Targeting cancer with phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Bibliography

• Vainio H, Moller H. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis and molecular epidemiology. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A:1226-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram JS. The molecular biology of cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2000;21:167-223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin H. What keeps cells in tissues behaving normally in the face of myriad mutations? Bioessays 2006;28:515-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley LA. Molecular aspects of chemical carcinogenesis: the roles of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Toxicology 1995;96:173-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liotta LA, Steeg PS, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 1991;64:327-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon MM, Sliutz G, Luger TA. Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes in epidermal neoplasia. Exp Dermatol 1995;4:65-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991;253:49-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn WC, Weinberg RA. Modelling the molecular circuitry of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:331-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye BH, Chaganti S, Chang CC, Chromosomal translocations cause deregulated BCL6 expression by promoter substitution in B cell lymphoma. EMBO J 1995;14:6209-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan RT, Dalla-Favera R. The BCL6 proto-oncogene suppresses p53 expression in germinal-centre B cells. Nature 2004;432:635-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100:57-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers AF, Groom AC, MacDonald IC. Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:563-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt RM, Jones BJ, Dale RG. Radiotherapy treatment delays and their influence on tumour control achieved by various fractionation schedules. Br J Radiol 2008;81:549-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard RS, Anthony SP. Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable, non-small-cell lung cancer. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:723-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch J. An anniversary for cancer chemotherapy. JAMA 2006;296:1518-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein IB, Joe AK. Mechanisms of disease: oncogene addiction: a rationale for molecular targeting in cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2006;3:448-57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kummar S, Gutierrez M, Doroshow JH, Murgo AJ. Drug development in oncology: classical cytotoxics and molecularly targeted agents. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:15-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos JL. Epac proteins: multi-purpose cAMP targets. Trends Biochem Sci 2006;31:680-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasken K, Aandahl EM. Localized effects of cAMP mediated by distinct routes of protein kinase A. Physiol Rev 2004;84:137-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M. Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006;41:183-214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillie GS, Scott JD, Houslay MD. Compartmentalisation of phosphodiesterases and protein kinase A: opposites attract. FEBS Lett 2005;579:3264-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang L, Murray F, Zahno A, Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase profiling reveals increased expression of phosphodiesterase 7B in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:19532-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marko D, Romanakis K, Zankl H, Induction of apoptosis by an inhibitor of cAMP-specific PDE in malignant murine carcinoma cells overexpressing PDE activity in comparison to their nonmalignant counterparts. Cell Biochem Biophys 1998;28:75-101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho-Chung YS. Role of cyclic AMP receptor proteins in growth, differentiation, and suppression of malignancy: new approaches to therapy. Cancer Res 1990;50:7093-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho-Chung YS, Nesterova MV. Tumor reversion: protein kinase A isozyme switching. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1058:76-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaid HM, Cairns MT, Atkinson RJ, Increased expression of the RI-alpha subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A is associated with advanced stage ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1999;79:933-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheadle C, Nesterova M, Watkins T, Regulatory subunits of PKA define an axis of cellular proliferation/differentiation in ovarian cancer cells. BMC Med Genomics 2008;1:43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lange-Carter CA, Fossli T, Jahnsen T, Malkinson AM. Decreased expression of the type I isozyme of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in tumor cell lines of lung epithelial origin. J Biol Chem 1990;265:7814-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange-Carter CA, Malkinson AM. Alterations in the cAMP signal transduction pathway in mouse lung tumorigenesis. Exp Lung Res 1991;17:341-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong AS, Kim SO, Leung PC, Profiling of protein kinases in the neoplastic transformation of human ovarian surface epithelium. Gynecol Oncol 2001;82:305-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frattola L, Tonini C, Villani R, Trabucchi M. Basal, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases in human brain tumors. Acta Neurol Scand 1979;60:344-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou Y, Gupta N, Schoenlein P, An anti-tumor role for cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Cancer Lett 2006;240:60-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka Y, Mammoto T, Kirita T, Epinephrine inhibits invasion of oral squamous carcinoma cells by modulating intracellular cAMP. Cancer Lett 2002;176:143-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timoshenko AV, Xu G, Chakrabarti S, Role of prostaglandin E2 receptors in migration of murine and human breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2003;289:265-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata K, Kameyama M, Fukui F, Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitor, cilostazol, inhibits colon cancer cell motility. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999;17:525-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwan DG, Brunton VG, Baillie GS, Chemoresistant KM12C colon cancer cells are addicted to low cyclic AMP levels in a phosphodiesterase 4-regulated compartment via effects on phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Cancer Res 2007;67:5248-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Wadei HA, Schuller HM. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent cell type-specific modulation of mitogenic signaling by retinoids in normal and neoplastic lung cells. Cancer Detect Prev 2006;30:403-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huston E, Lynch MJ, Mohamed A, EPAC and PKA allow cAMP dual control over DNA-PK nuclear translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:12791-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Thomas HD, Batey MA, Preclinical evaluation of a potent novel DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor NU7441. Cancer Res 2006;66:5354-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shailubhai K, Yu HH, Karunanandaa K, Uroguanylin treatment suppresses polyp formation in the Apc(Min/+) mouse and induces apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells via cyclic GMP. Cancer Res 2000;60:5151-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitari GM, Di Guglielmo MD, Park J, Guanylyl cyclase C agonists regulate progression through the cell cycle of human colon carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:7846-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguchi A, Thompson WJ, Weinstein IB. Activation of protein kinase G is sufficient to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell migration in colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:3966-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Wu Q. Corin-mediated processing of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in human small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003;63:8318-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Li H, Underwood T, Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase activation and induction by exisulind and CP461 in colon tumor cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;299:583-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccolo M, Movsesian MA. cAMP and cGMP signaling cross-talk: role of phosphodiesterases and implications for cardiac pathophysiology. Circ Res 2007;100:1569-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderling SH, Beavo JA. Regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling: new phosphodiesterases and new functions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000;12:174-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naviglio S, Caraglia M, Abbruzzese A, Protein kinase A as a biological target in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009;13:83-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houslay MD, Schafer P, Zhang KY. Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1503-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan CK. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2006;533:110-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oki N, Takahashi SI, Hidaka H, Conti M. Short term feedback regulation of cAMP in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Role of PDE4D3 phosphodiesterase activation. J Biol Chem 2000;275:10831-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omori K, Kotera J. Overview of PDEs and their regulation. Circ Res 2007;100:309-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti M, Jin SL. The molecular biology of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1999;63:1-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin SL, Lan L, Zoudilova M, Conti M. Specific role of phosphodiesterase 4B in lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling in mouse macrophages. J Immunol 2005;175:1523-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch MJ, Baillie GS, Mohamed A, RNA silencing identifies PDE4D5 as the functionally relevant cAMP phosphodiesterase interacting with beta arrestin to control the protein kinase A/AKAP79-mediated switching of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to activation of ERK in HEK293B2 cells. J Biol Chem 2005;280:33178-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Peng MS, Chen Y, Structures of the four subfamilies of phosphodiesterase-4 provide insight into the selectivity of their inhibitors. Biochem J 2007;408:193-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke H, Wang H. Crystal structures of phosphodiesterases and implications on substrate specificity and inhibitor selectivity. Curr Top Med Chem 2007;7:391-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie SJ, Baillie GS, McPhee I, Long PDE4 cAMP specific phosphodiesterases are activated by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of a single serine residue in Upstream Conserved Region 1 (UCR1). Br J Pharmacol 2002;136:421-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann R, Baillie GS, Mackenzie SJ, The MAP kinase ERK2 inhibits the cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4D3 by phosphorylating it at Ser579. EMBO J 1999;18:893-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikaus CC, Stout JR, Sekharan MR, Solution structure of the cGMP binding GAF domain from phosphodiesterase 5: insights into nucleotide specificity, dimerization, and cGMP-dependent conformational change. J Biol Chem 2008;283:22749-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: a new target for the development of specific therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Ther 2006;109:366-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann R, Wilkinson IR, McCallum JF, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4D3 mutants which mimic activation and changes in rolipram inhibition triggered by protein kinase A phosphorylation of Ser-54: generation of a molecular model. Biochem J 1998;333 (Pt 1):139-49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sette C, Conti M. Phosphorylation and activation of a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Involvement of serine 54 in the enzyme activation. J Biol Chem 1996;271:16526-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie SJ, Baillie GS, McPhee I, ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase binding, phosphorylation, and regulation of the PDE4D cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases. The involvement of COOH-terminal docking sites and NH2-terminal UCR regions. J Biol Chem 2000;275:16609-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCahill A, McSorley T, Huston E, In resting COS1 cells a dominant negative approach shows that specific, anchored PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase isoforms gate the activation, by basal cyclic AMP production, of AKAP-tethered protein kinase A type II located in the centrosomal region. Cell Signal 2005;17:1158-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favot L, Keravis T, Lugnier C. Modulation of VEGF-induced endothelial cell cycle protein expression through cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE2 and PDE4. Thromb Haemost 2004;92:634-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughney K, Martins TJ, Harris EA, Isolation and characterization of cDNAs corresponding to two human calcium, calmodulin-regulated, 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Biol Chem 1996;271:796-806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender AT, Ostenson CL, Wang EH, Beavo JA. Selective up-regulation of PDE1B2 upon monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:497-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttorp N, Weber U, Welsch T, Schudt C. Role of phosphodiesterases in the regulation of endothelial permeability in vitro. J Clin Invest 1993;91:1421-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti M, Beavo J. Biochemistry and physiology of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: essential components in cyclic nucleotide signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 2007;76:481-511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feijge MA, Ansink K, Vanschoonbeek K, Heemskerk JW. Control of platelet activation by cyclic AMP turnover and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type-3. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:1559-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy MJ, Degerman E, Taira M, Characterization of two recombinant PDE3 (cGMP-inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) isoforms, RcGIP1 and HcGIP2, expressed in NIH 3006 murine fibroblasts and Sf9 insect cells. Biochemistry 1996;35:10194-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taira M, Hockman SC, Calvo JC, Molecular cloning of the rat adipocyte hormone-sensitive cyclic GMP-inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. J Biol Chem 1993;268:18573-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizawa T, Wei H, Miano JM, Role of phosphodiesterase 3 in NO/cGMP-mediated antiinflammatory effects in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2003;93:406-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger G, Michaeli T, Martins T, A family of human phosphodiesterases homologous to the dunce learning and memory gene product of Drosophila melanogaster are potential targets for antidepressant drugs. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:6558-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti M, Richter W, Mehats C, Cyclic AMP-specific PDE4 phosphodiesterases as critical components of cyclic AMP signaling. J Biol Chem 2003;278:5493-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houslay MD, Baillie GS, Maurice DH. cAMP-Specific phosphodiesterase-4 enzymes in the cardiovascular system: a molecular toolbox for generating compartmentalized cAMP signaling. Circ Res 2007;100:950-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehats C, Jin SL, Wahlstrom J, PDE4D plays a critical role in the control of airway smooth muscle contraction. FASEB J 2003;17:1831-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariga M, Neitzert B, Nakae S, Nonredundant function of phosphodiesterases 4D and 4B in neutrophil recruitment to the site of inflammation. J Immunol 2004;173:7531-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipworth BJ. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2005;365:167-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torphy TJ, Undem BJ. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: new opportunities for the treatment of asthma. Thorax 1991;46:512-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri LM, Calverley PM, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with long-acting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009;374:695-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring UM, Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009;374:685-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano D, De Stefano ME, Citro G, Expression of cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) in mouse tissues and cell lines using an antibody against the enzyme amino-terminal domain. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001;1539:16-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson KA, Ziegler JW, Rybalkin SD, Chronic pulmonary hypertension increases fetal lung cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. Am J Physiol 1998;275:L931-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghofrani HA, Schermuly RT, Rose F, Sildenafil for long-term treatment of nonoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1139-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermuly RT, Kreisselmeier KP, Ghofrani HA, Chronic sildenafil treatment inhibits monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:39-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki T, Kotera J, Yuasa K, Omori K. Identification of human PDE7B, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;271:575-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Irisarri E, Perez-Torres S, Mengod G. Neuronal expression of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 7B mRNA in the rat brain. Neuroscience 2005;132:1173-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong H, Osmanova V, Epstein PM, Brocke S. Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8) regulates chemotaxis of activated lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;345:713-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderling SH, Bayuga SJ, Beavo JA. Identification and characterization of a novel family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Biol Chem 1998;273:15553-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebb AL, Robertson HA, Denovan-Wright EM. Striatal phosphodiesterase mRNA and protein levels are reduced in Huntington's disease transgenic mice prior to the onset of motor symptoms. Neuroscience 2004;123:967-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher RW, Sutherland EW. Adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate in biological materials. I. Purification and properties of cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase and use of this enzyme to characterize adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate in human urine. J Biol Chem 1962;237:1244-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seybold J, Thomas D, Witzenrath M, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent expression of phosphodiesterase 2: role in endothelial hyperpermeability. Blood 2005;105:3569-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank JM. Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors: long-term risks and short-term benefits. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993;7:655-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobesh PP, Stacy ZA, Persson EL. Pharmacologic therapy for intermittent claudication. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29:526-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kambayashi J, Liu Y, Sun B, Cilostazol as a unique antithrombotic agent. Curr Pharm Des 2003;9:2289-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly MP, Mohler ER III. Cilostazol: treatment of intermittent claudication. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:48-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van SE, Strydom K, Williams Z, Roflumilast, an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, attenuates allergen-induced asthmatic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;116:292-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Sanchez-Toril F, McIvor A, Effect of 1-year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176:154-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt BM, Kusma M, Feuring M, The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:530-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb AB, Strober B, Krueger JG, An open-label, single-arm pilot study in patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis treated with an oral anti-inflammatory agent, apremilast. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:1529-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller E, Stief HJ, Pflug B, Hernandez M. Results of a phase II study of the antidepressant effect of rolipram. Pharmacopsychiatry 1984;17:188-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boswell-Smith V, Spina D, Page CP. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2006;147:(Suppl 1):S252-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghofrani HA, Osterloh IH, Grimminger F. Sildenafil: from angina to erectile dysfunction to pulmonary hypertension and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5:689-702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M, Samaja M. The role of PDE5-inhibitors in cardiopulmonary disorders: from basic evidence to clinical development. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:2181-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1468-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AI, Perini AF, Shering PA, Whalley LJ. In-patient major depression: is rolipram as effective as amitriptyline? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40:127-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spina D. PDE4 inhibitors: current status. Br J Pharmacol 2008;155:308-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billington CK, Le Jeune IR, Young KW, Hall IP. A major functional role for phosphodiesterase 4D5 in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008;38:1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak HJ, Park KM, Choi HE, PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast protects cardiomyocytes against NO-induced apoptosis via activation of PKA and Epac dual pathways. Cell Signal 2008;20:803-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter D, Jin SL, Conti M, Differential expression and function of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) subtypes in human primary CD4+ T cells: predominant role of PDE4D. J Immunol 2007;178:4820-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh L, Dantes A, Suh BS, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:981-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Paskind M, Weltzien R, Epstein PM. Expression and regulation of mRNA for distinct isoforms of cAMP-specific PDE-4 in mitogen-stimulated and leukemic human lymphocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 1998;28:135-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marko D, Pahlke G, Merz KH, Eisenbrand G. Cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterases: potential targets for anticancer therapy. Chem Res Toxicol 2000;13:944-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao AZ, Yan C, Sonnenburg WK, Beavo JA. Recent advances in the study of Ca2+/CaM-activated phosphodiesterases: expression and physiological functions. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 1997;31:237-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu K, Murata T, Watanabe Y, Characterization of phosphodiesterase 1 in human malignant melanoma cell lines. Anticancer Res 2009;29:1119-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netherton SJ, Maurice DH. Vascular endothelial cell cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and regulated cell migration: implications in angiogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2005;67:263-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favot L, Keravis T, Holl V, VEGF-induced HUVEC migration and proliferation are decreased by PDE2 and PDE4 inhibitors. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:334-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata T, Shimizu K, Narita M, Characterization of phosphodiesterase 3 in human malignant melanoma cell line. Anticancer Res 2002;22:3171-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillie GS, Huston E, Scotland G, TAPAS-1, a novel microdomain within the unique N-terminal region of the PDE4A1 cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase that allows rapid, Ca2+-triggered membrane association with selectivity for interaction with phosphatidic acid. J Biol Chem 2002;277:28298-309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldhoff P, Warrington NM, Limbrick DD Jr, Targeted inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4 promotes brain tumor regression. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:7717-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drees M, Zimmermann R, Eisenbrand G. 3′,5′-Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in tumor cells as potential target for tumor growth inhibition. Cancer Res 1993;53:3058-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouratidis PX, Colston KW, Bartlett JB, Antiproliferative effects of CC-8062 and CC-8075 in pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreas 2009;38:78-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming YM, Frame MC, Houslay MD. PDE4-regulated cAMP degradation controls the assembly of integrin-dependent actin adhesion structures and REF52 cell migration. J Cell Sci 2004;117:2377-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner A, Epstein PM. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as targets for treatment of haematological malignancies. Biochem J 2006;393:21-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers JA, Su DW, Lerner A. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and B and T cells differ in their response to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. J Immunol 2009;182:5400-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa R, Streiff MB, Bugayenko A, Kato GJ. Inhibition of PDE4 phosphodiesterase activity induces growth suppression, apoptosis, glucocorticoid sensitivity, p53, and p21(WAF1/CIP1) proteins in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Blood 2002;99:3390-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegmund B, Welsch J, Loher F, Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor suppresses expression of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family in B-CLL cells and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. Leukemia 2001;15:1564-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari S, Dong H, Kim EJ, Type 4 cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors augment glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) in the absence of exogenous adenylyl cyclase stimulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;69:473-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari S, Felekkis K, Moon EY, Among circulating hematopoietic cells, B-CLL uniquely expresses functional EPAC1, but EPAC1-mediated Rap1 activation does not account for PDE4 inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Blood 2004;103:2661-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita M, Murata T, Shimizu K, A role for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 in regulation of the growth of human malignant melanoma cells. Oncol Rep 2007;17:1133-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza GA, Thompson WJ, Pamukcu R, Exisulind, a novel proapoptotic drug, inhibits rat urinary bladder tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2001;61:3961-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu B, Vemavarapu L, Thompson WJ, Strada SJ. Suppression of cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase 5 promotes apoptosis and inhibits growth in HT29 cells. J Cell Biochem 2005;94:336-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini P, Meckel K, Kelso M, Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition augments endogenous antitumor immunity by reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cell function. J Exp Med 2006;203:2691-702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black KL, Yin D, Ong JM, PDE5 inhibitors enhance tumor permeability and efficacy of chemotherapy in a rat brain tumor model. Brain Res 2008;1230:290-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead CM, Earle KA, Fetter J, Exisulind-induced apoptosis in a non-small cell lung cancer orthotopic lung tumor model augments docetaxel treatment and contributes to increased survival. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:479-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon EY, Lerner A. Benzylamide sulindac analogues induce changes in cell shape, loss of microtubules and G(2)-M arrest in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell line and apoptosis in primary CLL cells. Cancer Res 2002;62:5711-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Andrea MR, Qiu Y, Haynes-Johnson D, Expression of PDE11A in normal and malignant human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2005;53:895-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libe R, Fratticci A, Coste J, Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) and genetic predisposition to adrenocortical tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:4016-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar