Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Volume 13, 2004 - Issue 10
Submit an article Journal homepage
57
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The therapeutic potential of Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers in pain management

Cibele Sabido-David Newron Pharmaceuticals, Discovery Research, Via Ludovico, Ariosto, 21, 20091 Bresso (MI), Italy. [email protected]
,
Laura Faravelli Newron Pharmaceuticals, Discovery Research, Via Ludovico, Ariosto, 21, 20091 Bresso (MI), Italy. [email protected]
&
Patricia Salvati Newron Pharmaceuticals, Discovery Research, Via Ludovico, Ariosto, 21, 20091 Bresso (MI), Italy. [email protected]
Pages 1249-1261 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

  • STUCKY CL, GOLD MS ZHANG X: Mechanisms of pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98:11845–11846.
  • RENFREY S, DOWNTON C, FEATHERSTONE J: The painful reality. Nat. Rev (2003) 2:175–176.
  • MOSKOWITZ MH: Pharmacotherapy of neuropathic low back pain. Curt: Pain Head. Rep. (2003) 7:178–187.
  • ••Examines processes involved in low backpain from chronic inflammation and mechanical compromise into the realm of neuropathy.
  • FAKATA KL, LIPMAN AG: Pharmacotherapy for pain in rheumatologic conditions: the neuropathic pain componene. Curt: Pain Head. Rep. (2003) 7:197–205.
  • ••Reviews approaches to treatingrheumatological conditions, addressing neuropathic pain contributions to osteoarthritis.
  • HOLDEN JE, PIZZI JA: The challenge ofchronic pain. Adv. Drug Del. Rev (2003) 55:935–948.
  • BRIDGES D, THOMPSON SWN, RICE ASC: Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Br Anaesth. (2001) 87:12–26.
  • UEDA H, RASHID MH: Molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Drug News Prospect. (2003) 16:605–613.
  • AMIR R, MICHAELIS M, DEVOR M: Membrane potential oscillations in dorsal root ganglion neurons: role in normal electrogenesis and neuropathic pain. Neurosci. (1999) 19:8589–8596.
  • CATTERALL WA: Structure and regulation of voltage gated calcium channels. Ann. Rev Cell Dev. Biol. (2000) 16:521–555.
  • ••A very comprehensive review on thestructure and regulation of VGCCs.
  • KLUGBAUER N, MARAIS E, HOFMANN F: Calcium channel a28 subunits: differential expression, function and drug binding. J. Bioenerg. Biotnetn. (2003) 35:639–647.
  • ARIKKATH J, CAMPBELL KP: Auxiliary subunits: essential components of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex. Curt: Opin. Neurobiol (2003) 13:298–307.
  • •Reviews the role of VGCC auxiliary subunits.
  • CATTERALL WA, STRIESSNIG J, SNUTCH TP, PEREZ-REYES E: International Union of Pharmacology. XL. Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: calcium channels. Phartnacol. Rev. (2003) 55:579–581.
  • •The current nomenclature used to define VGCCs.
  • SCOTT DA, WRIGHT CE, ANGUS JA: Actions of intrathecal omega-conotoxins CVID, GVIA, MVIIA, and morphine in acute and neuropathic pain in the rat. Eur. Phartnacol (2002) 20:279–286
  • HEINKE B, BALZER E, SANDKUHLER J: Pre- and postsynaptic contributions of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels to nociceptive transmission in rat spinal lamina I neurons. Eur. Neurosci. (2004) 19:103–111.
  • WESTENBROEK RE, HOSKINS L, CATTERALL WA: Localization of Ca2+ channel subtypes on rat spinal motor neurons, interneurons, and nerve terminals. Neurosci. (1998) 18:6319–6330.
  • IKEDA H, HEINK B, RUSCHEWEYH R, SANDKUHLER J: Synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I projection neurons that mediates hyperalgesia. Science (2003) 299:1237–1240.
  • MATTHEWS EA, DICKENSON AH: Effects of spinally delivered N- and P-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Pain (2001) 92:235–246.
  • DIAZ A, DICKENSON AH: Blockade of spinal N- and P-type, but not L-type, calcium channels inhibits the excitability of rat dorsal horn neurones produced by subcutaneous formalin inflammation. Pain (1997) 69:93–100.
  • NEBE J, VANEGAS H, SCHAIBLE HG: Spinal application of omega-conotwdn GVIA, an N-type calcium channel antagonist, attenuates enhancement of dorsal spinal neuronal responses caused by intra-articular injection of mustard oil in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. (1998) 120:61–69.
  • KIM C, JUN K, LEE T et at.: Altered nociceptive response in mice deficient in the a(113) subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel. Mol. Cell Neurosci (2001) 18:235–245.
  • •Characterisation of N-type knockout mouse in pain models.
  • SAEGUSA H, KURIHARA T, ZONG S et al.: Suppression of inflammatory and neuropathic pain symptoms in mice lacking the N-type Ca2+ channel. EMBO (2001) 20:2349–2356.
  • •Characterisation of N-type knockout mouse in pain models, including neuropathic pain.
  • HATAKEYAMA S, WAKAMORI M, INO M et al.: Differential nociceptive responses in mice lacking the a(113) subunit of N-type Ca) channels. Neuroreport (2001) 12:2423–2427.
  • •Describes studies with N-type calcium channel knockout mice.
  • CURRIE SR, WANG J: Chronic back pain and major depression in the general Canadian population. Pain (2004) 107:54–60.
  • JAIN KK: An evaluation of intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9:2403–2410.
  • ••Reviews pre-clinical and clinical datarelated to the effect of ziconotide in pain.
  • GOLDIN AL: Resurgence of sodium channel research. Ann. Rev Physiol. (2001) 63:871–894.
  • YU FH, CATTERALL WA: Overview of the voltage-gated sodium channel family. Cenotne Biol. (2003) 4:207.
  • WAXMAN SG, DIB-HAJJ S, CUMMINS TR, BLACK JA: Sodium channels and their genes: dynamic expression in the normal nervous system, dysregulation in disease states. Brain Res. (2000) 886:5–14
  • WAXMAN SG, DIB-HAJJ S, CUMMINS TR, BLACK JA: Sodium channels and pain. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:7635–7639.
  • LAI J, HUNTER JC, PORRECA F: The role of voltage-gated sodium channels in neuropathic pain. Can: Opin. Neurobiol. (2003) 13:291–297.
  • LAI J, PORRECA F, HUNTER JC, GOLD MS: Voltage-gated sodium channels and hyperalgesia. Ann. Rev Phartnacol. Toxicol. (2004) 44:371–397.
  • KIM CH, OH Y, CHUNG JM, CHUNG K: Changes in three subtypes of tetrodotwdn sensitive sodium channel expression in the axotomized dorsal root ganglion in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. (2002) 323:125–128.
  • HONG S, MORROW TJ, PAULSON PE, ISOM LL, WILEY JW: Early painful 1257 Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2004) 13(10) diabetic neuropathy is associated with differential changes in tetrodotoxin-sensitive and -resistant sodium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons in the rat.' Biol. Chem. (2004) 279:29341–29350.
  • GOULD I-1J 3rd, ENGLAND JD, SOIGNIER RD et al.: Ibuprofen blocks changes in Na v 1.7 and 1.8 sodium channels associated with complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation in rat. Pahl (2004) 5:270–280.
  • CUMMINS TR, AGLIECO F, RENGANATHAN M, HERZOG RI, DIB-HAJJ SD, WAXMAN SG: Nav1.3 sodium channels: rapid repriming and slow closed-state inactivation display quantitative differences after expression in a mammalian cell line and in spinal sensory neurons. Neurosci. (2001) 21:5952–5961.
  • WAXMAN SG, KOCSIS JD, BLACK JA: Type III sodium channel mRNA is expressed in embryonic but not in adult spinal sensory neurons, and is re-expressed following axotomy. NeurophysioL (1994) 72:466–470.
  • BLACK JA, CUMMINS TR, PLUMPTON C et al.: Upregulation of a silent sodium channel after peripheral, but not central, nerve injury in drug neurons. Neurophysiol (1999) 82:2776–2785.
  • KIM CH, OH Y, CHUNG JM, CHUNG K: The changes in expression of three subtypes of TTX sensitive sodium channels in sensory neurons after spinal nerve ligation. MM. Brad) Res. (2001) 95:153–161.
  • COWARD K, AITKEN A, POWELL A et al.: Plasticity of TTX-sensitive sodium channels PNI and brain III in injured human nerves. Neuroreport (2001) 12:495–500.
  • ••This is the first study on the distributionof Nav1.7 and Nav1.3 in the intact and injured human peripheral nervous system.
  • HAINS BC, KLEIN JP, SAAB CY, CRANER MJ, BLACK JA, WAXMAN SG: Upregulation of sodium channel Nav1.3 and functional involvement in neuronal hyperexcitability associated with central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Neurosci. (2003) 23:8881–8892.
  • ••In a model of central pain (spinal cordinjury) intrathecal administration of AS-ODNs directed against Nav1.3 results in decreased expression of Nav1.3 mRNA and protein, reduced hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons and attenuated mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia.
  • HAINS BC, SAAB CY, KLEIN JP, CRANER MJ, WAXMAN SG: Altered sodium channel expression in second-order spinal sensory neurons contributes to pain after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci. (2004) 24:4832–4839.
  • ••Nav1.3 channels are abnormally expressedin second-order dorsal horn neurons and contribute to their hyper-responsiveness and to pain-related behaviours in adult rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. These effects are abolished by intrathecal administration of AS-ODNs.
  • BLACK JA, LIU S, TANAKA M, CUMMINS TR, WAXMAN SG: Changes in the expression of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels within dorsal root ganglia neurons in inflammatory pain. Pain (2004) 108:237–247
  • ••Chronic inflammation results in an up-regulation of both TTXs and TTXr Nat channels, and suggest that also TTXs Na+ channels may contribute to pain associated with inflammation.
  • NOVAKOVIC SD, TZOUMAKA E, McGIVERN JG et al.: Distribution of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel PN3 in rat sensory neurons in normal and neuropathic conditions. J. NeuroscL (1998) 18:2174–2187.
  • COWARD K, PLUMPTON C, FACER P et al: Immunolocalization of SNS/PN3 and NaN/5N52 sodium channels in human pain states. Pain (2000) 85:41–50.
  • ••The paper describes dynamic changes ofNav1.8 and Nav1.9 expression in DRGs and peripheral nerves in different human pain pathologies, suggesting Nav1.8 to be involved in local hypersensitivity.
  • GOLD MS, VVEINREICH D, KIM CS et al.: Redistribution of Nav1.8 in uninjured axons enables neuropathic pain. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23:158–166.
  • ••Attenuation of expression of Nav1.8 withAS-ODNs prevents the redistribution of Nav1.8 along the sciatic nerve and reverses neuropathic pain behaviour in SNL rats.
  • LAI J, GOLD MS, KIM CS et al: Inhibition of neuropathic pain by decreased expression of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel, NaV1.8. Pain (2002) 95:143–152.
  • ••Intrathecal administration of Nav1.8-directed AS-ODNs reduces TTXr sodium current in the DRG cells and reverses neuropathic pain behaviours in SNL rats.
  • KERR BJ, SOUSLOVA V, McMAHON SB, WOOD JN: A role for the TTX-resistant sodium channel Nay 1.8 in NGF-induced hyperalgesia, but not neuropathic pain. Neuroreport (2001) 12:3077–3080.
  • ••Data obtained in Nav1.8-null mice suggestthis channel is not involved in the alteration of sensory thresholds following peripheral nerve injury, but may be a mediator of NGF-induced hyperalgesia.
  • AKOPIAN AN, SOUSLOVA V, ENGLAND S et al.: The tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel SNS has a specialized function in pain pathways. Nature Neurosci. (1999) 2:541–548.
  • ••This article describes the construction andcharacterisation of a Nav1.8-null mutant mouse, with the aim of examining the role of this sodium channel in nociception and pain.
  • ROZA C, LAIRD JMA, SOUSLOVA V, WOOD JN, CERVERO F: The tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channel Nav1.8 is essential for the expression of spontaneous activity in damaged sensory axons of mice. PhysioL (2003) 550:921–926.
  • PORRECA F, LAI J, BIAN D et a/.: A comparison of the potential role of the tetrodotwdn-insensitive sodium channels, PN3/SNS and NaN/5N52, in rat models of chronic pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:7640–7644.
  • KHAZAR SG, GOLD MS, LEVINE JD: A tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current mediates inflammatory pain in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. (1998) 256:17–20.
  • DIB-HAJJ SD, TYRRELL L, BLACK JA, WAXMAN SG: NaN, a novel voltage-gated Na channel, is expressed preferentially in peripheral sensory neurons and down-regulated after axotomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:8963–8968.
  • CUMMINS TR, DIB-HAJJ SD, BLACK JA, AKOPIAN AN, WOOD JN, WAXMAN SG: A novel persistent tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current in SNS-null and wild-type small primary sensory neurons. Neurosci. (1999) 19:RC43.
  • DIB-HAJJ S, BLACK JA, CUMMINS TR,WAXMAN SG: NaN/Nav1.9: a sodium channel with unique properties. Trends Neurosci. (2002) 25:253–259.
  • •This review describes the identification, cloning and electrophysiological characterisation of the Nav1.9 Nat+ channel.
  • HERZOG RI, CUMMINS TR, WAXMAN SG: Persistent TTX-resistant Na+ current affects resting potential and response to depolarization in simulated spinal sensory neurons.' Neurophysiol (2001) 86:1351–1364.
  • FANG X, DJOUHRI L, BLACK JA, DIB-HAJJ SD, WAXMAN SG, LAWSON SN: The presence and role of the tetrodotwdn-resistant sodium channel Na(v)1.9 (NaN) in nociceptive primary afferent neurons. Neurosci. (2002) 22:7425–433.
  • SLEEPER AA, CUMMINS TR, DIB-HAJJ SD et al.: Changes in expression of two tetrodotwdn-resistant sodium channels and their currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons after sciatic nerve injury but not rhizotomy. Neurosci. (2000) 20:7279–7289.
  • TATE S, BENN S, HICK C et al: Two sodium channels contribute to the TTX-R sodium current in primary sensory neurons. Nature Neurosci. (1998) 1:653–655.
  • COGGESHALL RE, TATE S, CARLTON SM: Differential expression of tetrodotwdn-resistant sodium channels Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in normal and inflamed rats. Neurosci. Lett. (2004) 355:45–48.
  • McGOWRAN M: IDdb Meeting Report. (2002) Posted on 11 June.
  • KOHANE DS, SMITH SE, LOUS DN et al.: Prolonged duration local anesthesia from tetrodotoxin-enhanced local anesthetic microspheres. JPain. (2003) 104:415–421.
  • LEWIS RJ, NIELSEN KJ, CRAICK DJ et al.: Novel (0-conotoxins from Conus catus discriminate among neuronal calcium channel subtypes. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:35335–35344.
  • SMITH MT, CABOT PJ, ROSS FB, ROBERTSON AD, LEWIS RJ: The novel N-type calcium channel blocker, AM336, produces potent dose-dependent antinociception after intrathecal dosing in rats and inhibits substance P release in rat spinal cord slice. Pain (2002) 96:119–127.
  • COUSINS MJ, GOUCKE RC, CHER LM, BROOKER CD, AMOR PE, CRUMP DE: A Phase I clinical trial of AM336, a novel N-type calcium channel blocker. 10th World Congress on Pain. Montreal, Canada (2002) Abstract 615–P249.
  • PACHACZ M, BLAKE D: Therapeutic product trials update. Bioshares (2003) 13:1–2.
  • KATZ N, GAMMAITONI AR, DAVIS MW, DWORKIN RH, THE LIDODERM PATCH STUDY: Lidocaine patch 5% reduces pain intensity and interference with quality of life in patients with postherpetic neuralgia: an effectiveness trial. Pain Med. (2002) 4:324–332.
  • MEIER T, WASNER G, FAUST M et al.:Efficacy of lidocaine patch 5% in the treatment of focal peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain (2003) 106:151–158.
  • BARBANO RL, HERRMANN DN, HART-GOULEAU S et al: Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneuropathy. Arch. Nemo]. (2004) 61:914–918.
  • GAMMAITONI A, GIMBEL J, HALE M, LINN R, GALER B: Lidocaine patch 5% effectively treats neuropathic qualities in low-back pain: results of a 6-week, prospective, open-label trial. 2nd Joint Meeting of the American Pain Society and the Canadian Pain Sociegi. Vancouver, Canada (2004) (Poster 896).
  • BRADLEY G: Effectiveness and safety of the lidocaine patch 5% as add-on or monotherapy in patients with pain from osteoarthritis: A prospective, multicenter, open-label study. 5th International Conference on the Mechanisms and Treatment of neuropathic Pain. Bermuda (2002).
  • BURCH F, CODDING C, PATEL N, SHELDON E: Lidocaine patch 5% improves pain, stiffness, and physical function in osteoarthritis pain patients. A prospective, multicenter, open-label effectiveness trial. Osteoathritis Cartilage (2004) 12:253–255.
  • FARAVELLI L, MAJ R, VENERONI 0, FARIELLO RG, BENATTI L, SALVATI P: NW-1029 is a novel Na+ channel blocker, with analgesic activity in animal models., XXXth Annual Meeting Society for Neurosdence New Orleans, USA (2000) (Abstract 454.9).
  • IZZO E, VENERONI 0, GRAZIANI G, PAUDICE P, RAITERI M, SALVATI R Anti-inflammatory effect of ralfinamide on carrageenan-induced paw oedema in the rat and inhibition of substance P release on spinal cord synaptosomes. XXXth Annual Meeting Society for Neuroscience. San Diego, USA (2004) (Abstract 863.4).
  • FARAVELLI L, FARIELLO RG, SALVATI P: Inhibition of TTX-r Na+ currents in rat sensory neurons by NW-1029, a new antihyperalgesic agent. In: Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain (Volume 24). Progress M Pain Research and Management, JO Dostrovsky, DB Carr, M Koltzenburg (Eds). IASP Press, Seattle, USA (2003):115–124.
  • STUMMANN TC, SALVATI P, FARIELLO RG, FARAVELLI L: NW-1029, an a-aminoamide derivative with antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic properties inhibits Na+ currents in rat sensory neurons. 4th Congress of the European Federation of IASP Chapters. Prague, Czech Republic (2003) (Abstract 171).
  • STUMMANN TC, SALVATI P, FARIELLO RG, FARAVELLI L: The anti-nociceptive agent NW-1029 inhibits TTXr and TTXs Na+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. (2004) (Submitted for publication).
  • VENERONI 0, MAJ R, CALABRESI M, FARAVELLI L, FARIELLO RG, SALVATI P: Anti-allodynic effect of NW-1029, a novel Na() channel blocker, in experimental animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain (2003) 102:17–25.
  • •Ralfinarnide is characterised by long lasting oral antyallodynic effects with high therapeutic index in the rat.
  • VENERONI 0, IZZO E, GRAZIANI G, PARINI S, DHO L, SALVATI P: Antiallodynic effect of Ralfinamide in spinal nerve ligation rat model of neurophatic pain. XXXth Annual Meeting Society for Neuroscience. San Diego, USA (2004) (Abstract 523.11).
  • SWANN S, SMALLMAN R: IWT's tectinstudy results show efficacy in pain management. CNS Drug News (2004) 90:35.
  • BRODIE MJ: Lamotrigine. Lancet (1992)339:1397–1400.
  • XIE X, DALE TJ, JOHN VH, CATER HL, PEAKMAN TC, CLARE JJ: Electrophysiological properties of the human brain Type IIA Na+ channel expressed in a stable mammalian cell line. Ear.' Phys. (2001) 441:425–433.
  • SIMPSON DM, OLNEY R, McARTHUR JC et al.: A placebo controlled trial of lamotrigine for painful HIV-associated neuropathy. Neurology (2000) 54:2115–2119.
  • ••This paper describes the different effect oflarnotrigine for HIV-associated neuropathy in patients receiving either neurotoxic or non-neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy.
  • EISENBERG E, LURIE Y, BRAKER C, DAOUD D, ISHAY A: Lamotrigine reduces painful diabetic neuropathy. Neurology (2001) 57:505–509.
  • •Describes a 59-patient trial where larnotrigine was evaluated for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
  • BACKONJA M, BEYDOUN A EDWARDS KR et al.: Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JA/VIA (1998) 280:1831–1836.
  • HARATI Y, GOOCH C, SWENSON M et al.: Double-blind randomized trial of tramadol for the treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. Neurology(1998) 50:1842–1846.
  • VESTERGAARD K, ANDERSEN G, GOTTRUP H, KRISTENSEN BT, JENSEN TS: Lamotrigine for central poststroke pain. Neurology (2001) 56:184–190.
  • ••One of the few published trials in centralpost-stroke pain.
  • FINNERUP NB, SINDRUP SH, BACH FW, JOHANNESEN IL, JENSEN TS: Lamotrigine in spinal cord injury pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pahl (2002) 96:375–383.
  • SHORVON S: Oxcarbazepine: a review. Seizure (2000) 9:75–79.
  • AMBROSIO AF, SOARES-DA-SILVA P, CARVALHO CM, CARVALHO AP: Mechanisms of action of carbamazepine and its derivatives oxcarbazepine, BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024 Neurochem. Res. (2002) 27:121–130.
  • ••Reviews the mechanism of action ofoxcarbazepine.
  • BEYDON A, SCHMIDT D, D'SOUZA J: Meta-analysis of comparative trials of oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine in trigeminal neuralgia. American Pahl Society 21st Annual Meet-Mg. Baltimore, MD, USA (2002) (Abstract 749).
  • NASCIMENTO 0, FREITAS M, LACERDA G, QUINTANILHA G, NAYLOR F: Encouraging early results of oxcarbazepine in newly diagnosed painful peripheral neuropathies. American pain society 23rd Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA (2003) (Abstract 939).
  • BEYDON A, KOBETZ SA, CARRAZANA EJ: Efficacy of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Clin. Pahl. (2004) 20:174–178.
  • ANGEHAGEN M, BEN-MENACHEM E, SHANK R, RONNBACK L, HANSSON E: Topiramate modulation of kainite-induced calcium currents is inversely related to channel phosphorylation level. Neurochem. (2004) 88:320–325.
  • VINIK A, ROANOKE VA, HEWITT D et al.: Topiramate in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: results from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology (2003) 60\(Suppl. 1):A–154.
  • CANAVERO S, BONICALZI V, PAOLOTTI R: Lack of effect of topiramate for central pain. Neurology (2002) 58:831.
  • JONES DL, SORKIN LS: Systemic gabapentin and S 8+)-3-isobutyl-y-aminobutyric acid block secondary hyperalgesia. Brain Res. (1998) 81:93–99.
  • DOOLEY DJ, MIESKE CA, BOROSKY SA: Inhibition of K±-evoked glutamate release from rat neocortical and hippocampal slices by gabapentin. NeuroscL Lett. (2000) 280:107–110.
  • FINK K, DOOLEY DJ, MEDER WP et al.: Inhibition of neuronal calcium influx by gabapentin and pregabalin in the human neocortex. Neuropharmacology (2002) 42:229–236.
  • MANEUF YP, HUGHES J, McKNIGHT AT: Gabapentin inhibits the substance P-facilitated K±-evoked release of (3H) glutamate from rat caudal trigeminal nucleus slices. Pain (2001) 93:191–196.
  • ROWBOTHAM MC, DWORKIN RH, CORBIN AE et al.: Pregabalin improves pain associated with fibromyalgia syndrome in a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled monotherapy trial. 5th International Conference on the Mechanisms and Treatment of Neuropathic Pahl. Bermuda (2002).
  • RICHTER RW, DWORKIN RH, SHARMA Uet al.: Pregabalin is effective in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: a pooled analysis of three clinical trials. 5th International Conference on the Mechanisms and Treatment of Neuropathic Pahl. Bermuda (2002).
  • DWORKIN RH, CORBIN AE, YOUNG JP et al.: Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology (2003):1274–1283.
  • ••Describes a 173-patient trial wherepregabalin was evaluated for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
  • SABATOWSKI R, GALVEZ R, CHERRY DA et al: Pregabalin reduces pain and improves sleep and mood disturbances in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia: results of a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pahl (2004) 109:26–35.
  • ••Describes a 238-patient trial wherepregabalin was evaluated in post-herpetic neuralgia.
  • HILL CM, BALKENOHL M, THOMAS DW, WALKER R, MATHE H, MURRAY G Pregabalin in patients with postoperative dental pain. Eui: J. Pahl (2001) 5:119–124.
  • REMMERS AE, SHARMA U, LAMOREAUX L, YOUNG JP, MOORE J, POOLE RM: Pregabalin treatment of patients with chronic low back pain. American Pahl Society 19th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, USA (2000) (Abstract 660).
  • KRISTIPATI R, NADASDI L, TARZCY-HORNOCH K, MUJANICH GP, RAMACHANDRAN J, BELL J: Characterization of the binding of w-conopeptides to different classes of non-L-type neuronal calcium channels. Mol NeuroscL (1994) 5:219–228.
  • MALMBERG AB, YAKSH TL: Effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of w-conopeptides, N-type calcium channel blockers, on behaviour and antinociception in the formalin and hot plate tests in rats. Pahl (1995) 60:83–90.
  • CHAPLAN SR, POGREL JVV, YAKSH TL: Role of voltage-dependent calcium channel subtypes in experimental tactile allodynia. Pharmacol Exp. Ther (1994) 269:1117-1123. Ha WANG YX, GAO D, PETTUS M, PHILLIPS C, BOWERSOX SS: Interactions of intrathecally administered ziconotide, a selective blocker of neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, with morphine on nociception in rats. Pahl (2000) 84:27–81.
  • WANG YX, PETTUS M, GAO D, PHILLIPS C, BOWERSOX SS: Effects of intrathecal administration of ziconotide, a selective neuronal N-type calcium channel blocker, on mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesis in a rat model of postoperative pain. Pahl (2000) 84:151–158.
  • ATANASSOFF PG, HARTMANNSGRUBER MW, THRASHER J et al.: Ziconotide, a new N-type calcium channel blocker, administered intrathecally for acute postoperative pain. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. (2000) 25:274–278.
  • STAATS PS, YEARWOOD T, CHARAPATA SG et al.: Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS. JAMA (2004) 291:63–70.
  • •Describes a 111-patient trial where ziconotide was evaluated in pain associated with cancer and AIDS.
  • STAATS P, WALLACE M, PRESLEY R, ELLIS D, DISSANAYAKE S: Long-term intrathecal ziconotide effectiveness in chronic malignant and nonmalignant pain. J. Pain (2004) 5\(Suppl. 1):55.
  • WALLACE M, STAATS P, PRESLEY R, ELLIS D, DISSANAYAKE S: Safety assessment of intrathecal ziconotide treatment for chronic malignant and nonmalignant pain. J. Pain (2004) 5\(Suppl. 1):55.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.