Empathy, the Easily Aroused Child and Antidotes for Bullying

REFERENCES

• Bates , J. E. , Pettit , G. S. , Dodge , K. A. and Ridge , B. 1998 . Interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. . Developmental Psychology , 34 : 982 – 995 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson , H. and Johnson , L. 1992 . Perspective taking, empathy, and prosocial behavior in late childhood. . Child Study Journal , 22 : 11 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. 1993 . Aggression: Its causes, consequences and control. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Brenner , E. M. and Salovey , P. 1997 . “ Emotion regulation during childhood: Developmental, interpersonal, and individual considerations. ” . In Emotional development and emotional intelligence Edited by: Salovey , P. and Sluyter , D. J. 168 – 192 . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Caspi , A. 1998 . “ Personality development across the life course. ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development, , 5th ed. Edited by: Damon , W. and Eisenberg , N. 311 – 387 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. , Newman , D. L. and Silva , P. A. 1996 . Behavioral observations at age 3 predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 1033 – 1039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chess , S. and Thomas , A. 1999 . Goodness of fit: Clinical applications from infancy through adult life. Philadelphia : Brunner/Mazel. .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , P. M. 1986 . Children's spontaneous control of facial expression. . Child Development , 57 : 1309 – 1321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , P. M. , Michel , M. K. and Teti , L. O. 1994 . The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 59 : 73 – 100 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole , P. M. , Zahn-Waxler , C. and Smith , K. D. 1994 . Expressive control during a disappointment: Variation related to preschoolers' behavior problems. . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 835 – 846 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge , K. A. and Somberg , D. R. 1987 . Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threat to the self. . Child Development , 58 : 213 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsch , A. and Keane , S. P. 1994 . Contextual factors in children's social information processing. . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 611 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R. A. and Losoya , S. 1997 . “ Emotional responding: Regulation, social correlates, and socialization. ” . In Emotional development and emotional intelligence Edited by: Salovey , P. and Sluyter , D. J. 129 – 163 . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R. A. , Shepard , S. A. , Murphy , B. C. , Jones , S. and Guthrie , I. K. 1998 . Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children's sympathy from dispositional regulation and emotionality. . Developmental Psychology , 34 : 910 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano , W. G. , Jensen-Campbell , L. A. and Sullivan-Logan , G. M. 1998 . Temperament, activity, and expectations for later personality development. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1266 – 1277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. 1998 . The emerging field of emotion regulation. . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 271 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Guerin , D. W. , Gottfried , A. W. and Thomas , C. W. 1997 . Difficult temperament and behavior problems: A longitudinal study from 1.5 to 12years. . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 21 : 71 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , M. L. 1990 . Empathy and justice motivation. . Motivation and Emotion , 14 : 151 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan , J. 1998 . “ Biology and the child. ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development Edited by: Damon , W. and Eisenberg , N. 177 – 235 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kochanska , G. 1993 . Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. . Child Development , 64 : 325 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska , G. 1997 . Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperament: From toddlerhood to age 5. . Developmental Psychology , 3 : 228 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeber , R. and Hay , D. 1997 . Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. . Annual Review of Psychology , 48 : 371 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus , D. 1991 . “ Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. ” . In The development and treatment of childhood aggression Edited by: Pepler , D. J. and Rubin , K. H. 411 – 448 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Park , L. C. and Park , T. J. 1997 . “ Personal intelligence. ” . In Psychological mindedness: A contemporary understanding Edited by: McCallum , M. and Piper , W. E. 133 – 168 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrini , A. D. , Bartini , M. and Brooks , F. 1999 . School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 216 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart , M. K. and Ahadi , S. A. 1994 . Temperament and the development of personality. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 55 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart , M. K. , Ahadi , S. A. and Evans , D. E. 2000 . Temperament and personality origins and outcomes. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 122 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart , M. K. , Ahadi , S. A. and Hershey , K. L. 1994 . Temperament and social behavior in childhood. . Merrill Palmer Quarterly , 40 : 21 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart , M. K. and Bates , J. E. 1998 . “ Temperament. ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development, , 5th ed. Edited by: Damon , W. and Eisenberg , N. 105 – 176 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , K. H. , Chen , X. and Hymel , S. 1993 . Socioemotional characteristics of withdrawn and aggressive children. . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 39 : 518 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarni , C. 1999 . The development of emotional competence. New York : The Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , D. , Dodge , K. A. , Petit , G. S. and Bates , J. E. 1997 . The early socialization and adjustmentof aggressive victimsof bullying. . Child Development , 68 : 665 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. 1994 . “ The concepts of arousal and arousability as used in temperament studies. ” . In Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior Edited by: Bates , J. E. and Wachs , T. D. 117 – 142 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. A. 1994 . “ Emotional regulation: A theme in search of definition. ” . In The development of emotion regulation: Behavioral and biological considerations , Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development Edited by: Fox , N. Vol. 59 , 25 – 52 . (Serial No. 240
   Google Scholar
• Walden , T. and Smith , M. C. 1997 . Emotion regulation. . Motivation and Emotion , 21 : 7 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahn-Waxler , C. , Radke-Yarrow , M. , Wagner , E. and Chapman , M. 1992 . Development of concern for others. . Developmental Psychology , 28 : 126 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeman , J. and Garber , J. 1996 . Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. . Child Development , 67 : 957 – 973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeman , J. and Shipman , K. 1996 . Children's expression of negative affect: Reasons and methods. . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 842 – 849 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar