, S., Birch, J., & Chittka, L. (2022). Can insects feel pain? A review of the neural and behavioural evidence. Advances in Insect Physiology, 63, 155–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.2022.10.001
  • Gibbons, M., Sarlak, S., & Chittka, L. (2022). Descending control of nociception in insects? Proceedings Biological Sciences, 289, 20220599. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0599.
  • Gibson, W. T., Gonzalez, C. R., Fernandez, C., Ramasamy, L., Tabachnik, T., Du, R. R., Felsen, P. D., Maire, M. R., Perona, P., & Anderson, D. J. (2015). Behavioral responses to a repetitive visual threat stimulus express a persistent state of defensive arousal in Drosophila. Current Biology, 25, 1401–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.058
  • Giurfa, M. (2013). Cognition with few neurons: Higher-order learning in insects. Trends in Neurosciences, 36, 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2012.12.011
  • Gjerris, M., Gamborg, C., & Röcklinsberg, H. (2016). Ethical aspects of insect production for food and feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2015.0097
  • Green, T. R., & Popa, R. (2012). Enhanced ammonia content in compost leachate processed by black soldier fly larvae. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 166, 1381–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9530-6
  • Harnden, L. M., & Tomberlin, J. K. (2016). Effects of temperature and diet on black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), development. Forensic Science International, 266, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.007
  • Haynes, R. P. (2011). Competing conceptions of animal welfare and their ethical implications for the treatment of non-human animals. Acta Biotheoretica, 59(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-011-9124-2
  • Hoffmann, A. A., & Ross, P. A. (2018). Rates and patterns of laboratory adaptation in (mostly) insects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111, 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy024
  • Horvath, K., Angeletti, D., Nascetti, G., & Carere, C. (2013). Invertebrate welfare: An overlooked issue. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanita, 49(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.4415/ann_13_01_04
  • Hussein, M., Pillai, V. V., Goddard, J. M., Park, H. G., Kothapalli, K. S., Ross, D. A., Ketterings, Q. M., Brenna, J. T., Milstein, M. B., Marquis, H., Johnson, P. A., Nyrop, J. P., Selvaraj, V., & Qiu, X. (2017). Sustainable production of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae as a protein-rich feed ingredient by utilizing cattle manure. Plos One, 12(2), e0171708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171708
  • Iliadi, K. G. (2009). The genetic basis of emotional behavior: Has the time come for a Drosophila model? Journal Neurogenetocs. Journal of Neurogenetics, 23, 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/01677060802471650
  • Jordan, H. R., & Tomberlin, J. K. (2021). Microbial influence on reproduction, conversion, and growth of mass produced insects. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 48, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2021.10.001
  • Julita, U., Lusianti F, L. L., Putra, R. E., & Permana, A. D. (2020). Mating success and reproductive behavior of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens l. (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) in Tropics. Journal of Entomology, 17(3), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2020.117.127
  • Khan, A., Shad, S., & Akram, W. (2012). Effect of livestock manures on the fitness of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitology Research, 111(3), 1165–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2947-1
  • Khuong, T. M., Wang, Q. P., Manion, J., Oyston, L. J., Lau, M. T., Towler, H., Lin, Y. Q., & Neely, G. G. (2019). Nerve injury drives a heightened state of vigilance and neuropathic sensitization in Drosophila. Science Advances, 5 (7), eaaw4099. Science advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4099
  • Kökdener, M., Kiper, F., & Brent, C. (2021). Effects of larval population density and food type on the life cycle of Musca domestica (diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology, 50(2), 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa165
  • Korte, S. M., Olivier, B., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2007). A new animal welfare concept based on allostasis. Physiology & Behavior, 92(3), 422–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.10.018
  • Kortsmit, Y., van der Bruggen, M., Wertheim, B., Dicke, M., Beukeboom, L. W., & van Loon, J. J. A. (2022). Behaviour of two fly species reared for livestock feed: Optimising production and insect welfare. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 0(0), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0214
  • Lambert, H., Elwin, A., & D’cruze, N. (2021). Wouldn’t hurt a fly? A review of insect cognition and sentience in relation to their use as food and feed. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 243, 105432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105432
  • LeDoux, J. (2012). Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron, 73(4), 653–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004
  • Levine, J. (1983). Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64(4), 354–361.
  • Leyo, I. H., Ousmane, Z. M., Francis, F., & Caparros Megido, R. (2022). Optimal substrates for producing housefly larvae with high nutritional composition for sustainable poultry feed in Niger. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 0, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2022.0013
  • Liu, Z., Najar-Rodriguez, A. J., Morel, P. C. H., Minor, M. A., & Lohmeyer, K. (2022). Reproduction of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) under different adult densities and light regimes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 115(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab225
  • Loo, S., & Sellbach, U. (2013). Eating (with) insects: Insect gastronomies and upside-down ethics. Parallax, 19(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2013.743290
  • Lotta, F. (2019). Insects as Food: The Legal Framework. In G. Sogari, C. Mora, & D. Menozzi (Eds.), Edible Insects in the Food Sector. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22522-3_8
  • Lysyk, T. J. (1991). Effects of temperature, food, and sucrose feeding on longevity of the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology, 20, 1176–1180. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.4.1176
  • Maciel-Vergara, G., Jensen, A. B., Lecocq, A., & Eilenberg, J. (2021). Diseases in edible insect rearing systems. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 7(5), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0024
  • Mallory, H. S., Howard, A. F., Weiss, M., & Raine, N. E. (2016). Timing of Environmental Enrichment Affects Memory in the House Cricket, Acheta domesticus. Plos One, 11(4), e0152245. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152245
  • Mather, J. A. (2001). Animal Suffering: An Invertebrate Perspective. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 4(2), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0402_9
  • McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2003). The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 43(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00024-7
  • McKellar, C. E., & Wyttenbach, R. A. (2017). A protocol demonstrating 60 different Drosophila behaviors in one assay. Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education, 15(2), A110–116. PMID: 28690431.
  • Mellor, D. J. (2016a). Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” by updating the “Five Provisions” and introducing aligned “Animal Welfare Aims”. Animals, 6(10), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6100059
  • Mellor, D. J. (2016b). Updating animal welfare thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “a Life Worth Living”. Animals, 6(3), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6030021
  • Mellor, D. J., & Beausoleil, N. J. (2015). Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare, 24(3), 241. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.3.241
  • Milinkeviciute, G., Gentile, C., & Neely, G. G. (2012). Drosophila as a tool for studying the conserved genetics of pain. Clinical Genetics, 82, 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01941.x
  • Mohammad, F., Aryal, S., Ho, J., Stewart, J. C., Norman, N. A., Tan, T. L., Eisaka, A., & Claridge-Chang, A. (2016). Ancient anxiety pathways influence Drosophila defense behaviors. Current Biology, 26(7), 981–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.031
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183914
  • Nakamura, S., Ichiki, R. T., Shimoda, M., & Morioka, S. (2016). Small-scale rearing of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory: Low-cost and year-round rearing. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 51, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-015-0376-1
  • Niermans, K., Meyer, A. M., den Hil, E. F. H. V., van Loon, J. J. A., & van der Fels-Klerx, H. J. (2021). A systematic literature review on the effects of mycotoxin exposure on insects and on mycotoxin accumulation and biotransformation. Mycotoxin Research, 37(4), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-021-00441-z
  • Opare, L. O., Holm, S., & Esperk, T. (2021). Temperature-modified density effects in the black soldier fly: Low larval density leads to large size, short development time and high fat content. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8(7), 783–802. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0147
  • Pali-Schöll, I., Binder, R., Moens, Y., Polesny, F., & Monsó, S. (2019). Edible insects – defining knowledge gaps in biological and ethical considerations of entomophagy. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(17), 2760–2771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1468731
  • Parodi, A., van Dijk, K., van Loon, J. J. A., de Boer, I. J. M., van Schelt, J., & van Zanten, H. H. E. (2020). Black soldier fly larvae show a stronger preference for manure than for a mass-rearing diet. Journal of Applied Entomology, 144, 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12768
  • Pastor, B., Čickova, H., Kozanek, M., Martinez-Sanchez, A., Takac, P., & Rojo, S. (2011). Effect of the size of the pupae, adult diet, oviposition substrate and adult population density on egg production in Musca domestica (diptera: Muscidae). European Journal of Entomology, 108(4), 587–596. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2011.076
  • Perry, C. J., & Baciadonna, L. (2017). Studying emotion in invertebrates: What has been done, what can be measured and what they can provide. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(21), 3856–3868. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151308
  • Perry, C. J., Baciadonna, L., & Chittka, L. (2016). Unexpected rewards induce dopamine-dependent positive emotion–like state changes in bumblebees. Science, 353, 1529–1537. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4454
  • Pisa, L., Oonincx, D. G. A. B., Bosch, G., & Hendriks, W. H. (2022). Bioconversion of fresh chicken excreta by housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.) in relation to excreta sterilisation and carbohydrate addition. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0161
  • Rowe, A. (2020). Insects farmed for food and feed — global scale, practices, and policy. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/nh6k3
  • Sackton, T. B., Lazzaro, B. P., & Clark, A. G. (2017). Rapid expansion of immune-related gene families in the house fly, Musca domestica. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34, 857–872. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw285
  • Sadler, K. E., Mogil, J. S., & Stucky, C. L. (2022). Innovations and advances in modelling and measuring pain in animals. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 23, 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00536-7
  • Santaoja, M., & Niva, M. (2019). The missing animal in entomophagy-ethical, ecological and aesthetic considerations on eating insects. In E. Vinnari & M. Vinnari (Eds.), Sustainable governance and management of food systems, ethical perspectives (pp. 310–316). Wageningen Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_43
  • Scala, A., Cammack, J. A., Salvia, R., Scieuzo, C., Franco, A., Bufo, S. A., Tomberlin, J. K., & Falabella, P. (2020). Rearing substrate impacts growth and macronutrient composition of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae produced at an industrial scale. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 19448. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76571-8
  • Schlüns, H., Welling, H., Federici, J. R., & Lewejohann, L. (2017). The glass is not yet half empty: Agitation but not Varroa treatment causes cognitive bias in honey bees. Animal Cognition, 20, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1042-x
  • Schou, M. T., Faurby, S., Kjærsgaard, A., Pertoldi, C., Loeschcke, V., Hald, B., & Bahrndorff, S.(2013). Temperature and population density effects on locomotor activity of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) Environmental entomology 42 6 1322–1328 https://doi.org/10.1603/EN13039
  • Sherwin, C. M. (2001). Can invertebrates suffer? or, how robust is argument-by-analogy? Animal Welfare, 10, 103–118.
  • Simonin, D., & Gavinelli, A.2019The European Union legislation on animal welfare: State of play, enforcement and future activitiesIn S. Hild & L. SchweitzerEds.Animal welfare, from science to lawpp. 59–70Retrieved fromhttps://www.fondation-droit-animal.org/documents/6-SIMONIN-et-al-AnimalWelfare2019.v1.pdf
  • Singer, P. (2016). Sting in the tail. New Scientist, 232(3094), 20–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31838-3
  • Spinka, M., & Wemesfelder, F. (2011). Environmental challenge and animal agency. Animal welfare, CAB International. p27–44. Retrieved from: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1106&context=acwp_asie
  • Spykman, R., Hossaini, S. M., Peguero, D. A., Green, A., Heinz, V., & Smetana, S. (2021). A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia Illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 26(10), 1959–1976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01986-y
  • Stork, N. E. (2018). How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on earth? Annual Review of Entomology, 63(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
  • Sykes, A. V., Baptista, F. D., Gonçalves, R. A., & Andrade, J. P. (2012). Directive 2010/63/EU on animal welfare: A review on the existing scientific knowledge and implications in cephalopod aquaculture research. Reviews in Aquaculture, 4(3), 142–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01070.x
  • The Dutch Council of Animal Affairs. (2018). The Emerging Insect Industry; Invertebrates as production animals. Retrieved from: https://english.rda.nl/publications/publications/2018/09/03/the-emerging-insect-industry
  • Tiffin, H. (2016). Do insects feel pain? Animal Studies Journal, 5(1), 80–96. Available at. https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol5/iss1/6
  • Tononi, G. (2004). An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neuroscience, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-42
  • Tononi, G. (2008). Consciousness as integrated information: A provisional manifesto. The Biological Bulletin, 215(3), 216–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/25470707
  • Tye, M. (1995). Ten Problems of Consciousness. The MIT Press. 264.
  • Tye, M. (2016). Tense bees and shell-shocked crabs: Are animals conscious?. Oxford University Press.
  • van Huis, A. (2019). Welfare of farmed insects. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 5(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2019.x004
  • Van Huis, A. (2023). Increasing academic interest in edible insects: The journal of insects as food and feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 9(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2022.x008
  • van Huis, A., & Gasco, L. (2023). Insects as feed for livestock production. Science, 379(6628), 138–139. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adc9165
  • van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security (No. 171). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from: https://www.fao.org/3/i3253e/i3253e.pdf
  • van Zanten, H. H. E., Mollenhorst, H., Oonincx, D. G. A. B., Bikker, P., Meerburg, B. G., & de Boer, I. J. M. (2015). From environmental nuisance to environmental opportunity: Housefly larvae convert waste to livestock feed. Journal of Cleaner Production, 102, 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.106
  • Vogel, H., Müller, A., Heckel, D. G., Gutzeit, H., & Vilcinskas, A. (2018). Nutritional immunology: Diversification and diet-dependent expression of antimicrobial peptides in the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 78, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.008
  • Vogel, M., Shah, P. N., Voulgari-Kokota, A., Maistrou, S., Aartsma, Y., Beukeboom, L. W., Falcao Salles, J., van Loon, J. J. A., Dicke, M., & Wertheim, B. (2022). Health of the black soldier fly and house fly under mass-rearing conditions: Innate immunity and the role of the microbiome. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8(8), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0151
  • Wang, Y., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Tao, L., & Wang, J. (2018). Development of Musca domestica at constant temperatures and the first case report of its application for estimating the minimum postmortem interval. Forensic Science International, 285, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.004
  • Webster, A. J. (1998). What use is science to animal welfare? Naturwissenschaften, 85(6), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001140050496
  • Wehmann, H. N., Engels, T., & Lehmann, F. O. (2022). Flight activity and age cause wing damage in house flies. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 225(1), jeb242872. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.242872
  • Wemelsfelder, F. (1997). The scientific validity of subjective concepts in models of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53(1–2), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01152-5
  • Wemelsfelder, F. (2007). How animals communicate quality of life: The qualitative assessment of behaviour. Animal Welfare, 16(S1), 25–31.
  • Wojda, I. (2017). Temperature stress and insect immunity. Journal of Thermal Biology, 68, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.12.002
  • Yang, Z., Bertolucci, F., Wolf, R., & Heisenberg, M. (2013). Flies cope with uncontrollable stress by learned helplessness. Current Biology, 23, 799–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.054
  • Yeates, J. W., & Main, D. C. J. (2008). Assessment of positive welfare: A review. The Veterinary Journal, 175(3), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009
  • Zain, M. E. (2011). Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006