An update on the therapeutic potential of vitamin D analogues

Bibliography

• GURR MI, JAMES AT: Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY (1977):112.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH EL, HILL RL, LEHMAN IR, LEFKOWITZ RJ, HANDLER P, WHITE A: Principles of Biochemistry: General Aspects (7th Ed.). McGraw Hill, Tokyo (1983):91, 118–120.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW, SONG X, ZANELLO L, BULA C, OKAMURA WH: Rapid and genomic biological responses are mediated by different shapes of the agonist steroid hormone, 1 alpha, 25 (OH) 2vitamin D3. Steroids (1999) 64:120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Discusses different conformations of1,25(OH)2D3 and relates these to function.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW, HENRY HL, BISHOP JE, SONG XD, BULA C, OKAMURA WH: Different shapes of the steroid hormone 1 alpha, 25 (OH) (2) -vitamin D(3) act as agonists for two different receptors in the vitamin D endocrine system to mediate genomic and rapid responses. Steroids (2001) 66:147–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Discusses different conformations of1,25(OH)2D3 and relates these to function.
   Google Scholar
• ASKEW FA, BOURDILLON RB, BRUCE HM, JENKINS RGC, WEBSTER TA: The distillation of vitamin D. Proc. R. Soc. B(1930) 107:76–90.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH EL, HILL RL, LEHMAN IR, LEFKOWITZ RJ, HANDLER P, WHITE A: Principles of Biochemistry: Marnallian Biochemistry (7th Ed.). McGraw Hill, Tokyo (1983):674–675.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW: The mode of action of vitamin D. Biol. Rev (1968) 43:97–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAO DS, DAYAL R, SIU-CALDERA ML et al.: Isolation and identification of 4,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2: a novel A-ring hydroxylated metabolite of vitamin D2. .1. Steroid Biochem. Mol Biol. (1999) 71:63–70.
   Google Scholar
• NESS WR, MCKEAN ML: Biochemistry of Steroids and Other Isopentenoids. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, USA (1977):604–629.
   Google Scholar
• HOLICK MF: McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: Vitamin D- new horizons for the 21st century. Am. Clin. Nutt: (1994) 60:619–630.
   Google Scholar
• ••Elucidates important aspects of vitamin Dbiology not often expounded upon in other papers.
   Google Scholar
• KODICEK E: The story of vitamin D from vitamin to hormone. Lancet (1974) 7853:325–329.
   Google Scholar
• HADDAD JG: Plasma vitamin D-bindingprotein (Gc-globulin): multiple tasks. .1. Steroid Biochem. Mol Biol. (1995) 53:579–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HADDAD JG, HU YZ, KOWALSKI MA et al.: Identification of the sterol- and actin-binding domains of plasma vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin). Biochemistry (1992) 31:7174–7181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOMSTRAND R, FORSGREN L: Intestinal absorption and esterification of vitamin D3-1,2-3H in man. Acta Chem. Scand. (1967) 21:1662–1663.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COMPSTON JE, MERRETT AL, HAMMETT FG, MAGILL P: Comparison of the appearance of radiolabelled vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in the chylomicron fraction of plasma after oral administration in man. Clin. Sci. (Lond) (1981) 60:241–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SITRIN MD, POLLACK KL, BOLT MJ, ROSENBERG IH: Comparison of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D absorption in the rat. Am.j Physiol (1982) 242:G326–G332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUELAND S, PEDERSEN JI, HELGERUD P, DREVON CA: Absorption, distribution, and transport of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Am. .1 Physiol (1983) 245(5, Pt 1):E463–E467.
   Google Scholar
• MAISLOS M, SILVER J, FAINARU M: Intestinal absorption of vitamin D sterols: differential absorption into lymph and portal blood in the rat. Gastroenterology (1981) 80:1528–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW: Nomenclature and abbreviations for vitamin D metabolites. Lancet (1974) 1:1169-1170 (Letter).
   Google Scholar
• BLUNT JW, DELUCA HF, SCHNOES HK: 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol. A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry (1968) 7:3317–3312.
   Google Scholar
• PARFITT AM, GALLAGHER JC, HEANEY RP, JOHNSTON CC, NEER R, WHEDON GD: Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. Am. I Clin. Num (1982) 36:1014–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLLIS BW: Assessment of vitamin D nutritional and hormonal status: what to measure and how to do it. Cakif Tissue Int. (1996) 58:4–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEUSKENS M, TORRES JM, ESTEBAN C, URIEL J: Endocytosis of three serum proteins of a multigene family and of arachidonic acid in human lectin-stimulated T lymphocytes. Microsc. Res. Tech. (1994) 28:297-307. 25(01–1)D may enter cells by endocytosis.
   Google Scholar
• NYKJAER A, DRAGUN D, WALTHER D et al.: An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. Cell (1999) 96:507–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••25(01–1)D may enter cells by endocytosis.
   Google Scholar
• NYKJAER A, FYFE JC, KOZYRAKI R et al.: Cubilin dysfunction causes abnormal metabolism of the steroid hormone 25(OH) vitamin D(3). Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98:13895–13900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••25(01–1)D may enter cells by endocytosis.
   Google Scholar
• LAWSON DE, FRASER DR, KODICEK E, MORRIS HR, WILLIAMS DH: Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a new kidney hormone controlling calcium metabolism. Nature (1971) 230:228–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLICK ME SCHNOES HK, DELUCA HF: Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1971) 68:803–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW, MYRTLE JF, MID GETT RJ, NOWICKI HG, WILLIAMS V, POPJAK G: 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol: identification of the proposed active form of vitamin D3 in the intestine. Science (1971) 173:51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLICK ME SCHNOES HK, DELUCA HF, GRAY RW, BOYLE IT, SUDA T: Isolation and identification of 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D made in the kidney. Biochemistry (1972) 11:4251–4255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARKINS RG, MACAULEY SJ, MACINTYRE I: Feedback control of vitamin D metabolism by a nuclear action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the kidney. Nature (1974) 252:412–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAUSSLER MR, WHITFIELD GK, HAUSSLER CA et al.: The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. Bone Miner. Res. (1998) 13:325–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Detailed review of VDRnuc.
   Google Scholar
• TAFT JL, LARKINS RG: A role for the cytoskeleton in renal vitamin D metabolism.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1986) 134:218–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN KS, PRAHL JM, DELUCA HF: Isolation and expression of human 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase cDNA. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:4543–4547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKAKI T, SAWADA N, NONAKA Y, OHYAMA Y, INOUYE K: Metabolic studies using recombinant escherichia coli cells producing rat mitochondrial CYP24 CYP24 can convert lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to calcitroic acid. Euc Biochem. (1999) 262:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Metabolism of 1,25(014)2D.
   Google Scholar
• ZIMMERMAN DR, REINHARDT TA, KREMER R, BEITZ DC, REDDY GS, HORST RL: Calcitroic acid is a major catabolic metabolite in the metabolism of 1 alpha-dihydroxyvitamin D(2). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2001) 392:14–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONISKO BL, ESVELT RP, SCHNOES HK, DELUCA HF: Metabolites of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat bile. Biochemistry (1980) 19:4124–4130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHIZUKA S, TAKESHITA T, NORMAN AW: Naturally occurring 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a mixture of both C-24R and C-245 epimers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1984) 234:97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites.
   Google Scholar
• PAPAPOULOS SE, CLEMENS TL, FRAHER LJ, GLEED J, O'RIORDAN JL: Metabolites of vitamin D in human vitamin-D deficiency: effect of vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Lancet (1980) 2(Pt 1):612–615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites.
   Google Scholar
• TJELLESEN L, HUMMER L, CHRISTIANSEN C, RODBRO P: Serum concentration of vitamin D metabolites during treatment with vitamin D2 and D3 in normal premenopausal women. Bone Miner. (1983) 1:407–413.
   Google Scholar
• ••Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites.
   Google Scholar
• ISHIMURA E, NISHIZAWA Y, INABA M eta].: Serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. (1999) 55:1019–1027.
   Google Scholar
• ••Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites.
   Google Scholar
• MAWER EB, JONES G, DAVIES M et al: Unique 24-hydroxylated metabolites represent a significant pathway of metabolism of vitamin D2 in humans: 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D2 detectable in human serum. .1. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1998) 83:2156–2166.
   Google Scholar
• ••A 24-hydroxy endocrine pathway ofvitamin D2 in humans.
   Google Scholar
• NEMERE I: Apparent nonnuclear regulation of intestinal phosphate transport: effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology (1996) 137:2254–2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Reports complex interactions between vitamin D metabolites. Alludes to data consistent with the presence of a specific membrane receptor for 25(OH)D and demonstrates a rapid effect of 20 n1V1 25(01-)D.
   Google Scholar
• RACZ A, BARSONY J: Hormone-dependent translocation of vitamin D receptors is linked to transactivation. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274:19352–19360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Powerful application of experimental methodology to provide important data on hormone and receptor mechanisms of action.
   Google Scholar
• BOLAND R, DE BOLAND AR, BUITRAGO C et al.: Non-genomic stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation cascades by 1,25(OH) (2)D(3) by VDR-dependent and -independent mechanisms in muscle cells. Steroids (2002) 67:477–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIAN JB, STEIN JL, STEIN GS et al.: Contributions of nuclear architecture and chromatin to vitamin D-dependent transcriptional control of the rat osteocalcin gene. Steroids (2001) 66:159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILHELM F, NORMAN AW: Cooperativity in the binding of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the chick intestinal receptor. FEBS Lett. (1984) 170:239–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••1,25(01)2D binds VDRnuc withcooperativity.
   Google Scholar
• WILHELM F, NORMAN AW: 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding to its chick intestinal receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1985) 126:496–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••VDRnuc may have a binding site for 24,25(01)2D.
   Google Scholar
• WILHELM F, ROSS FP, NORMAN AW: Specific binding of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to chick intestinal mucosa: 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an allosteric effector of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1986) 249:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••24,25(01–1)2D may affect binding of1,25(01)2D to VDRnuc.
   Google Scholar
• KATO A, SEO EG, EINHORN TA, BISHOP JE, NORMAN AW: Studies on 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: evidence for a nonnuclear membrane receptor in the chick tibial fracture-healing callus. Bone (1998) 23:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEMERE I, SCHWARTZ Z, PEDROZO H, SYLVIA VL, DEAN DD, BOYAN BD: Identification of a membrane receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which mediates rapid activation of protein kinase C. J. Bone Miner. Res. (1998) 13:1353–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •• VDRmem1,25.
   Google Scholar
• NEMERE I, YAZZIE-ATKINSON D, JOHNS DO, LARSSON D: Biochemical characterization and purification of a binding protein for 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from chick intestine. Endocrinol (2002) 172:211-219. •• VDRmem24,25.
   Google Scholar
• BOYAN BD, BONEWALD LF, SYLVIA VL et al.: Evidence for distinct membrane receptors for 1 alpha,25-(OH) (2)D(3) and 24R,25-(OH) (2)D(3) in osteoblasts. Steroids (2002) 67:235–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEMERE I, DORMANEN MC, HAMMOND MW, OKAMURA WH, NORMAN AW: Identification of a specific binding protein for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in basal-lateral membranes of chick intestinal epithelium and relationship to transcaltachia. f Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:23750–23756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW: Receptors for 1 alpha,25 (OH)2D3: past, present, and future. Bone Miner. Res. (1998) 13:1360–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKATA M, TSUBOI S, TAKENAKA M et al.: Specific cytosol binding proteins for 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in human breast cancers. Endocrinol fpn. (1981) 28:741–746.
   Google Scholar
• ••There may be a cystosolic binding proteinfor 25(01-)D.
   Google Scholar
• TEEGARDEN D, NICKEL KP, SHI L: Characterization of 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding protein from intestinal cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 275:845–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••There may be a cystosolic binding proteinfor 25(01-)D.
   Google Scholar
• BARSONY J, MARX SJ: Receptor-mediated rapid action of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: increase of intracellular cGMP in human skin fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85:1223–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEMERE I, RAY R, MCMANUS W: Immunochemical studies on the putative plasmalemmal receptor for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). I. Chick intestine. Am. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. (2000) 278:E1104–E1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW, BOUILLON R, FARACH-CARSON MC et al: Demonstration that 1 beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an antagonist of the nongenomic but not genomic biological responses and biological profile of the three A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. I Biol. Chem. (1993) 268:20022–20030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWARD GA, TURNER RT, SHERRARD DJ, BAYLINK DJ: Human bone cells in culture metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. I Biol. Chem. (1981) 256:7738–7740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Relevant to autocrine/paracrine vitamin Dsystem in bone.
   Google Scholar
• ICHIKAWA F, SATO K, NANJO M et al: Mouse primary osteoblasts express vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase mRNA and convert 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 into 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Bone (1995) 16:129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Relevant to autocrine/paracrine vitamin Dsystem in bone.
   Google Scholar
• SCHUESSLER M, ASTECKER N, HERZIG G, VORISEK G, SCHUSTER I: Skin is an autonomous organ in synthesis, two-step activation and degradation of vitamin D(3): CYP27 in epidermis completes the set of essential vitamin D(3)-hydroxylases. Steroids (2001) 66:399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOSSEINPOUR F, NORLIN M, WIKVALL K: Kidney microsomal 25- and 1alpha-hydroxylase in vitamin D metabolism: catalytic properties, molecular cloning, cellular localization and expression during development.Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2002) 1580:133–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELL NH: Renal and nonrenal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-lalpha-hydroxylases and their clinical significance. I Bone Miner. Res. (1998) 13:350–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USKOKOVIC MR, NORMAN AW, MANCHAND PS et al.: Highly active analogs of lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) that resist metabolism through C-24 oxidation and C-3 epimerization pathways. Steroids (2001) 66:463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Very helpful to the understanding of themetabolism of 1,25(01-02D and the chemistry and related potency of analogues of that metabolite.
   Google Scholar
• HARANT H, SPINNER D, REDDY GS, LINDLEY IJ: Natural metabolites of lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) retain biologic activity mediated through the vitamin D receptor. I Cell Biochem. (2000) 78:112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZEHNDER D, BLAND R, CHANA RS et al.: Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: a novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion. Am. Soc. Nephrol (2002) 13:621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARFITT AM: Bone and plasma calcium homeostasis. Bone (1987) 8\(Suppl. 1):S1–58.
   Google Scholar
• ALOIA JF, VASWANI A, YEH JK, ELLIS K, YASUMURA S, COHN SH: Calcitriol in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am. Med. (1988) 84(3, Pt 1):401–408.
   Google Scholar
• BOLTZ-NITULESCU G, WILLHEIM M, SPITTLER A, LEUTMEZER F, TEMPFER C, WINKLER S: Modulation of IgA, IgE, and IgG Fc receptor expression on human mononuclear phagocytes by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines. Leukoc. Biol. (1995) 58:256–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLAVREUL A, D'HELLENCOURT CL, MONTERO-MENEI C, POTRON G, COUEZ D: Vitamin D differentially regulates B7.1 and B7.2 expression on human peripheral blood monocytes. Immunology (1998) 95:272–277.
   Google Scholar
• HUSTMYER FG, GIRASOLE G, MANOLAGAS SC: Signal-dependent pleiotropic regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: potent modulation of the hormonal effects by phorbol esters. Immunology (1992) 77:520–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEMIRE JM, ADAMS JS, SAKAI R, JORDAN SC: 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses proliferation and immunoglobulin production by normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1984) 74:657–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REICHEL H, KOEFFLER HP, NORMAN AW: Synthesis in vitro of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by interferon-gamma-stimulated normal human bone marrow and alveolar macrophages. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262:10931–10937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Immune cells may metabolise 25(OH)D toother metabolites at a high substrate-product conversion efficiency.
   Google Scholar
• SPITTLER A, WILLHEIM M, LEUTMEZER F et al: Effects of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines on the expression of MHC antigens, complement receptors and other antigens on human blood monocytes and U937 cells: role in cell differentiation, activation and phagocytosis. Immunology (1997) 90:286–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERER A, STOCKL J, MAJDIC 0 et al.: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits dendritic cell differentiation and maturation M vitro. Exp. Hematol (2000) 28:575–583.
   Google Scholar
• D'AMBROSIO D, CIPPITELLI M, COCCIOLO MG et al.: Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. j Gun. Invest. (1998) 101:252–262.
   Google Scholar
• GRIFFIN MD, LUTZ WH, PHAN VA, BACHMAN LA, MCKEAN DJ, KUMAR R: Potent inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and maturation by vitamin D analogs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 270:701–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRIFFIN MD, LUTZ W, PHAN VA, BACHMAN LA, MCKEAN DJ, KUMAR R: Dendritic cell modulation by lalpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: a vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity M vitro and in vivo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sri. USA (2001) 98:6800–6805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PENNA G, ADORINI L: 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. Immunol (2000) 164:2405–2410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGH S, AIBA S, MANOME H, TAGAMI H: The effects of dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and vitamin D(3) on the activation of dendritic cells stimulated by haptens. Arch. Dermatol Res. (1999) 291:548–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOONSTRA A, BARRAT FJ, CRAIN C, HEATH VL, SAVELKOUL HF, O'GARRA A: lalpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. Immunol (2001) 167:4794–4780.
   Google Scholar
• MULLER K, BENDTZEN K: Inhibition of human T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Differential effects on CD45RA+ and CD45R0+ cells. Autoimmunig, (1992) 14:37–43.
   Google Scholar
• MULLER K, ODUM N, BENDTZEN K: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively reduces interleukin-2 levels and proliferation of human T cell lines in vitro. Immunol Lett. (1993) 35:177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIGBY WF, HAMILTON BJ, WAUGH MG: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the effects of interleukin 2 independent of IL-2 receptor binding. Cell Immunol (1990) 125:396–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOWERS TL, STAEVA TP, FREEDMAN LP: A two-hit mechanism for vitamin D3-mediated transcriptional repression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene: vitamin D receptor competes for DNA binding with NFAT1 and stabilizes c-Jun. Ma Cell Biol. (1999) 19:4191–4199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONSOLINI R, PALA S, LEGITIMO A,CRIMALDI G, FERRARI S, FERRARI S: Effects of vitamin D on the growth of normal and malignant B-cell progenitors. Clin. Exp. Immunol (2001) 126:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORGAN JW, MORGAN DM, LASKY SR, FORD D, KOUTTAB N, MAIZEL AL: Requirements for induction of vitamin D-mediated gene regulation in normal human B lymphocytes. .1 Immunol (1996) 157:2900–2908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROVVEDINI DM, TSOUKAS CD, DEFTOS LJ, MANOLAGAS SC: 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-binding macromolecules in human B lymphocytes: effects on immunoglobulin production. Immunol (1986) 136:2734–2740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BHATIA M, KIRKLAND JB, MECKLING-GILL KA: Monocytic differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is independent of nuclear receptor binding. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:15962–15965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERRY DM, ANTOCHI R, BHATIA M, MECKLING-GILL KA: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates expression and translocation of protein kinase Calpha and Cdelta via a nongenomic mechanism and rapidly induces phosphorylation of a 33-kDa protein in acute promyelocytic NB4 cells." Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:16090–16096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKEDA E, TAKATA K, YAMANAKA H et al.: Vitamin D3 elicits calcium response and activates blood monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with vitamin D dependent rickets Type II. FEBS Lett. (1996) 396:157–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Vitamin D may act on immune cells through pathways independent of VDRnuc.
   Google Scholar
• ZANELLO SB, COLLINS ED, MARINISSEN MJ, NORMAN AW, BOLAND RL: Vitamin D receptor expression in chicken muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts. Horm. Metab. Res. (1997) 29:231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SONNENBERG J, LUINE VN, KREY LC, CHRISTAKOS S: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment results in increased choline acetyltransferase activity in specific brain nuclei. Endocrinology (1986) 118:1433–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIMPSON RU, THOMAS GA, ARNOLD AJ: Identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities in muscle. Biol. Chem. (1985) 260:8882–8891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOLAND R, NORMAN A, RITZ E, HASSELBACH W: Presence of a 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 receptor in chick skeletal muscle myoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1985) 128:305–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRGE SJ, HADDAD JG: 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol stimulation of muscle metabolism. Clin. Invest. (1975) 56:1100–1107.
   Google Scholar
• CURRY OB, BASTEN JF, FRANCIS MJO, SMITH R: Calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle from vitamin D-deficient rabbits. Nature (1974) 249:83–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODMAN JS, BAKER T: Changes in the kinetics of muscle contraction in vitamin D-depleted rats. Kidney Int. (1978) 13:189–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PLEASURE D, WYSZYNSKI B, SUMNER A et al.: Skeletal muscle calcium metabolism and contractile force in vitamin D-deficient chicks. J. Gin. Invest. (1979) 64:1157–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POINTON JJ, FRANCIS MJO, SMITH R: Effect of vitamin D deficiency on sarcoplasmic reticulum function and troponin C concentration of rabbit skeletal muscle. Clin. Sci. (1979) 57:257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHATTERJEE M: Vitamin D and genomic stability. Mutat Res. (2001) 475:69–87.
   Google Scholar
• SIMBOLI-CAMPBELL M, NARVAEZ CJ, VAN WEELDEN K, TENNIS WOOD M, WELSH J: Comparative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and EB1089 on cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1997) 42:31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW, ISHIZUKA S, OKAMURA WH: Ligands for the vitamin D endocrine system: different shapes function as agonists and antagonists for genomic and rapid response receptors or as a ligand for the plasma vitamin D binding protein. .1 Steroid Biochem. Mol Biol. (2001) 76:49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUILLON R, OKAMURA WH, NORMAN AW: Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr. Rev. (1995) 16:200–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Detailed review of vitamin D analogues.
   Google Scholar
• HAYNES RC, MURAD F: Agents affecting calcification; calcium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, and other compounds. In: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Bash of Therapeutics (6th Ed.). A Goodman Gilman, LS Goodman, A Gilman (Eds), Macmillan, NY (1980):1538–1545.
   Google Scholar
• FAN SL, SCHROEDER NJ, CALVERLEY MJ, BURRIN JM, MAKIN HL, CUNNINGHAM J: Potent suppression of the parathyroid glands by hydroxylated metabolites of dihydrotachysterol(2). Nephrol Transplant (2000) 15: 1943-1949.
   Google Scholar
• NISHII Y (reported by Kubodera N): The promising vitamin D analogue with the specific biological action will appear in the coming century as a highly effective therapeutic agent. International Bone Forum: The Second International Forum on Calcified Tissue and Bone Metabolism: Vitamin D and its Analogues, Yokohama 1993 (Meeting booklet, Chugai Pharm. Co. Ltd).
   Google Scholar
• KOIKE N, ICHIKAWA F, NISHII Y, STUMPF WE: Sustained osteoblast nuclear receptor binding of converted lalpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 after administration of 3H- lalpha-hydroxyvitamin D3: a combined receptor autoradiography and radioassay time course study with comparison to 3H- lalpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cakif Tissue bar (1998) 63:391–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SJODEN G, SMITH C, LINDGREN U, DELUCA HF: 1 Alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 is less toxic than 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med (1985) 178:432–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SATO F, OUCHI Y, OKAMOTO Y et al.: Effects of vitamin D2 analogs on calcium metabolism in vitamin D-deficient rats and in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Res. Exp. Med. (Berl) (1991) 191:235–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STRUGNELL S, BYFORD V, MAKIN HL et al.: 1 alpha, 24 (S)-dihydroxyvitamin D2: a biologically active product of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 made in the human hepatoma, Hep3B. Biochem. J. (1995) 310(Pt 1):233–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FRAZAO JM, ELANGOVAN L, MAUNG HM et al: Intermittent doxercalciferol (lalpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2)) therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am. I Kidney Dis. (2000) 36:550–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAN AU JR, LEVINE BS, MAZESS RB et al: Effective suppression of parathyroid hormone by 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D2 in hemodialysis patients with moderate to severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Lir (1997) 51:317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAUNG HM, ELANGOVAN L, FRAZAO JM et al.: Efficacy and side effects of intermittent intravenous and oral doxercalciferol (lalpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2)) in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a sequential comparison. Am. I Kidney Dis. (2001) 37(3):532–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COEN G, BONDATTI F, DONATO G et al: Biologic effect of 1,24(R) (OH)2D3 versus 1,25 (OH)2D3 administration in chronic renal failure. Steroid Biochem. MM. Biol. (1992) 42:823–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERRITSEN MJ, BOEZEMAN JB, VAN VLIJMEN-WILLEMS IM, VAN DE KERKHOF PC: The effect of tacalcitol (1,24(OH)2D3) on cutaneous inflammation, epidermal proliferation and keratinization in psoriasis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br. Dermatol (1994) 131:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DE KERKHOF PC, BERTH-JONES J, GRIFFITHS CE et al.: Long-term efficacy and safety of tacalcitol ointment in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis.Br: Dermatol (2002) 146:414–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORST RL, KOSZEWSKI NJ, REINHARDT TA: 1 Alpha-hydroxylation of 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 represents a minor physiological pathway for the activation of vitamin D2 in mammals. Biochemistry (1990) 29:578–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORST R, PRAPONG S, REINHARDT T, KOSZEWSKI N, KNUTSON J, BISHOP C: Comparison of the relative effects of 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(2) [1, 24-(OH) (2)D(2)], 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,24-(OH)(2)D(3)], and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25- (OH)(2)D (3)1 on selected vitamin D-regulated events in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 60:701–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES G, BYFORD V, MAKIN HL et al.: Anti-proliferative activity and target cell catabolism of the vitamin D analog 1 alpha,24(S)- (OH)2D2 in normal and immortalized human epidermal cells. Biochem. Pharmacol (1996) 52:133–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKEYAMA K, MASUHIRO Y, FUSE H et al.: Selective interaction of vitamin D receptor with transcriptional coactivators by a vitamin D analog. Ma Cell Biol. (1999) 19:1049–1055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NISHII Y, OKANO T: History of the development of new vitamin D analogs: studies on 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) and 2beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)calcitriol (ED-71). Steroids (2001) 66:137–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAGAWA K, TSUGAWA N, OKAMOTO T et al.: Rapid control of transmembrane calcium influx by lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues in rat osteoblast-like cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. (1999) 22:1058–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKANO T, TSUGAWA N, MASUDA S, TAKEUCHI A, KOBAYASHI T, NISHII Y: Protein-binding properties of 22-oxa-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a synthetic analogue of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. I. Num Sci. Vitaminol (Tokyo) (1989) 35:529–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABE J, NAKANO T, NISHII Y, MATSUMOTO T, OGATA E, IKEDA K: A novel vitamin D3 analog, 22-oxa-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, inhibits the growth of human breast cancer M vitro and in vivo without causing hypercalcemia. Endocrinology (1991) 129:832–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARKER JN, ASHTON RE, MARKS R, HARRIS RI, BERTH-JONES J: Topical maxacalcitol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-finding study with active comparator. Br. I Dermatol. (1999) 141:274–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAVEH-MANY T, SILVER J: Effects of calcitriol, 22-oxacalcitriol, and calcipotriol on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone gene expression. Endocrinology (1993) 133:2724–2728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN AJ, SLATOPOLSKY E: Vitamin D analogs: perspectives for treatment. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. (1999) 25:337–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AKIZAWA T, SUZUKI M, AKIBA T, NISHIZAWA Y, KUROKAWA K: Clinical effects of maxacalcitol on secondary hyperparathyroidism of uremic patients. Am.j Kidney Dis. (2001) 38(4, Suppl. 1):S147–S151.
   Google Scholar
• TSUKAMOTO Y, HANAOKA M, MATSUO T, SARUTA T, NOMURA M, TAKAHASHI Y: Effect of 22-oxacalcitriol on bone histology of hemodialyzed patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am.Kidney Dis. (2000) 35:458–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKAHASHI F, FINCH JL, DENDA M, DUSSO AS, BROWN AJ, SLATOPOLSKY E: A new analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 19-NOR-1,25-(OH)2D2, suppresses serum PTH and parathyroid gland growth in uremic rats without elevation of intestinal vitamin D receptor content. Am. I Kidney Dis. (1997) 30:105–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN AJ, FINCH J, TAKAHASHI F, SLATOPOLSKY E: Calcemic activity of 19-Nor-1,25 (OH) (2)D(2) decreases with duration of treatment. I Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2000) 11:2088–2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Possibility of a post receptor resistance to19-nor-1,25(01-)2D2.
   Google Scholar
• BROWN AJ, FINCH J, SLATOPOLSKY E: Differential effects of 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(2) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport. I Lab. Clio. Med. (2002) 139:279–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN KJ, GONZALEZ EA, GELLENS M, HAMM LL, ABBOUD H, LINDBERG J: 19-Nor-1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (Paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (1998) 9(8):1427–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LLACH F, YUDD M: Paricalcitol in dialysis patients with calcitriol-resistant secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am. Kidney Dis. (2001) 38(5, Suppl. 5):S45–S50.
   Google Scholar
• SPRAGUE SM, LERMA E, MCCORMMICK D, ABRAHAM M, BATLLE D: Suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion in hemodialysis patients: comparison of paricalcitol with calcitriol. Am.j Kidney Dis. (2001) 38(5, Suppl. 5):S51–S56.
   Google Scholar
• TANAKA Y, DELUCA HF, KOBAYASHI Y, IKEKAWA N: 26,26,26,27,27,27-Hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a highly potent, long-lasting analog of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1984) 229:348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INABA M, OKUNO S, INOUE A, NISHIZAWA Y, MORII H, DELUCA HF: DNA binding property of vitamin D3 receptors associated with 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1989) 268:35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SASAKI H, HARADA H, HANDA Y et al.: Transcriptional activity of a fluorinated vitamin D analog on VDR-RXR-mediated gene expression. Biochemistry (1995) 34:370–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORII H, OGURA Y, KOSHIKAWA S eta].: Efficacy and safety of oral falecalcitriol in reducing parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Bone Miner. Metab. (1998) 16:34–43.
   Google Scholar
• AKIBA T, MARUMO F, OWADA A et al.: Controlled trial of falecalcitriol versus alfacalcidol in suppression of parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am. Kidney Dis. (1998) 32:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DURAKOVIC C, MALABANAN A, HOLICK MF: Rationale for use and clinical responsiveness of hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Br. J. Dermatol. (2001) 144:500–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BINDERUP L, BRAMM E: Effects of a novel vitamin D analogue MC903 on cell proliferation and differentiation M vitro and on calcium metabolism in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1988) 37(5):889–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KISSMEYER AM, BINDERUP L: Calcipotriol (MC 903): pharmacokinetics in rats and biological activities of metabolites. A comparative study with 1,25 (OH)2D3. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1991) 41:1601–1606.
   Google Scholar
• BERTH-JONES J, CHU AC, DODD WA et al.: A multicentre, parallel-group comparison of calcipotriol ointment and short-contact dithranol therapy in chronic plaque psoriasis. Br. Dermatol. (1992) 127:266–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUBERTRET L, WALLACH D, SOUTEYRAND P et al.: Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol (MC 903) ointment in psoriasis vulgaris. A randomized, double-blind, right/left comparative, vehicle-controlled study. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1992) 27(6, Pt 1):983–988.
   Google Scholar
• COLSTON KW, MACKAY AG, JAMES SY, BINDERUP L, CHANDER S, COOMBES RC: EB1089: a new vitamin D analogue that inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vivo and M vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1992) 44:2273–2280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAHONEN A, JAASKELAINEN T, MAENPAA PH: A novel vitamin D analog with two double bonds in its side chain. A potent inducer of osteoblastic cell differentiation. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1996) 51:887–892.
   Google Scholar
• MAENPAA PH, VAISANEN S, JAASKELAINEN T et al.: Vitamin D(3) analogs (MC 1288, KH 1060, EB 1089, GS 1558, and CB 1093): studies on their mechanism of action. Steroids (2001) 66:223–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUACK M, CARLBERG C: Selective recognition of vitamin D receptor conformations mediates promoter selectivity of vitamin D analogs. Mol. Pharmacol. (1999) 55(6):1077–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORK HANSEN C, DANIELSSON C, CARLBERG C: The potent anti-proliferative effect of 20-epi analogues of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human breast-cancer MCF-7 cells is related to promoter selectivity. Int. Cancer (1996) 67:739–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BINDERUP L, LATINI S, BINDERUP E, BRETTING C, CALVERLEY M, HANSEN K: 20-Epi-vitamin D3 analogues: a novel class of potent regulators of cell growth and immune responses. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1991) 42:1569–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAYERI S, MATHIASEN IS, BINDERUP L, CARLBERG C: High-affinity nuclear receptor binding of 20-epi analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 correlates well with gene activation. Cell Biochem. (1996) 62:325–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DEN BEMD GC, POLS HA, BIRKENHAGER JC, VAN LEEUWEN JP: Conformational change and enhanced stabilization of the vitamin D receptor by the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analog KH1060. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1996) 93:10685–10690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAASKELAINEN T, RYHANEN S, MAHONEN A, DELUCA HF, MAENPAA PH: Mechanism of action of superactive vitamin D analogs through regulated receptor degradation. Cell Biochem. (2000) 76:548–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DILWORTH FJ, WILLIAMS GR, KISSMEYER AM et al.: The vitamin D analog, KH1060, is rapidly degraded both in vivo and M vitro via several pathways: principal metabolites generated retain significant biological activity. Endocrinology (1997) 138:5485–5496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKANO T, TSUGAWA N, MASUDA S et al.: Regulatory activities of 2 beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a novel synthetic vitamin D3 derivative, on calcium metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1989) 163:1444–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHIZUKA S, OSHIDA J, TSURUTA H, NORMAN AW: The stereochemical configuration of the natural 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1985) 242:82–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHIZUKA S, NORMAN AW: Metabolic pathways from 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone. Stereo-retained and stereo-selective lactonization. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262:7165–7170.
   Google Scholar
• ISHIZUKA S, KURIHARA N, HAKEDA S et al: 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3[1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3]-26,23-lactone inhibits 1,25-(OH)2D3-mediated fusion of mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells. Endocrinology (1988) 123:781–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHIZUKA S, SUMITANI K, HIURA K et al.: Biological activity assessment of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone and its intermediate metabolites in vivo and M vitro. Endocrinology (1990) 127(2):695–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREGORI S, GIARRATANA N, SMIROLDO S, USKOKOVIC M, ADORINI L: A lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog enhances regulatory T-cells and arrests autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes (2002) 51:1367–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHIZUKA S, MIURA D, OZONO K, CHOKKI M, MIMURA H, NORMAN AW: Antagonistic actions in vivo of (23S)-25-dehydro-lalpha-hydroxyvitamin D (3-)26,23-lactone on calcium metabolism induced by lalpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Endocrinology (2001) 142:59–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABE E, MIYAURA C, SAKAGAMI H et al.: Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1981) 78:4990–4994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Vitamin D metabolites may lead todifferentiation. This report led to attempts to develop analogues of 1,25(OH)2D3.
   Google Scholar
• WIENTROUB S, PRICE PA, REDDI AH: The dichotomy in the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in serum and bone in vitamin D-deficient rats. Cakif Tissue Int. (1987) 40:166–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A different biological effect of24,25(OH)2D versus 1,25(OH)2D.
   Google Scholar
• HENRY HL, NORMAN AW: Vitamin D: two dihydroxylated metabolites are required for normal chicken egg hatchability. Science (1978) 201:835–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Both 24,25(OH)2D and 1,25(01-)2D maybe required for physiology.
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN AW, LEATHERS V, BISHOP JE: Normal egg hatchability requires the simultaneous administration to the hen of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Num (1983) 113:2505–2515.
   Google Scholar
• ••Both 24,25(OH)2D and 1,25(01-)2D maybe required for physiology.
   Google Scholar
• COHEN MS, GRAY TK: Phagocytic cells metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 M vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1984) 81:931–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG S, SMITH C, DELUCA HF: 1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 19-nor-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 suppress immunoglobulin production and thymic lymphocyte proliferation in vivo.Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1993) 1158:279–286.
   Google Scholar
• FLEMING JO, HUMMEL AL, BEINLICH BR et al.: Vitamin D treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): a MRI-based pilot study. Neurology (2000) 54\(Suppl. 3):A338.
   Google Scholar
• MOE SM, ZEKONIS M, HAREZLAK J et al.: A placebo-controlled trial to evaluate immunomodulatory effects of paricalcitol. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2001) 38:792–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG S, SMITH C, PRAHL JM, LUO X, DELUCA H: Vitamin D deficiency suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1993) 303:98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THEODOROPOULOS C, DEMERS C, PETIT JL, GASCON-BARRE M: High sensitivity of rat hepatic vitamin D3-25 hydroxylase CYP27A to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration. Am. Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2003) 284:E138–E147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••1,25(01)2D may feed back on hepatic25-hydroxylase.
   Google Scholar
• HOSSEINP OUR F, WIKVALL K: Porcine microsomal vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase (CYP2D25). Catalytic properties, tissue distribution, and comparison with human CYP2D6. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:34650–34655.
   Google Scholar
• BARGER-LUX MJ, HEANEY RP, DOWELL S, CHEN TC, HOLICK MF: Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos In] (1998) 8:222–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELL NH, SHAW S, TURNER RT: Evidence that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. I Clin. Invest. (1984) 74:1540–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••1,25(01-)2D may feed back on hepatic25-hydroxylase.
   Google Scholar
• ASOU H, KOIKE M, ELSTNER E et al.: 19-nor vitamin-D analogs: a new class of potent inhibitors of proliferation and inducers of differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Blood (1998) 92:2441–2449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKAKI T, SAWADA N, KOMAI K et al.: Dual metabolic pathway of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 catalyzed by human CYP24. Eur. Biochem. (2000) 267:6158–6165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••Species specificity of enzymes involved invitamin D metabolism.
   Google Scholar
• HIGASHI T, HOMMA S, IWATA H, SHIMADA K: Characterization of urinary metabolites of vitamin D(3) in man under physiological conditions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. I Pharm. Biomed. Anal. (2002) 29:947–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar