164
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The therapeutic potential of lactoferrin

Pages 841-851 | Published online: 02 Mar 2005

Bibliography

  • WEINBERG ED: Human lactoferrin: a novel therapeutic with broad spectrum potential. ./. Pharm. Pharmaca (2001) 53:1303–1310.
  • WEINBERG ED: Iron, infection and sudden infant death. Med. Hypoth. (2001) 56:731–734.
  • GUTTEBERG TJ, HANSBERG H, JORGENSEN T: The latency of serum acute phase proteins in meningococcal septicemia with special emphasis on lactoferrin. Clin. Chim. Acta (1984) 136:173–178.
  • CHEWONARIN T, KUWAHARA T, ARIMOCHI H et al.: Expression of human lactoferrin in Bacteroides uniformis and its effect on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt focus formation in the rat colon. Anaerobe (2001) 7:247–253.
  • WARD PP, PIDDINGTON DS, CUNNINGHAM GA, ZHOU X, WYATT RD, CONNEELY OM: A system for production of commercial quantities of human lactoferrin: a broad spectrum natural antibiotic. Biotechnology (1995) 13:498–503.
  • •Development of a frequently used rhLf.
  • LIANG Q, RICHARDSON T: Expression and characterization of human lactoferrin in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. .1. Agric. Food Chem. (1993) 41:1800–1807.
  • ARAKAWA T, CHONG DKX, SLATTERY CW, LANGRIDGE WHR: Improvements in human health through production of human milk proteins in transgenic food plants. In: Chemicals via Higher Plant Bioengineering. S Shahidi (Ed.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York (1999):149–160.
  • MITRA A, ZHANG Z: Expression of human lactoferrin cDNA in tobacco cells produces antibacterial protein(s). Plant Physia (1994) 106:977–981.
  • NANDI S, SUSUKI YA, HUANG J et al: Expression of human lactoferrin in transgenic rice grains for the application in infant formula. Plant Sci. (2002) 163:713–722.
  • •A novel method for incorporation of Lf in food.
  • HUMPHREY BD, HUANG N, KLASING RC: Rice expressing lactoferrin and lysozyme has antibiotic-like properties when fed to chicks.' Nutr. (2002) 132:1214–1218.
  • •May replace use of antibiotics in animal feed.
  • STOWELL KM, RADO TA, FUNK WD, TWEEDIE JW: Expression of cloned human lactoferrin in baby-hamster kidney cells. Biochem. (1991) 276:349–355.
  • VAN BERKEL PHC, WELLING MM, GEERTS M et al.: Large scale production of recombinant human lactoferrin in milk of transgenic cows. Nat. Biotechnol (2002) 20:484–487.
  • •Development of an efficient source of rhLf.
  • PARAMASIVAN M, SARAVANAN K, UMA K, SHAMA S, SINGH TP, SRINIVASAN A: Expression, purification, and characterization of equine lactoferrin in Pichia pastoris. Prot. Expression Purific. (2002) 26:28–34.
  • WANG OH, YANG TS, LIN SM, TSAI MS, WU SC, MAO SJT: Expression, characterization, and purification of recombinant porcine lactoferrin in Pichia pastoris. Prot. Expression Purific. (2002) 25:41–49.
  • ELLISON RT III, GIEHL TJ: Killing ofGram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Clin. Invest. (1991) 88:1080–1091.
  • LEITCH EC, WILLCOX MDP: Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme. .1. Med. Microbia (1998) 47:837–842.
  • WEINBERG ED: The mutual effects of antimicrobial compounds and metallic cations. Bacteria Rev (1957) 21:46–68.
  • FOWLER CE, SOOTHILL JS, OAKES L: MICs of rifampicin and chloramphenicol for mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are lower when human lactoferrin is present. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1997) 40:877–879.
  • ALKAWASH M, HEAD M, ALSHAMI I, SOOTHILL JS: The effect of human lactoferrin on the MICs of doxycycline and rifampicin for Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1999) 44:385–387.
  • LEITCH EC, WILLCOX MDP: Lactoferrin-induced reduction of vancomycin resistance in enterococci. Internat. .1 Antimicrob. Agents (2001) 18:399–402.
  • AGUILA A, HERRERA AG, MORRISON D et al.: Bacteriostatic activity of human lactoferrin against Staphylococcus aureus is a function of its iron-binding properties and is not influenced by antibiotic resistance. FEMS Immuna Med. Microbia (2001) 31:145–152.
  • SINGH PK, PARSEK MR, GREENBERG EP, WELSH MJ: A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development. Nature (2002) 6888:552–555.
  • •An important use of Lf.
  • STENFORS LE, BYE HM, VORLAND LH: Remarkable attachment of lactoferrin to Streptococcus pyogenes during acute pharyngo-tonsillitis. Acta Otolaryngol (2001) 121:637–642.
  • AJELLO M, GRECO R, GIANSANTI F, MASSUCCI MT, ANTONINI G, VALENTI P: Anti-invasive activity of bovine lactoferrin towards group A streptococci. Biochem. Cell Biol. (2002) 80:119–124.
  • DE OLIVEIRA IR, DE ARAUJO AN, BAO SN, GIUGLIIANO LG: Binding of lactoferrin and free secretory component to enterotwdgenic Escherichia coil. FEMS Microbia Lett. (2001) 203:29–33.
  • GOMEZ HF, OCHOA TJ, CARLIN LG,CLEARY TG: Human lactoferrin impairs virulence of Shigella flexneri. I Infect. Dis. (2003) 187:87–95.
  • HENDRIXSON DR, QIU J, SHEWRY SC et al: Human milk lactoferrin is a serine protease that cleaves Haemophilus surface proteins at arginine-rich sites. Mol Microbia (2003) 47:607–617.
  • ANTONINI G, CATANIA MR, GRECO R et al.: Anti-invasive activity of bovine lactoferrin against Listeria monocytogenes. Food Protect. (1997) 60:267–271.
  • HIRANO Y, TAMURA M, HAYASHI K: Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on the adhesion of Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 25261 to hydroxyapatite. Oral. Sci. (2000) 42:125–131.
  • ALMSTAHL A, WIKSTROM M, BEYDOUIN F: Lactoferrin amylase and mucin MUC5B and their relation to the oral microflora in hyposalivation of different origins. Oral Microbia Immuna (2001) 16:345–352.
  • FINE DH, FURGANG D, BEYDOUIN F:Lactoferrin iron levels are reduced in saliva of patients with localized aggressive periodonitis. Periodontol (2002) 73:624–630.
  • KALMAR JR, ARNOLD RR: Killing ofActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by human lactoferrin. Infect. Immun. (1988) 56:2552–2557.
  • FINE DH, FURGANG D: Lactoferrin ironlevels affect attachment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to buccal epithelial cells. Periodontol (2002) 73:616–623.
  • EDDE L, HIPOLITO RB, HWANG FFY, HEADON DR, SHALWITZ RA, SHERMAN MP: Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. Am. Physiol Castrointest. Liver Physiol (2001) 281:G1140–G1150.
  • GOMEZ HF, OCHOA TJ, HERRERA-INSUA I, CARLIN LG, CLEARY TG: Lactoferrin protects rabbits from Shigella flexneri-induced inflammatory enteritis. Infect. Immun. (2002) 70:7050–7053.
  • DIAL EJ, HALL LR, SERNA H, ROMERO JJ, FOX JG, LICHTENBERGER LM: Antibiotic properties of bovine lactoferrin on Helicobacter py/ori. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1998) 43:2750–2756.
  • DIAL EJ, ROMERO JJ, HEADON DR,LICHTENBERGER LM: Recombinant human lactoferrin is effective in the treatment of Helicobacter felis-infected mice. Pharm. Pharmacol (2000) 52:1541–1546.
  • BHIMANI RS, VENDROV Y, FURMANSKI P: Influence of lactoferrin feeding and injection against systemic staphylococcal infections on mice.' Appl. Microbiol (1999) 86:135–144.
  • HAVERSEN LA, ENGBERG I, BALTZER L, DOLPHIN G, HANSON LA, MATTSBY-BALTZER I: Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from a surface-exposed helical region reduce experimental Escherichia coil urinary tract infection in mice. Infect. Immun. (2000) 68:5816–5823.
  • NAIDU AS: Activated lactoferrin - a new approach to meat safety. Food Technol (2002) 56:40–45.
  • •An important non-medicinal use of Lf.
  • ANDERSSON Y, LINDQUIST S, LAGERQVIST C, HERNELL 0: Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Hum. Dev. (2000) 59:95–105.
  • CIRONI 0, GIACOMETTI A, BARCHIESI F, SCALISE G: Inhibition of growth of Pneumocystis carinii by lactoferrin alone and in combination with pyrimethamine, clarithromycin and minocycline.f Antimicrob. Chemother: (2000) 46:577–582.
  • KUIPERS ME, DE VRIES HG, EIKELBOOM MC, MEIJER DCF, SWART PJ: Synergistic fungistatic effects of lactoferrin in combination with antifungal drugs against clinical Candida isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother: (1999) 43:2635–2641.
  • VAN DER STRATE BWA, HARMSEN MC, THE TH et al.: Plasma lactoferrin levels are decreased in end-stage AIDS patients. Viral kimunol. (1999) 12:197–203.
  • KUIPERS ME, BELJAARS L, VAN BEEK N et al.: Conditions influencing the in vitro antifungal activity of lactoferrin combined with antimycotics against clinical isolates of Candida. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. (2000) 110:290–298.
  • MASCI JR: Complete response of severe,refractory oral candidiasis to mouthwash containing lactoferrin and lysozyme. AIDS (2000) 14:2403–2404.
  • LIMA ME KIERSZENBAUM F: Lactoferrin effects on phagocytic cell function. II. The presence of iron is required for the lactoferrin molecule to stimulate intracellular killing by macrophages but not to enhance the uptake of particles and microorganisms. .1. Immunol (1987) 139:1647–1651.
  • FRITSCH G, SAWATZKI G, TREUMER J, JUMO A, SPIRA DT: Plasmodium fakiparum: inhibition M vitro with lactoferrin, desferrithiocin, and desferricrocin. Exp. Parasitol (1987) 63:1–9.
  • MARCHETTI M, PISANI S, ANTONINI G, VALENTI P, SEGANTI L, ORSI N: Metal complexes of bovine lactoferrin inhibit M vitro replication of herpes simplex virus Type 1 and 2. BioMetals (1998) 11:89–94.
  • ARNOLD D, DI BIASE AM, MARCHETTI M et al.: Antiadenovirus activity of milk proteins: lactoferrin prevents viral infection. Antiviral Res. (2002) 53:153–158.
  • HARMSEN MC, SWART PJ, DE BETHUNE M-P et al: Antiviral effects of plasma and milk proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication M vitro.Infect. Dis. (1995) 172:380–388.
  • HARA K, IKEDA M, SAITO S et al: Lactoferrin inhibits hepatitis B virus infection in cultured human hepatocytes. Hepatol Res. (2002) 24:228–235.
  • IKEDA M, SUGIYAMA K, TANAKA T et al.: Lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in cultured human hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 245:549–553.
  • LIN T-Y, CHU C, CHIU C-H: Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. Infect. Dis. (2002) 186:1161–1164.
  • MURPHY ME, KARIWA H, MIZUTANI T, YOSHIMATSU K, ARIKAWA J, TAKASHIMA I: ha vitro antiviral activity of lactoferrin and ribivarin upon hantavirus. Arch. Virol (2000) 145:1571–1582.
  • TANAKA K, IKEDA M, NOZAKI A et al:Lactoferrin inhibits hepatitis C virus viremia in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a pilot study. fpn. .1. Cancer Res. (1999) 90:367–371.
  • OKADA S, TANAKA K, SATO T et al: Dose-response trial of lactoferrin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. fpn. I Cancer Res. (2002) 93:1063–1069.
  • DAMIENS E, YAZIDI IE, MAZURIER J, DUTHILLE I, SPIK G, BOILLY-MARERY: Lactoferrin inhibits G1 cyclin-dependent kinases during growth arrest of human breast carcinoma cells.' Cell. Biochem. (1999) 74:486–498.
  • BEZAULT JA, BHIMINI R, WIPROVNICK J, FURMANSKI P: Human lactoferrin inhibits growth of solid tumors and development of experimental metastases in mice. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:2310–2312.
  • TSUDA H, SEKINE K, FUJITA K, IIGO M: Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms - a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochem. Cell Biol. (2002) 80:131–136.
  • USHIDA Y, SEKINE K, KUHARA T et al.: Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. fpn..1. Cancer Res. (1999) 90:262–267.
  • NORRBY K, BALTZER IM, INNOCENTI M, TUNEBERG S: Orally administered bovine lactoferrin systemically inhibits VEGF (165)-mediated angiogenesis in the rat. [nt.j Cancer (2001) 91:236–240.
  • GUILLEN C, MCINNES TB, VAUGHN DM, SPEEKENBRINK ABJ, BROCK JH: The effects of local administration of lactoferrin on inflammation in murine autoimmune and infectious arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2000) 43:2073–2080.
  • TRIF M, GUILLEN C, VAUGHN DM et al.: Liposomes as possible carriers for lactoferrin in the local treatment of inflammatory diseases. Exp. Biol. Med. (2001) 226:559–564.
  • •Enhancement of therapeutic potential of Lf.
  • BRANDENBURG K, JURGENS G, MULLER M, FUKUOKA 0, KOCH MHJ: Biophysical characterization of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A inactivation by lactoferrin. Biol. Chem. (2001) 382:1215–1225.
  • LEE WJ, FARMER JL, HILTY M, KIM YB: The protective effect of lactoferrin feeding against endotwdn lethal shock in germfree piglets. Infect. Immun. (1998) 66:1421–1426.
  • YAMAGUCHI M, MATASURA M, KOBAYASHI K, SASAKI H, YAJIMA T, KUWATA T: Lactoferrin protects against development of hepatitis caused by sensitization of Kupffer cells by lipopolysaccharide. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immuna (2001) 8:1234–1239.
  • SEIFERT J, MOLKEWEHRUM M, OESSER S, NEBERMANN L, SCHULZ C: Endotoxin inactivation by enterally applied colostrums of different composition. Ea Surg. Res. (2002) 34:68–72.
  • BAVEYE S, ELASS E, FERNIG DG, BLANQUART C, MAZURIER J, LEGRAND D: Human lactoferrin interacts with soluble CD14 and inhibits expression of endothelial adhesin molecules, E-selectin and ICAM-1, induced by the CD14-lipopolysaccharide complex. Infect. Inman. (2000) 68:6519–6525.
  • TOGAWA JI, NAGASE H, TANAKA K et al.: Oral administration of lactoferrin reduces colitis in rats via modulation of the immune system and correction of cytokine imbalance. J. Castroentera Hepata (2002) 17:1291–1298.
  • KRUZEL ML, HARARI Y, MAILMAN D, ACTOR JK, ZIMECKI M: Differential effects of prophylactic, concurrent and therapeutic lactoferrin treatment on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice. Clin. Exp. Immuna (2002) 130:25–31.
  • SATO R, INANAMI 0, TANAKA Y, TAKASE M, NAITO Y: Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FW)- positive and FIV-negative cats. Am. .1. Vet. Res. (1996) 57:1443–1446.
  • GRIFFITHS CEM, CUMBERTATCH M, TUCKER SC et al.: Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and cutaneous inflammation in humans. Br. Dermata (2001) 144:715–725.
  • GUILLEN C, MCINNES TB, VAUGHN DM et al.: Enhanced Thl response to Staphylococcus aureusinfection in human lactoferrin-transgenic mice. Immuna (2002) 168:3950–3957.
  • RAGHUVEER TS, MCGUIRE EM, MARTIN SM et al.: Lactoferrin in the preterm infants' diet attenuates iron-induced oxidation products. Pediati: Res. (2002) 52:964–972.
  • STEIJNS JM, VAN HOOIJDONK ACM: Occurrence, structure, biochemical properties and technological characteristics of lactoferrin. Br. Nutr. (2000) 84\(Suppl. 1):S11–517.
  • TROOST FJ, STEIJNS JM, SARIS WHM, BRUMMER R-JM: Gastric digestion of bovine lactoferrin in vivo in adults. Nutr. (2001) 131:2101–2104.
  • KUWATA H, YAMAUCHI K, TERAGUCHI S et al.: Functional fragments of ingested lactoferin are resistant to proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tracts of adult rats. J. Nutr. (2001) 131:2121–2127.
  • TROOST FJ, SARIS WHM, BRUMMER R-JM: Orally ingested human lactoferrin is digested and secreted in the upper gastrointestinal tract in vivo in women with ileostomies. Nutr. (2002) 132:2597–2600.
  • •Specific knowledge of fate of oral Lf.
  • NIBBERING PH, RAVENSBERGEN E, WELLING MM et al.: Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from its N terminus are highly effective against infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Infect. Immun. (2001) 69:1469–1476.
  • BELLAMY W, TAKASE H, WAKABAYASHI H, KAWASE K, TOMITA M: Antibacterial spectrum of lactoferricin B, a potent bactericidal peptide derived from the N-terminal region of bovine lactoferrin. Appl Bacteria (1992) 73:472–479.
  • JONES EM, SMART A, BLOOMBERG G, BURGESS L, MILLAR MR: Lactoferricin, a new antimicrobial peptide. Appl Bacteria (1994) 77:208–214.
  • ULVATNE H, HAUKLAND HH, SAMUELSON 0, KRAMER M, VORLAND LH: Proteases in Esherichia coil and Staphylpcoccus aureus confer reduced susceptibility to lactoferricin B. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2002) 50:461–467.
  • ULVATNE H, VORLAND LH: Bactericidal kinetics of 3 lactoferricins against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coil. Scand. .1. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33:507–511.
  • STROM MB, REKDAL 0, STENSENVV, SVENDSEN JS: Increased antibacterial activity of 15-residue murine lactoferrin derivatives. J. Peptide Res. (2001) 57:127–139.
  • CHAPPLE DS, MASON DJ, JOANNU CL, ODELL EW, GANT V, EVANS RW: Structure-function relationship of antibacterial synthetic peptides homologous to a helical surface region on human lactoferrin against Escherichia coil serotype 0111. Infect. Inman. (1998) 66:2434–2440.
  • TERAGUCHI S, SHIN K, OZAWA K et al.: Bacteriostatic effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on proliferation of Clostridium species in the gut of mice fed bovine milk. Appl. Environ. Microbia (1995) 61:501–506.
  • WAKABAYASHI H, ABE S, TERAGUCHI S, HAYASAWA H, YAMAGUCHI H: Inhibition of hyphal growth of azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans by triazole antifungal agents in the presence of lactoferrin-related compounds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42:1587–1591.
  • LUPETTI A, PAULUSMA-ANNEMA A, WELLANG MM et al.: Synergistic activity of the N-terminal peptide of human lactoferrin and fluconazole against Candida species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47:262–267.
  • TANIDA T, RAO F, HAMADA T, UETA E, OSAKI T: Lactoferrin peptide increases the survival of Candida albicans-inoculated mice by upregulating neutrophil and macrophage functions, especially in combination with amphotericin B and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Infect. Inman. (2001) 69:3883–3890.
  • SUPERTI F, SICILIANO R, REGA B, GIANSANTI F, VALENTI P, ANTONINI G: Involvement of bovine lactoferrin metal saturation, sialic acid and protein fragments in the inhibition of rotavirus infection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2001) 1528:107–115.
  • ANDERSEN JH, OSBAKK SA, VORLAND LH, TRAAVIK T, GUTTEBERG TJ: Lactoferrin and cyclic lactoferricin inhibit the entry of human cytomegalovirus into human fibroblasts. Antiviral Res. (2001) 51:141–149.
  • BERKHOUT B, VAN WAMEL JLB, BELJAARS L, MEIJER DKF, VISSER KS, FLORIS R: Characterization of the anti-HIV effects of native lactoferrin and other milk proteins and protein-derived peptides. Antiviral Res. (2002) 55:341–355.
  • IKEDA M, NOZAKI A, SUGIYAMA K et al.: Characterization of antiviral activity of lactoferrin against hepatitis C virus in human cultured cells. Virus Res. (2000) 66:51–63.
  • DI BIASE AM, PIETRANTONI A, TINARI A et al.: Heparin-interacting sites of bovine lactoferrin are involved in anti-adenovirus activity. Med. Virol (2003) 69:495–502.
  • Y00 Y-C, WATANABE R, KOIKE Y et al.: Apoptosis in human leukemic cells induced by lactoferricin, a bovine milk protein-derived peptide: involvement of the reactive oxygen species. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1997) 237:624–628.
  • YANG N, STENSEN W, SVENDSEN JS, REKDAL 0: Enhanced antitumor activity and selectivity of lactoferrin-derived peptides. Peptide Res. (2002) 60:187–197.
  • ELIASSEN LT, BERGE G, SVEINBJORNSSON B, SVENDSEN JS, VORLAND LH, REKDAL 0: Evidence for a direct antitumor mechanism of action of bovine lactoferricin. Anti Cancer Res. (2002) 22:2703–2710.
  • KUHARA T, IIGO M, USHIDA Y et al.:Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutr. Cancer (2000) 38:192–199.
  • SHARMA S, KUMAR P, BETZEL C, SINGH TP: Structure and function of proteins involved in milk allergies. .1. Chromatog. B (2001) 756:183–187.
  • MURATORI L, MURATORI P, ZAULI D et al.: Antilactoferrin antibodies in autoimmune liver disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol (2001) 124:470–474.
  • THOMAS LL, XU W, ARDON TT: Immobilized lactoferrin is a stimulus for eosinophil activation. Immunol (2002) 169:993–999.
  • WEINBERG ED: Iron-enriched rice: the case for labeling. Med. Food (2000) 3:189–191.
  • BYRD TF, HORWITZ MA: Lactoferrin inhibits or promotes Legionella pneumophila intracellular multiplication in nonactivated and interferon gamma-activated human momocytes depending upon its degree of iron saturation. Clin. Invest. (1991) 88:1103–1112.
  • SCHRYVERS AB, BONNAH R, YU R-H, WONG H, RETZER M: Bacterial lactoferrin receptors. Adv. Exp. Med. (1998) 443:123–133.
  • WILSON ME, LEWIS TS, MILLER MA, MCCORMICK ML, BRITIGAN BE: Leishmania chagasli uptake of iron bound to lactoferrin or transferring requires an iron reductase. Exp. Parasitol (2002) 100:196–207.
  • GUTTNER Y, WINDSOR HM, VIIALA CH, MARSHALL BJ: Human recombinant lactoferrin is ineffective in the treatment of human Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol Ther. (2003) 17:125–129.
  • DHAENENS L, SZCZEBARA F, HUSSON MO: Identification, characterization, and immunogenicity of the lactoferrin-binding protein from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. (1997) 65:514–518.
  • •An important potential hazard re-use of hLf.
  • MIEHLKE S, REDDY R, OSATO MS, WARD PP, CONNEELY OM, GRAHAM DY: Direct activity of recombinant human lactoferrin against HelicobacterClin. Microbial (1996) 34:2593–2594.
  • OPEKUN AR, EL-ZAIMAITY HMT, OSATO MS et al.: Novel therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment. Pharmacol The]: (1999) 13:35–41.
  • MORIUCHI M, MORIUCHI H: A milk protein lactoferrin enhances human T cell leukemia virus Type 1 and suppresses FM/-1 infection.j Immunol (2001)166:4231–4236.
  • BROCK JH: The physiology of lactoferrin. Biochem. Cell Biol. (2002) 80:1–6.
  • •A useful recent review of basic aspects of Lf.
  • DEFER MC, DUGAS B, PICARD 0, DAMAIS C: Impairment of circulating lactoferrin in HIV-1 infection. Cell. MM. Biol. (1995) 41:417–421.
  • BELJAARS L, BAKER HI, VAN DER STRATE BWA et al.: The antiviral protein human lactoferrin is distributed in the body to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection-prone cells and tissues. Pharm. Res. (2002) 19:54–62.
  • VAN HOOIJDONK ACM, KUSSENDRAGER KD, STEIJNE JM: In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrums involved in non-specific defence. Br.Nutr. (2000) 84\(Suppl. 1):5127–5134.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.