Dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease

Bibliography

• NUTT JG, CARTER JH, LEA ES, SEXTON GJ: Evolution of the response to levodopa during the first 4 years of therapy. Ann. Neurol (2002) 51:686–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARBATO L, STOCCHI F, MONGE A et al: The long-duration action of levodopa may be due to a postsynaptic effect. Neuropharinacol (1997) 20:394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOCCHI F, VACCA L, BERARDELLI A, DE PANDIS F, RUGGIERI S: Long-duration effect and the postsynaptic compartment: study using a dopamine agonist with a short half-life. Mov. Disord. (2001) 16:301–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRAG A, QUINN N: Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. A community-based study. Brain (2000) 123(Pt 11):2297–2305.
   Google Scholar
• JENNER P: Pathophysiology and biochemistry of dyskinesia: clues for the development of non-dopaminergic treatments. Neurol (2000) 247\(Suppl. 2):1143–1150.
   Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - ergot derivatives: bromocriptine: management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17\(Suppl. 4):S53–S67.
   Google Scholar
• ••References 6–9, 11, 79 and 84, a series ofarticles by a working group of the Movement Disorders Society in a supplement to the journal Movement Disorders, is a comprehensive evaluation of the DAs using evidence-based medicine criteria.
   Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - ergot derivatives: cabergoline: management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17\(Suppl. 4):S68–S71.
   Google Scholar
• ••See reference 6.
   Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - ergot derivatives: pergolide: management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17\(Suppl. 4):S79–S82.
   Google Scholar
• •• See reference 6.
   Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - non-ergot derivatives: pramipexole: management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17\(Suppl. 4):593–597.
   Google Scholar
• •• See reference 6.
   Google Scholar
• BIGLAN KM, HOLLOWAY RG: A review of pramipexole and its clinical utility in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opia Pharinacother. (2002) 3:197–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - non-ergot derivatives: ropinirole: management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17\(Suppl. 4):598–5102. See reference 6.
   Google Scholar
• MISSALE C, NASH SR, ROBINSON SW, JABER M, CARON MG: Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physic] Rev (1998) 78:189–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WICHMANN T, DELONG MR: Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: the MPTP primate model of the human disorder. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2003) 991:199–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YASUMOTO S, TANAKA E, HATTORI G, MAEDA H, HIGASHI H: Direct and indirect actions of dopamine on the membrane potential in medium spiny neurons of the mouse neostriatum. Neurophysiol (2002) 87:1234–1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOFIGHY A, ABBOTT A, CENTONZE D et al: Excitation by dopamine of rat subthalamic nucleus neurones in vitro - a direct action with unconventional pharmacology. Neuroscience (2003) 116:157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG Y, XU R, SASAOKA T et al: Dopamine D2 long receptor-deficient mice display alterations in striatum-dependent functions. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20:8305–8314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USIELLO A, BAIK JH, ROUGE-PONT F et al: Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors. Nature (2000) 408:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FETSKO LA, XU R, WANG Y: Alterations in D1/D2 synergism may account for enhanced stereotypy and reduced climbing in mice lacking dopamine D2L receptor. Brain Res. (2003) 967:191–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEDARD P, BOUCHER R: Effect of D1 receptor stimulation in normal and MPTP monkeys. Neurosci. Lett. (1989) 104:223–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRAUN A, FABBRINI G, MOURADIAN M et al.: Selective D-1 dopamine receptor agonist treatment of Parkinson's disease. I Neural Transin. (1987) 68:41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLANCHET P, BEDARD P, BRITTON D, KEBABIAN J: Differential effect of selective D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor agonists on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in 1-methy1-4-pheny1-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyri. I Phannacol Exp. Ther. (1993) 267:275–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRONDIN R, BEDARD P, BRITTON D,SHIOSAKI K: Potential therapeutic use of the selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist, A-86929: An acute study in parkinsonian levodopa-primed monkeys. Neurology (1997) 49:421–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLANCHET P, FANG J, GILLESPIE M et al: Effects of the full dopamine D1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine in Parkinson's disease. Cirri. Neuropharmacol (1998) 21:339–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOTTOLA DM, KILTS JD, LEWIS MM et al.: Functional selectivity of dopamine receptor agonists. I. Selective activation of postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors linked to adenylate cyclase. Phannacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 301:1166–1178.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH LA, JACKSON MJ, AL-BARGHOUTHY G, JENNER P: The actions of a D-1 agonist in MPTP treated primates show dependence on both D-1 and D-2 receptor function and tolerance on repeated administration. J. Neural Transm. (2002) 109:123–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GULWADI AG, KORPINEN CD, MAILMAN RB et al.: Dinapsoline: characterization of a D1 dopamine receptor agonist in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Phannacol Exp. Ther. (2001) 296:338–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLANCHET P, GRONDIN R, BEDARD P, SHIOSAKI K, BRITTON D: Dopamine D1 receptor desensitization profile in MPTP-lesioned primates. Eur. Phannacol (1996) 309:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURIEL MP, ORIEUX G, HIRSCH EC: Levodopa but not ropinirole induces an internalization of DI dopamine receptors in parkinsonian rats. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17:1174–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RASCOL 0, BLIN 0, THALAMAS C et al: ABT-431, a D1 receptor agonist prodrug, has efficacy in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol (1999) 45:736–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates the promise of DI agonists In patients with PD on LD.
   Google Scholar
• RASCOL 0, NUTT JG, BLIN 0 et al: Induction by dopamine D1 receptor agonist ABT-431 of dyskinesia similar to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease. Arch. Neurol (2001) 58:249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates the promise of DI agonists in patients with PD on LD, but somewhat dashes the hope that these agents would not exacerbate LID.
   Google Scholar
• TOMIYAMA K, MCNAMARA FN, CLIFFORD JJ et al: Phenotypic resolution of spontaneous and Dl-like agonist-induced orofacial movement topographies in congenic dopamine D1A receptor 'knockout' mice. Neurophannacology(2002) 42:644–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASSETTI F, DALLEY JW, ROBBINS TW: Double dissociation of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms on attentional performance using a rodent five-choice reaction time task. Psychophannacology (Berl.) (2003) 165(2):136–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YOSHIMURA N, KUNO S, CHANCELLOR MB, DE GROAT WC, SEKI S: Dopaminergic mechanisms underlying bladder hyperactivity in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-0HDA) lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. BE J. Pharmacol (2003) 139:1425–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Bladder dysfunction is a common problem In PD, this paper and many others from the slab reference within it have attempted to gain insight into the role of dopamine and dopaminomimetic medications in controlling this.
   Google Scholar
• SIBLEY DR: New insights into dopaminergic receptor function using antisense and genetically altered animals. Ann. Rev Phannacol Toxicol (1999) 39:313–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEZARD E, FERRY S, MACH U et al.: Attenuation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by normalizing dopamine D3 receptor function. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:762–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Excellent experimental paper showing thatIn non-human primates with LD-induced dyskinesias, D3 receptors are increased and D3 antagonists alleviate dyskinesias.
   Google Scholar
• SCHWARTZ JC, DIAZ J, PILON C, SOKOLOFF P: Possible implications of the dopamine D(3) receptor in schizophrenia and in antipsychotic drug actions. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev (2000) 31:277–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Good review and analysis summarising thepossible rules of the D3 receptor.
   Google Scholar
• DE PAULIS T: Sumanirole Pharmacia. Curr. Opia Investig. Drugs (2003) 4:77-82. 6*Good review of mostly abstract data onthis new agent.
   Google Scholar
• JOYCE JN, RY00 HL, BEACH TB et al.: Loss of response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease and co-occurrence with dementia: role of D3 and not D2 receptors. Brain Res. (2002) 955:138–152.
   Google Scholar
• GERLACH M, DOUBLE K, ARZBERGER T et al.: Dopamine receptor agonists in current clinical use: comparative dopamine receptor binding profiles defined in the human striatum. I Neural Transm. (2003) 110:1119–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OAK JN, OLDENHOF J, VAN TOL HH: The dopamine D(4) receptor: one decade of research. Eur. Phannacol (2000) 405:303–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent review of all aspects of the D4 receptor.
   Google Scholar
• MILLAN MJ, MAIOFISS L, CUSSAC D et al.: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. Phannacol Exp. Ther. (2002) 303:791–804.
   Google Scholar
• ••An Herculean effort examining theaffinities of most available agonists at multiple dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic and histamine receptors, followed by PCA to empirically derive groups of agents.
   Google Scholar
• NEWMAN-TANCREDI A, CUSSAC D, AUDINOT V et al.: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D (2) -like receptor and alpha(1)/ alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2002) 303:805–814.
   Google Scholar
• ••This complicated but excellent studycharacterises the effects of different DAs at a variety of receptor sites and exposes the problems of classification as agonists.
   Google Scholar
• KLAASSEN RJ, TROOST RJ, VERHOEVEN GT, KREPEL HP, VAN DER LELY AJ: Suggestive evidence for bromocriptine-induced pleurisy. Neth. Med. (1996) 48:232–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SERRATRICE J, DISDIER P, HABIB G, VIALLET F, WEILLER PJ: Fibrotic valvular heart disease subsequent to bromocriptine treatment. Cardiol Rev (2002) 10:334–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HELY MA, MORRIS JG, LAWRENCE S, JEREMY R, GENGE S: Retroperitoneal fibrosis, skin and pleuropulmonary changes associated with bromocriptine therapy. Aust. NZI. Med. (1991) 21:82–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NAKANISHI T, MIZUNO Y, GOTO I et al.: A nationwide collaborative study on the long-term effects of bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's disease. The fourth interim report. Eur. Neurol (1991) 31\(Suppl. 1):3–16.
   Google Scholar
• KAINS JP, HARDY JC, CHEVALIER C, COLLIER A: Retroperitoneal fibrosis in two patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bromocriptine. Acta Clin. Belg. (1990) 45:306–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BONUCCELLI U, COLZI A, DEL DOTTO P: Pergolide in the treatment of patients with early and advanced Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol (2002) 25:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARONE P, BRAVI D, BERMEJO-PAREJA F et al.: Pergolide monotherapy in the treatment of early PD: a randomized, controlled study. Pergolide Monotherapy Study Group. Neurology (1999) 53:573–579.
   Google Scholar
• BALACHANDRAN KP STEWART D, BERG GA, OLDROYD KG: Chronic pericardial constriction linked to the antiparkinsonian dopamine agonist pergolide. Postgrad. Med. J. (2002) 78:49–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VARSANO S, GERSHMAN M, HAMAOUI E: Pergolide-induced dyspnea, bilateral pleural effusion and peripheral edema. Respiration (2000) 67:580–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIBOWITZ M, LIEBERMAN AN, NEOPHYTIDES A, GOPINATHAN G, GOLDSTEIN M: The effects of pergolide on the cardiovascular system of 40 patients with Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol (1983) 37:121–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KURLAN R, MILLER C, KNAPP R, MURPHY G, SHOULSON I: Double-blind assessment of potential pergolide-induced cardiotoxicity. Neurology (1986) 36:993–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANNER CM, CHHABLANI R, GOETZ CG, KLAWANS HL: Pergolide mesylate: lack of cardiac toxicity in patients with cardiac disease. Neurology (1985) 35:918–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRITCHETT AM, MORRISON JF, EDWARDS WD et al: Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide. Mayo Clin. Proc. (2002) 77:1280–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAHIMTOOLA SH: Drug-related valvularheart disease: here we go again: will we do better this time? Mayo Clin. Proc. (2002) 77:1275–1277.
   Google Scholar
• DEL DOTTO P, BONUCCELLI U: Clinical pharmacokinetics of cabergoline. Pharmacokinet. (2003) 42:633–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PORTER MC, APPIAH-KUBF LS, CHAUDHURI KR: Treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome with cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine agonist. mt. . 1 Clin. Pract. (2002) 56:468–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUBBLE JP: Pre-clinical studies of pramipexole: clinical relevance. Eur. Neurol (2000) 7\(Suppl. 1):15–20.
   Google Scholar
• MATHESON AJ, SPENCER CM: Ropinirole: a review of its use in the management of Parkinson's disease. Drugs (2000) 60:115–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TULLOCH IF: Pharmacologic profile of ropinirole: a nonergoline dopamine agonist. Neurology (1997) 49:S58–S62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAYE CM, NICHOLLS B: Clinical pharmacokinetics of ropinirole. Pharmacokinet. (2000) 39:243–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAIR JD, OPPELT TF: Warfarin and ropinirole interaction. Ann. Pharmacother. (2001) 35:1202–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEARCE RK, BANERJI T, JENNER P, MARSDEN CD: De novo administration of ropinirole and bromocriptine induces less dyskinesia than L-dopa in the MPTP-treated marmoset. Mov. Disord. (1998) 13:234–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IM JH, HA JH, CHO IS, LEE MC: Ropinirole as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease A 16-week bromocriptine controlled study. J. Neurol (2003) 250:90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KORCZYN AD, THALAMAS C, ADLER CH: Dosing with ropinirole in a clinical setting. Acta Neurol Scand. (2002) 106:200–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRAG AE, BROOKS DJ, BRUNT E et al: The safety of ropinirole, a selective nonergoline dopamine agonist, in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol (1998) 21:169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEEF C, VAN LAAR T: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1999) 37:257–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GANCHER S: Pharmacokinetics of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Neural Transm. Suppl. (1995) 45:137–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GASSEN M, GROSS A, YOUDIM MB: Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist with remarkable antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Adv. Neurol (1999) 80:297–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DEWEY RB Jr, HUTTON JT, LEWITT PA, FACTOR SA: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneously injected apomorphine for parkinsonian off-state events. Arch. Neurol (2001) 58:1385–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOCCHI F, VACCA L, DE PANDIS MF et al.: Subcutaneous continuous apomorphine infusion in fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease: long-term results. Neurol Sci. (2001) 22:93–94.
   Google Scholar
• ••References 72–75 describe the long-termexperience with APO infusion, a burdensome but apparently very effective therapy that seems to have results comparable to subthalamic deep brain stimulation.
   Google Scholar
• PIETZ K, HAGELL P, ODIN P: Subcutaneous apomorphine in late stage Parkinson's disease: a long term follow up. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1998) 65:709–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••See reference 72.
   Google Scholar
• WENNING GK, BOSCH S, LUGINGER E, WAGNER M, POEWE W: Effects of long-term, continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions on motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol (1999) 80:545–548.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••See reference 72.
   Google Scholar
• MANSON AJ, TURNER K, LEES AJ: Apomorphine monotherapy in the treatment of refractory motor complications of Parkinson's disease: long-term follow-up study of 64 patients. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17:1235–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••See reference 72.
   Google Scholar
• ONDO W, HUNTER C, ALMAGUER M, JANKOVIC J: A novel sublingual apomorphine treatment for patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (1999) 14:664–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEWEY RB Jr, MARAGANORE DM, AHLSKOG JE, MATSUMOTO JY: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intranasal apomorphine spray as a rescue agent for off-states in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (1998) 13:782–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUNGINGER HE: Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine: from in vitro modelling to the Parkinson patient. Adv. Drug Deify. Rev (2002) 54\(Suppl. 1):557–575.
   Google Scholar
• PRIANO L, ALBANI G, CALDERONI S et al.: Controlled-release transdermal apomorphine treatment for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Li. (2002) 23\(Suppl. 2):599–S100.
   Google Scholar
• NUTT JG, CARTER JH: Apomorphine can sustain the long-duration response to L-DOPA in fluctuating PD. Neurology (2000) 54:247–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POEWE W, WENNING GK: Apomorphine: an underutilized therapy for Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2000) 15:789–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARONA-LEWICKA D, KURRASCH-ORBAUGH DM, SELKEN JR et al: Re-evaluation of lisuride pharmacology: 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor-mediated behavioral effects overlap its other properties in rats. Psychophannacology (Ben.) (2002) 164:93–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOCCHI F, VACCA L, ONOFRJ M: Are there clinically significant differences between dopamine agonists. Adv. Neurol (2003) 91:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - ergot derivatives: lisuride. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17:S74–S78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BHATT MH, KEENAN SP, FLEETHAM JA, CALNE DB: Pleuropulmonary disease associated with dopamine agonist therapy. Ann. Neurol (1991) 30:613–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOCCHI F, RUGGIERI S, VACCA L, OLANOW CW: Prospective randomized trial of lisuride infusion versus oral levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain (2002) 125:2058–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Excellent prospective study of lisurideinfusion - issues are comparable to APO infusion.
   Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED]: DA agonists - non-ergot derivatives: piribedil: management of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17:S90–S92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••See reference 9.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH L, JACKSON M, BONHOMME C et al.: Transdermal administration of piribedil reverses MPTP-induced motor deficits in the common marmoset. Clin. Neurophannacol (2000) 23(3):133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZIEGLER M, CASTRO-CALDAS A, DEL SIGNORE S, RASCO LO: Efficacy of piribedil as early combination to levodopa in patients with stable Parkinson's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov. Disord. (2003) 18:418–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAN EK, RATNAGOPAL P, HAN SY, WONG MC: Piribedil and bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease: a single-blind crossover study. Acta Neurol Scand. (2003) 107:202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALABRESE VP, LLOYD KA, BRANCAZIO P et al: N-0923, a novel soluble dopamine D2 agonist in the treatment of parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. (1998) 13:768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUTTON JT, METMAN LV, CHASE TN et al.: Transdermal dopaminergic D(2) receptor agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease with N-0923 TDS: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov. Disord. (2001) 16:459–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• METMAN LV, GILLESPIE M, FARMER C et al: Continuous transdermal dopaminergic stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neurophannacol (2001) 24:163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First report of what may be the first clinically available transdermal DA.
   Google Scholar
• NAVAN P, FINDLEY LJ, JEFFS JA, PEARCE RK, BAIN PG: Double-blind, single-dose, cross-over study of the effects of pramipexole, pergolide, and placebo on rest tremor and UPDRS part III in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2003) 18:176–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •References 94–96 describe studies that are good investigations of the hypothesis that DA do not treat tremor or that one DA is clearly superior to the other in that respect.
   Google Scholar
• POGARELL 0, GASSER T, VAN HILTEN JJ et al.: Pramipexole in patients with Parkinson's disease and marked drug resistant tremor: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicentre study. I Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2002) 72:713–720.
   Google Scholar
• •See reference 94.
   Google Scholar
• SCHRAG A, KEENS J, WARNER J: Ropinirole for the treatment of tremor in early Parkinson's disease. Eur. Neurol (2002) 9:253–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •See reference 94.
   Google Scholar
• JANKOVIC J, TINTNER R: Dystonia andparkinsonism. Parkinsonism Belot. Disord. (2001) 8:109–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KATZENSCHLAGER R, COSTA D, GACINOVIC S, LEES AJ: R123)ThFP-CIT-SPECT in the early diagnosis of PD presenting as exercise-induced dystonia. Neurology (2002) 59: 1974-1976.
   Google Scholar
• KLAWANS HL, PALEOLOGOS N: Dystonia-Parkinson syndrome: differential effects of levodopa and dopamine agonists. Clin. Neurophannacol (1986) 9:298–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RINNE UK, BRACCO F, CHOUZA C et al.: Early treatment of Parkinson's disease with cabergoline delays the onset of motor complications. Results of a double-blind levodopa controlled trial. The PKDS009 Study Group. Drugs (1998) 55\(Suppl. 1):23–30.
   Google Scholar
• •This study demonstrates that initial treatment with CAB delays the development of dyskinesias and other motor complications compared to LD.
   Google Scholar
• RINNE U: A 5 year double blind study with cabergoline versus levodopa in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Belot. Disord. (1999) 5:S84.
   Google Scholar
• OERTEL W: Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy (PELMOPET). Mov. Disord. (2000) 15\(Suppl. 3):4.
   Google Scholar
• PARKINSON STUDY GROUP: Pramipexole versus levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinson Study Group. JAMA (2000) 284:1931–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Reference 103 and 104 describe twostudies that are the most comprehensive trials demonstrating that initial treatment with DAs, specifically PRAM and ROP, delays the development of dyskinesias and other motor complications compared to LD.
   Google Scholar
• RASCOL 0, BROOKS DJ, KORCZYN AD et al.: A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N Engl. I Med. (2000) 342:1484–1491.
   Google Scholar
• ••See reference 103.
   Google Scholar
• ALBIN RL, FREY KA: Initial agonist treatment of Parkinson's disease: a critique. Neurology (2003) 60:390–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARKE CE, GUTTMAN M: Dopamine agonist monotherapy in Parkinson's disease. Lancet (2002) 360:1767–1769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHULMAN LM, MINAGAR A, RABINSTEIN A, WEINER WJ: The use of dopamine agonists in very elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2000) 15:664–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHAPIRA AH: Neuroprotection and dopamine agonists. Neurology (2002) 58:S9–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •The idea that DA are neuroprotective is very influential. References 108–111 provide excellent summaries and analysis of the available data.
   Google Scholar
• YAMAMOTO M: Do dopamine agonists provide neuroprotection? Neurology (1998) 51:S10–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •See reference 108.
   Google Scholar
• LE WD, JANKOVIC J: Are dopamine receptor agonists neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease? Drugs Aging (2001) 18:389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• • See reference 108.
   Google Scholar
• KITAMURA Y, TANIGUCHI T, SHIMOHAMA S, AKAIKE A, NOMURA Y: Neuroprotective mechanisms of antiparkinsonian dopamine D2-receptor subfamily agonists. Neurochem. Res. (2003) 28:1035–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• • See reference 108.
   Google Scholar
• OHTA K, KUNO S, MIZUTA I et al: Effects of dopamine agonists bromocriptine, pergolide, cabergoline and SKF-38393 on GDNF, NGF, and BDNF synthesis in cultured mouse astrocytes. Life Sci. (2003) 73:617–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHONE AL, WATTS RL, STOESSL AJ et al.: Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: the REAL-PET study. Ann. Neurol (2003) 54:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •• Extremely influential study; ROP, which reduces motor complications of LD, showed less decline of a dopamine terminal-associated leg and for in vivo imaging. This has led the authors to believe that this in fact slows neurodegeneration; a conclusion that is very much in debate at present.
   Google Scholar
• RAKSHI JS, PAVESE N, UEMA T et al.: A comparison of the progression of early Parkinson's disease in patients started on ropinirole or L-dopa: an (18)F-dopa PET study. J. Neural Transm. (2002) 109:1433–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARKINSON STUDY GROUP: Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole versus levodopa on Parkinson's disease progression. JAMA (2002) 287:1653–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The multi-centre studies described in references 113 and 115 demonstrate that Initial treatment with PRAM and ROP, respectively slow the decline in an imaging marker for dopamine terminals compared to LD. These are major provocateurs in the debate on neuroprotection with DAs.
   Google Scholar
• GUTTMAN M, STEWART D, HUSSEY D et al.: Influence of L-dopa and pramipexole on striatal dopamine transporter in early PD. Neurology (2001) 56:1559–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AHLSKOG JE, UITTI RJ, O'CONNOR MK et al.: The effect ofdopamine agonist therapy on dopamine transporter imaging in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (1999) 14:940–946.
   Google Scholar
• AHLSKOG JE: Slowing Parkinson's disease progression: recent dopamine agonist trials. Neurology (2003) 60:381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Influential editorial.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE CE, SPELLER JM: Pergolide versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2000):CD000236.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE CE, DEANE KH: Ropinirole versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2001):CD001517.
   Google Scholar
• GUTTMAN M: Double-blind comparison of pramipexole and bromocriptine treatment with placebo in advanced Parkinson's disease. International Pramipexole-Bromocriptine Study Group. Neurology (1997) 49:1060–1065.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE CE, SPELLER JM, CLARKE JA: Pramipexole versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2000):CD002259.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE CE, DEANE KD: Cabergoline versus bromocriptine for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2001):CD001519.
   Google Scholar
• HANNA PA, RATKOS L, ONDO WG, JANKOVIC J: Switching from pergolide to pramipexole in patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. (2001) 108:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABE K, TAKANASHI M, YANAGIHARA T, SAKODA S: Pergolide mesilate may improve fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease. Behav. Neurol (2001) 13:117–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORRIGAN MH, DENAHAN AQ, WRIGHT CE, RAGUAL RJ, EVANS DL: Comparison of pramipexole, fluoxetine, and placebo in patients with major depression. Depress. Anxiety (2000) 11:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LATTANZI L, DELLOSSO L, CASSANO P et al: Pramipexole in treatment-resistant depression: a 16-week naturalistic study. Bipolar Disord. (2002) 4:307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BONELLI RM, NIEDERWIESER G, DIEZ J, GRUBER A, KOLTRINGER P: Pramipexole ameliorates neurologic and psychiatric symptoms in a Westphal variant of Huntington's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol (2002) 25:58–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANSEN PA, HERINGS RM, SAMSON MM et al.: Quick titration of pergolide in cotreatment with domperidone is safe and effective. Clin. NeuropharmacoL (2001) 24:177–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOWERS J, CATANIA R, PARIS J, TUCK M: Effects of bromocriptine on renin, aldosterone, and prolactin responses to posture and metoclopramide in idiopathic edema: possible therapeutic approach. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1982) 54:510–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CATANIA RA, SOWERS JR, STERN N, TUCK ML, PARIS J: Altered dopaminergic modulation of sympathetic nervous system activity in idiopathic edema. J. Endocrinol Invest. (1984) 7:461–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONDO WG, LEVY JK, VUONG KD, HUNTER C, JANKOVIC J: Olanzapine treatment for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17:1031–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAN EK, ONDO W: Clinical characteristics of pramipexole-induced peripheral edema. Arch. Neurol (2000) 57:729–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN JS: Erythromelalgia: new theories and new therapies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol (2000) 43:841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLEUMINK GS, VAN DER MOLEN-EIJGENRAAM M, STRIJBOS JH et al: Pergolide-induced pleuropulmonary fibrosis. Clin. Neuropharmacol (2002) 25:290–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECHSNER M, GROENKE L, MUELLER D: Pleural fibrosis associated with dihydroergocryptine treatment. Acta Neurol Scand. (2000) 101:283–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLER T, FRITZE J: Fibrosis associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol (2003) 26:109–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUND BC, NEIMAN RE PERRY PJ: Treatment of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole after pergolide-induced retroperitoneal fibrosis. Pharmacotherapy (1999) 19:1437–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BHATT MH, KEENAN SP, FLEETHAM JA, CALNE DB: Pleuropulmonary disease associated with dopamine agonist therapy. Ann. Neurol (1991) 30:613–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RINNE U: Pleuropulmonary changes during long-term bromocriptine treatment for Parkinson's disease. Lancet (1981) 1:44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LING LH, AHLSKOG JE, MUNGER TM, LIMPER AH, OH JK: Constrictive pericarditis and pleuropulmonary disease linked to ergot dopamine agonist therapy (cabergoline) for Parkinson's disease. Mayo Gin Proc. (1999) 74:371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEMINIANI G, FETONI V, GENITRINI S et al: Cabergoline in Parkinson's disease complicated by motor fluctuations. Mov. Disord. (1996) 11:495–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECHSNER M, GROENKE L, MUELLER D: Pleural fibrosis associated with dihydroergocryptine treatment. Acta Neurol Scand. (2000) 101:283–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SILBERSTEIN SD: Methysergide. Cephalalgia (1998) 18:421–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARNULF I, KONOFAL E, MERINO-ANDREU M et al.: Parkinson's disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD. Neurology (2002) 58:1019–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONDO WG, DAT VUONG K, KHAN H et al: Daytime sleepiness and other sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurology (2001) 57:1392–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERREIRA JJ, GALITZKY M, MONTASTRUC JL, RASCOL 0: Sleep attacks and Parkinson's disease treatment. Lancet (2000) 355:1333–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRUCHT S, ROGERS JD, GREENE PE, GORDON MF, FAHN S: Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology (1999) 52:1908–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHLESINGER I, RAVIN PD: Dopamine agonists induce episodes of irresistible daytime sleepiness. Eur. Neurol (2003) 49:30–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIEVES AV, LANG AE: Treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease with modafinil. Neuropharmacol (2002) 25:111–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAUS S, BRECHT HM, KOSTER J et al: Sleep attacks, daytime sleepiness, and dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. (2003) 18:659–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANESI M, ANTONINI A, MARIANI CB et al.: An overnight switch to ropinirole therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Short communication. J. Neural Transm. (1999) 106:925–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOETZ CG, BLASUCCI L, STEBBINS GT: Switching dopamine agonists in advanced Parkinson's disease: is rapid titration preferable to slow? Neurology (1999) 52:1227–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOCCHI MDPF, VACCA L, BERARDELLI A et al.: Dual dopamine agonist treatment in Parkinson's disease. Neurol (2003) 250:822–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAVAN P, BAIN PG: Long term tolerability of high dose ergoline derived dopamine agonist therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. ./. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2002) 73:602–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEHRENS S, SOMMERVILLE K: Non-oral drug delivery in Parkinson's disease: a summary from the symposium at the 7th International Congress of Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders. 10–14 November 2002, Miami, FL, USA. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2003) 4:595–599.
   Google Scholar
• COLEMAN RJ, LANGE KW, QUINN NP et al: The antiparkinsonian actions and pharmacokinetics of transdermal (-0-4-propy1-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (÷PHNO): preliminary results. Mov. Disord. (1989) 4:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOERGER TJ, BALA MV, ROWLAND C et al: Cost effectiveness of pramipexole in Parkinson's disease in the US. Pharmacoeconornics (1998) 14:541–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••References 158, 159 and 160 areimportant analyses addressing the question of whether the more expensive DAs are cost effective.
   Google Scholar
• ISKEDJIAN M, EINARSON TR: Cost analysis of ropinirole versus levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacoeconornics (2003) 21:115–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••See reference 158.
   Google Scholar
• SHIMBO T, HIRA K, TAKEMURA M, FUKUI T: Cost-effectiveness analysis of dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in Japan. Pharmacoeconornics (2001) 19:875–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••See reference 158.
   Google Scholar