References
- Alklaibi, A. M. and Lior, N. 2005. Membrane-distillation desalination: status and potential, Desalination, 171, (2), 111–131. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2004.03.024
- Anderson, J. H. and Anderson, J. J. H. 1967. Sea water power plant, 1967. US Patents No. US 3312054 A. Available at: < https://www.google.com/patents/US3312054>.
- Aydin, H., Lee, H. S., Kim, H. J., Shin, S. K. and Park, K. 2014. Off-design performance analysis of a closed-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion system with solar thermal preheating and superheating, Renew. Energ., 72, 154–163. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.001
- Bharathan, D., Green, H. J., Link, H. F., Parsons, B. K., Parsons, J. M. and Zangrando, F. 1990. Conceptual design of an open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion net power-producing experiment (OC-OTEC NPPE). Technical report, Solar Energy Research Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Golden, Colorado.
- Borsani, R. 2009. Thermal desalination offers an alternative to reverse osmosis, IDA J. Desalin. Water Reuse, 1, (1), 22–22. doi: 10.1179/ida.2009.1.1.22
- BP. 2014. BP energy outlook 2035. Technical Report January, 2014. Available at: < http://bp.com/energyoutlook>.
- Comfort, C. M. and Vega, L. 2011. Environmental assessment of ocean thermal energy conversion in Hawaii available data and a protocol for baseline monitoring. Technical Report, August, 2011.
- D'Arsonal, A. 1881. Utilization de forces naturelles, Revue Scientifique, 17, 370–372.
- Desalination.com. How much desal is there? Available at: http://www.desalination.com/market/desal-markets.
- Energy Island Ltd. Available at: http://www.energyisland.com/technologies.html.
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Global warming potentials of ODS substitutes. Available at: < http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/gwps.html>..
- Faizal, M. and Ahmed, M. R. 2013. Experimental studies on a closed cycle demonstration OTEC plant working on small temperature difference, Renew. Energ., 51, 234–240. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.09.041
- Gryta, M. 2002. The assessment of microorganism growth in the membrane distillation system, Desalination, 142, (1), 79–88. doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00427-1
- Gryta, M., Tomaszewska, M. and Karakulski, K. 2006. Wastewater treatment by membrane distillation, Desalination, 198, (1–3), 67–73. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.09.010
- He, F., Gilron, J., Lee, H., Song, L. and Sirkar, K. K. 2008. Potential for scaling by sparingly soluble salts in crossflow DCMD, J. Membr. Sci., 311, (1–2), 68–80. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.11.056
- Hsu, S. T., Cheng, K. T. and Chiou, J. S. 2002. Seawater desalination by direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination, 143, (3), 279–287. doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00266-7
- International Energy Agency (IEA). 2010. World energy outlook. Available at: < http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weo2010.pdf>.
- Khayet, M. and Matsuura, T. 2011. Membrane distillation: principles and applications, New York, Elsevier.
- Kim, A. S. 2013. A two-interface transport model with pore-size distribution for predicting the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), J. Membr. Sci., 428, 410–424. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.10.054
- Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO). 2014. Conceptual design of 1MW ocean thermal energy conversion pilot platform. Technical report, 2014.
- Krivorot, M., Kushmaro, A., Oren, Y. and Gilron, J. 2011. Factors affecting biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of seawater, J. Membr. Sci., 376, (1–2), 15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.061
- Kullab, A. and Martin, A. 2011. Membrane distillation and applications for water purification in thermal cogeneration plants, Sep. Purif. Technol., 76, (3), 231–237. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.09.028
- Lee, H. S., Kim, H. J. and Jung, D. 2014. A novel working fluid for building air-conditioning and ocean thermal energy conversion, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 31, (10), 1732–1735. doi: 10.1007/s11814-014-0223-z
- Lienhard, V. 2015. Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: a review, Desalination, 356, 294–313. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.031
- Magesh, R. 2010. OTEC technology – a world of clean energy and water, in ‘Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, Volume II.
- Masutani, S. M. and Takahashi, P. K. 1993. Ocean thermal energy conversion, Waltham, Academic Press.
- Meng, S., Ye, Y., Mansouri, J. and Chen, V. 2014. Fouling and crystallisation behaviour of superhydrophobic nano-composite PVDF membranes in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci, 463, 102–112. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.027
- Mericq, J. P., Laborie, S. and Cabassud, C. 2010. Vacuum membrane distillation of seawater reverse osmosis brines, Water Res., 44, (18), 5260–5273. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.052
- Mutair, S. and Ikegami, Y. 2014. Design optimization of shore-based low temperature thermal desalination system utilizing the ocean thermal energy, J. Solar Energ. Eng., 136, (4), 41005. doi: 10.1115/1.4027575
- Naidu, G., Jeong, S., Kim, S. J., Kim, I. S. and Vigneswaran, S. 2014. Organic fouling behavior in direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination, 347, 230–239. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.05.045
- Nakamura, S., Goto, S., Sugi, T., Ikegami, Y. and Nakamura, M. 2009. Simulation model of integrated OTEC and desalination plant and its application, in ‘International Joint Conference, 5078–5083.
- Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management National Ocean and Atmospherice Administrations (NOAA). 1986. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) environmental impacts. Technical report, 1986.
- Rajagopalan, K. and Nihous, G. C. 2013a. Estimates of global ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) resources using an ocean general circulation model, Renew. Energ., 50, 532–540. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.07.014
- Rajagopalan, K. and Nihous, G. C. 2013b. An assessment of global ocean thermal energy conversion resources with a high-resolution ocean general circulation model, J. Energ. Res. Technol., 135, (4), 041202. doi: 10.1115/1.4023868
- Song, L., Ma, Z., Liao, X., Kosaraju, P. B., Irish, J. R. and Sirkar, K. K. 2008. Pilot plant studies of novel membranes and devices for direct contact membrane distillation-based desalination, J. Membr. Sci., 323, (2), 257–270. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.079
- Steinbach, R. B. 1982. Mini-OTEC: a hardware perspective, in ‘Society of naval architects and marine engineers spring meeting, 289–306.
- Takahashi, M. M. 2000. Deep ocean water as our next natural resource, 14–16. Available at: http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/dow/.
- Tijing, L. D., Pak, B. C., Baek, B. J. and Lee, D. H. 2006. A study on heat transfer enhancement using straight and twisted internal fin inserts, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, 33, (6), 719–726. doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2006.02.006
- Tijing, L. D., Woo, Y. C., Choi, J. S., Lee, S., Kim, S. H. and Shon, H. K. 2014. Fouling and its control in membrane distillation – a review, J. Membr. Sci., 475, 215–244. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.042
- United Nations. 2013. World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. Available at: < http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/un-report-world-population-proje>.
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2006;. Human development report. Technical report, 2006.
- United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2012. Managing water under uncertainty and risk. The United Nations World Water Development Report 4. Technical report, 2012.
- United Nations (UN) Water. 2007. Coping with water scarcity. Challenge of the twenty-first century. Technical report, 2007.
- Vega, L. A. 2010a. First generation 50 MW OTEC plantship for the production of electricity and desalinated water, in ‘Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 20957, 1–17.
- Vega, L. A. 2010b. Economics of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): an update, in ‘Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 21016, 1–18.
- Vega, L. A. 2012. Ocean thermal energy conversion. Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology, 7296–7328, Berlin, Springer.
- Vega, L. A. 2014. Previous and current projects towards commercialization, in ‘International OTEC Symposium, 7.
- Wang, T., Ding, L., Gu, C. and Yang, B. 2008. Performance analysis and improvement for CC-OTEC system, J Mech Sci Technol, 22, (10), 1977–1983. doi: 10.1007/s12206-008-0742-9
- Warsinger, D. M., Swaminathan, J., Guillen-Burrieza, E., Arafat, H. A., John, H. and Lienhard, V. 2015. Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: a review, Desalination, 356, 294–313. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.031
- Yang, M. H. and Yeh, R. H. 2014. Analysis of optimization in an OTEC plant using organic Rankine cycle, Renew. Energ., 68, 25–34. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.029
- Yeh, R. H., Su, T. Z. and Yang, M. S. 2005. Maximum output of an OTEC power plant, Ocean. Eng., 32, (5–6), 685–700. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2004.08.011
- Yoon, J. I., Son, C. H., Baek, S. M., Kim, H. J. and Lee, H. S. 2014a. Efficiency comparison of subcritical OTEC power cycle using various working fluids, Heat Mass Transfer, 50, (7), 985–996. doi: 10.1007/s00231-014-1310-8
- Yoon, J. I., Son, C. H., Baek, S. M., Kim, H. J. and Lee, H. S. 2014b. Efficiency comparison of subcritical OTEC power cycle using various working fluids, Heat Mass Transfer, 50, (7), 985–996. doi: 10.1007/s00231-014-1310-8
- Yoon, J. I., Son, C. H., Baek, S. M., Kim, H. J. and Lee, H. S. 2014c. Performance characteristics of ocean thermal energy conversion cycle according to various composition ratios of R32/R152a, in ‘ISOPE, 433–437.