380
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cataract formation and prevention

Pages 691-701 | Published online: 24 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • THYLEFORS B, NEGREL AD, PARARAJASEGARAM R, DADZIE KY: Global data on blindness. Bull. World Health Organ. (1995) 73:115–121.
  • JAVITT JC: Who does cataract surgery in the United States? Arch. Ophthalmol. (1993) 111:1329.
  • JOSHI N, CONSTABLE PH, MARGOLIS TP, HOYL CS, LEONARD TJ: Bilateral angle closure glaucoma and accelerated cataract in a patient with AIDS. Br: J. Ophthalmol. (1994) 78:656–657.
  • SCHNAUDIGEL OE, GUMBEL H, RICHTER R, SUBKLEW R, GARWEGT: Ophthalmologic manifestations in early and late stages of AIDS. Ophthalmologe (1994) 91:668–670.
  • JAANUS SD: Drug-related cataract. Optom. Clin. (1991) 1:143–157.
  • HODGE W, WHITCHER JP, SATARIANO W: Risk factors for age-related cataracts. Epidemiol. Rev (1995) 17:336–346.
  • BROWN NA, BRON AJ, HARDING JJ, DEWAR HM: Nutrition supplements and the eye. Eye (1998) 12:127–133.
  • HARDING JJ: Can drugs or micronutrients prevent cataract? Drugs Aging (2001) 18:473–486.
  • CONGDON NG: Prevention strategies for age related cataract: Present limitations and future possibilities. Br. J. Ophthalmol. (2001)85(5):516–520.
  • ZIGMAN S, PAXHIA T, McDANIEL T, LOU MF, YU NT: Effect of chronic near-ultraviolet radiation on the gray squirrel lens M vivo. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci (1991) 32:1723–1732.
  • HIGHTOWER KR: A review of the evidence that ultraviolet radiation is a risk factor in cataractogenesis. Doc. Ophthalmol. (1995) 88:205–220.
  • BALASUBRAMANIAN D: Ultraviolet radiation and cataract. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Therapeut. (2000) 16:285–297.
  • ROBERTS J, FINLEY EL, PATAT SA, SCHEY KL: Photowddation of lens proteins with xanthurenic acid: a putative chromophore for cataractogenesis. Photochem. Photobiol. (2001) 74:740–744.
  • WEINREB 0, DOVRAT A, DUNIA I, BENEDETTI EL, BLOEMENDAL H: UV-A-related alterations of young and adult lens water-insoluble a-crystallin, plasma membranous and cytoskeletal proteins. Ear: Biochem. (2001) 268:536–543.
  • DE JONG WW, LEUNISSEN JAM, VOORTER CEM: Evolution of the a-crystallin/small heat-shock protein family. Biol. Eva (1993) 10:103–126.
  • HORWITZ J: a-Crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci.USA (1992) 89:10449–10453.
  • SLINEY DH: Physical factors in cataractogenesis: Ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (1986) 27:781–790.
  • AYALA MN, MICHAEL R, SODERBERG PG: In vivo cataract after repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Exp. Eye Res. (2000) 70:451–456.
  • TAYLOR HR, WEST SK, ROSENTHAL FS et al.: Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. N Engl. J. Med. (1988) 320:1285–1286.
  • WEST SK, DUNCAN DD, MUNOZ B et al.: Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study. JAMA (1998) 280:714–718.
  • McCARTY CA, NANJAN MB, TAYLOR HR: Attributable risk estimates for cataract to prioritize medical and public health action. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2000) 41:3720–3725.
  • BOCHOW TW, WEST SK, AZAR A, MUNOZ B, SOMMER A, TAYLOR HR: Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Arch. Ophthalmol. (1989) 107:369–372.
  • FRANCIS P, CHUNG JJ, YASUI M et al.: Functional impairment of lens aquaporin in two families with dominantly inherited cataracts. Human Mol. Genet. (2000) 9:2329–2334.
  • NAKANO K, YAMAMOTO S, KATSUKAKE G, OGAWA H, NAKAJIMA A, TAKANO E: Hereditary cataract in mice. Jpn. I Clin. Ophthalmol. (1960) 14:196.
  • IWATA S, KINOSHITA JH: Mechanism of development of hereditary cataract in mice. Invest. Ophthalmo1.10:504–512.
  • KUWABARA T, KINOSHITA JH, COGAN DG: Electron microscopic study of galactose-induced cataract. Invest. Ophthalmol. (1969) 8:133–149.
  • ROBISON WG, HOULDER N, KINOSHITA JH: The role of lens epithelium in sugar cataract formation. Exp. Eye Res. (1990) 50:641–646.
  • KINOSHITA J: A thirty year journey in the polyol pathway. Exp. Eye Res. (1990) 50:567–573.
  • VAN HEYNINGEN R: Sorbitol pathway-reminiscences. Exp. Eye Res. (1990) 50:583–588.
  • CARPER D, NISHIMURA C, SHINOHARA T et al.: Aldose reductase and rho-crystallin belong to the same protein superfamily as aldehyde reductase. FEBS Lett. (1987) 220:209–213.
  • LUDVIGSON MA, SORENSON RL: Immunohistochemical localization of aldose reductase. II. Rat eye and kidney. Diabetes (1980) 29:450–459.
  • NISHIMURA C, AKAGI Y, ROBISON WG, KADOR PF, KINOSHITA JH: Increased aldose reductase activity in galactosemic lens. In: Polyol Pathway and Role M Diabetic Complications. N Sakamoto, JH Kinoshita, PF Kador, N Hotta (Eds), Elsevier, New York (1988):182–188.
  • STITT AW: Advanced glycation: an important pathological event in diabetic and age related ocular disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol. (2001) 85:746–753.
  • KONERU PB, LIEN EJ, KODA RT: Oculotoxicities of systemically administered drugs. J. Ocular Pharmacol. (1986) 2:385–404.
  • HOLLWICH F, BOATENG A, KOLCK B:Toxic cataract. In: Cataract and Abnormalities of the Lens. JG Bellows (Ed.), 13(6) Grune & Stratton, New York (1975):230–243.
  • CHENG Q, ROBISON WG, ZIGLER JS: Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate counteracts the cataractogenic effect of lovastatin on cultured rat lenses. Exp. Eye Res. (2002) 75:603–609.
  • CENEDELLA RJ, KUSZAK JR, AL-GHOUL KJ, QIN S, SEXTON PS: Discordant expression of the sterol pathway in lens underlies simvastatin-induced cataracts in Chbb: thom rats. J. Lipid Res. (2003) 44:198–211.
  • SHICHI H: Biotransformation and drug metabolism. In: Pharmacology of the Eye. ML Sears (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1984):117–148.
  • O'BRIEN PJ: Molecular mechanisms of quinone cytotoxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact. (1991) 80:1–41.
  • SHICHI H, TANAKA M, JENSEN NM, NEBERT DW: Genetic differences in cataract and other ocular abnormalities induced by paracetamol and naphthalene. Pharmacology(1980) 20:229–241.
  • WELLS P, WILSON B, LUBEK BM: In vivo murine studies on the biochemical mechanism of naphthalene cataractogenesis. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol (1989) 99:466–473.
  • XU GT, ZIGLER JS, LOU MF: The possible mechanism of naphthalene cataract in rat and its prevention by an aldolase reductase inhibitor (ALT 1576). Exp. Eye Res. (1992) 54:63–72.
  • BOLTON JL, TRUSH MA, PENNING TM, DRYHURST G, MONKS TJ: Role of quinones in toxicity. Chem. Res Toxicol (2000) 13:135–160.
  • SUGIYAMA K, WANG TL, SIMPSON JT, RODRIGUEZ L, KADOR P, SATO S: Aldose reductase catalyzes the oxidation of naphthalene-1, 2-dihydrodiol for the formation of ortho-naphthoquinone. Drug Met. Dispos. (1999) 27:60–67.
  • RAO PV, ZIGLER JS: Zeta-crystallin from guinea-pig lens is capable of functioning catalytically as an oxidoreductase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1991) 284:181–185.
  • BAZZI MD: Interaction of camel lens zeta-crystallin with quinones: Portrait of a substrate by fluorescence spectroscopy. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2001) 395:185–190.
  • SHICHI H, GAASTERLAND DE, NEBERT DW: The Ah locus: genetic differences in susceptibility to cataracts induced by acetaminophen. Science (1978) 200:539–541.
  • LUBEK BM, AVARIA M, BASU PK, WELLS PG: Pharmacological studies on the in vivo cataractogenicity of acetaminophen in mice and rabbits. Found. Appl. Toxicol (1988) 10:596–606.
  • RAUCY JL, LASKER JM, LIEBER CS, BLACK M: Acetaminophen activation by human liver cytochromes P4502 El and P450 1A2. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1989) 271:270–283.
  • PATTEN CJ, THOMAS PE, GUY RL et al.: Cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in acetaminophen activation by rat and human liver microsomes and their kinetics. Chem. Res. Toxicol (1993) 6:511–518.
  • THUMMEL KE, LEE CA, KUNZE KL, NELSON SD, SLATTERY JT: Oxidation of acetaminophen to N-acetyl-p-aminobenzoquinone imine by human CYP 3A4. Biochem. Pharmacol (1993) 45:1563–1569.
  • BESSEMS JGM, VERMEULEN NPE: Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: Molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and approaches. Grit. Rev Toxicol (2001) 31:55–138.
  • ZHAO C, SHICHI H: Histological study on the possible mechanism of acetaminophen cataractogenesis in mouse eye. Exp. Mol Pathol (1995) 63:118–128.
  • QIAN W, SHICHI H: Cataract formation by a semiquinone metabolite of acetaminophen in mice. Exp. Eye Res. (2000) 71:567–574.
  • ZHAO C, XIONG Y, SHICHI H: Acetaminophen cytotoxicity in mouse eye: mitochondria in anterior tissues are the primary target. I. Ocular Pharmacol Therapeut. (1997) 13:269–274.
  • MATHUR P, PESHENKO IV, SHICHI H: Cellular events preceding acetaminophen cataractogenesis studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Ocular Pharmacol Therapeut. (2003) 19:483–492.
  • QIAN W, SHICHI H: Napthoquinone-induced cataract in mice: Possible involvement of Ca2+ release and calpain activation. Ocular Pharmacol Therapeut. (2001) 17:383–392.
  • MARTYNKINA LP, QIAN W, SHICHI H: Naphthoquinone-induced cataract in mice: mitochondrial change and prevention by superoxide dismutase. J. Ocular PharmacolTherapeut. (2002) 18:231–239.
  • WALLACE KB, STARKOV AA: Mitochondrial targets of drug toxicity. Ann. Rev Pharmacol Toxicol (2000) 40:353–388.
  • SPECTOR A: Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action. FASEB (1995) 9:1173–1182.
  • REES JR, PIRIE A: Possible reactions of 1, 2-naphthoquinone in the eye. Biochem. (1967) 102:853–863.
  • SATO S, SUGIYAMA K, LEE YS, KADOR PK: Prevention of naphthalene-1, 2-dihydrodiol-induced lens protein modifications by structurally diverse aldose reductase inhibitors. Exp. Eye Res. (1999) 68:601–608.
  • CHRISTEN WG, GLYNN RJ, AJANI UA et al.: Smoking cessation and risk of age-related cataract in man. JAMA (2000) 284:713–716.
  • BLACK RL, OGLASBY R, VON SALLMAN L, BUNIN J: Posterior subcapsular cataract induced by corticoids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA (1960) 174:166–171.
  • CUMMING RG, MITCHEL P, LEEDER SR: Use of inhaled corticosterods and the risk of cataracts. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:8–14.
  • DERBY L, MAIER WC: Risk of cataract among users of intranasal corticosteroids. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol (2000) 105:912–916.
  • MANABE S, BUCALA R, CERAMI A: Nonenzymatic addition of glucocorticoids to lens proteins in steroid-induced cataracts. Clin. Invest. (1984) 74:1803–1810.
  • BUCALA R, GALLATI M, MANABE S, COTLIER E, CERAMI A: Glucocorticoid-lens protein adducts in experimentally induced steroid cataracts. Exp. Eye Res. (1985) 40:853–863.
  • NISHIGORI H, LEE JW, YAMAUCHI Y,MARUYAMA K, IWATSURU M: Analysis of glucose levels during glucocorticoid-induced cataract formation in chick embryo. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (1987) 28:168–174.
  • NISHIGORI H: Steroid (glucocorticoid)-induced cataract. Nippon Hakunaisho Gakkai-shi. (1991) 11:5–13.
  • HAMMOND CJ, DUNCAN D, SNIEDER H et al.: The heritability of age-related cortical cataract: The twin eye study. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (2001) 42:601–605.
  • LITT M, KRAMER P, LAM ORTICELLA DM, MURPHY W, 13(6) LOVRIEN FW, WELEBER RG: Autosomal dominant congenital cataract associated with a missense mutation in the human a-crystallin gene CRYAA. Human Ma Genet. (1998) 7:471–474.
  • GILL D, KLOSE R, MUNIER FL et al: Genetic heterogeneity of the Coppock-like cataract: a mutation in CRYBB2 on chromosome 22q11.2. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (2000) 41:159–165.
  • FU L, LIANG JN: Alteration of protein-protein interactions of congenital cataract crystallin mutants. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (2003) 44:1155–1159.
  • HAIDER NB, IKEDA A, NAGGERT JK, NISHINA PM: Genetic modifiers of vision and hearing. Human Ma Genetics (2002) 11:1195–1206.
  • GONG X, AGOPIAN K, KUMAR NM, GILULA NB: Genetic factors influence cataract formation in a-3 connexin knockout mice. Dev. Genet. (1999) 24:27–32.
  • MAEDA YY, FUNATA N, TAKAHAMA S, SUGATA Y, YONEKAWA H: Two interactive genes responsible for a new inherited cataract (RCT) in the mouse. Mamm. Genome (2001) 12:278–283.
  • IONIDES A, FRANCIS P, BERRY V, MACKAY D, BHATTACHARYA S, SHIELDS A et al.: Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant congenital cataract. Br. Ophthalmol (1999) 83:802–808.
  • CAMPAGNOLI ME PIMAZZONI R, BOSIO S, ZECCHINA G, DEGOBBI M, BOSSO P et al.: Onset of cataract in early infancy associated with 32Gtransitionin the iron responsive element of L-ferritin. Eur.j Pediatr. (2002) 161:499–502.
  • OKANO Y, ASADA M, FUJIMOTO A et al.: A genetic factor for age-related cataract: Identification and characterization of a novel galactokinase variant, 'Osaka,' in Asians. Am. Hum. Genet. (2001) 68:1036–1042.
  • MARAINI G, HEJTMANCIK JF, SHIELDS A et al.: Galactokinase gene mutations and age-related cataract. Lack of association in an Italian population. Mo/. Vis. (2003) 9:397–400.
  • SEKINE Y, HOMMURA S, HARADA S: Frequency of glutathione-Stransferase 1 gene deletion and possible correlation with cataract formation. Exp. Eye Res. (1995) 60:159–163.
  • TOMAREV SI, ZINOVIEVA RD: Squid major lens polypeptides are homologous to glutathione-..Ctransferase subunit. Nature (1988) 336:86–88.
  • TOMAREV SI, ZINOVIEVA RD, PIATIGORSKY J: Crystallins of octopus lens. J. Bio/. Chem. (1991) 226:24226–24231.
  • KLEIN BE, KLEIN R, LINTON KL: Prevalance of age-related lens opacities in a population. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology (1992) 99:546–552.
  • MITCHELL P, CUMMING RG, ATTEBO K, PANCHAPAKESAN J: Prevalance of cataract in Australia: the Blue Mountains eye study. Ophthalmology (1997) 104:581–588.
  • DEANE JS, HALL AB, THOMPSON JR, ROSENTHAL AR: Prevalence of lenticular abnormalities in a population-based study: Oxford clinical cataract grading in the Melton Eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol (1997) 4:195–206.
  • HILLER R, SPERDUTO RD, EDERER F:Epidemiologic associations with nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Am. J. Epidemiol (1986) 124:916–925.
  • WEST SK, MUNOZ B, SCHEIN OD, DUNCAN DD, RUBIN GS: Racial differences in lens opacities: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project. Am. Epidemiol (1998) 148:1033–1039.
  • HAMMOND CJ, DUNCAN D, SNIEDER H et al.: The heritability of age-related cortical cataract: The twin eye study. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (2001) 42:601–605.
  • BOSIA F, GRATTAGLIANO I, VENDEMIALE G, MICELLI-FERRARI T, ALTOMARE E: Protein oxidation and lens opacity in humans. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (2000) 41:2461–2465.
  • BORCHMAN D, YAPPERT MC: Age-related lipid oxidation in human lenses. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. (1998) 39:1053–1058.
  • ROSE R, RICHER S, BODE A: Ocular oxidants and antioxidant protection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1998) 217:397–407.
  • PIRIE A: Glutathione peroxidase in lens and a source of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous humor. Biochem.f. (1965) 96:244–253.
  • GIBLIN F, McCREADY JP, KODAMA T,REDDY VN: A direct correlation between the levels of ascorbic acid and H202 in aqueous humor. Exp. Eye Res. (1984) 38:87–93.
  • HALLI WELL B, CLEMENT MV, LONG LH: Hydrogen peroxide in the human body. FEBS Lett. (2000) 486:10–13.
  • McGAHAN MC, FLEISHER LN: A micromethod for the determination of iron and total iron-binding capacity in intraocular fluids and plasma using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Anal. Biochem. (1986) 156:397–402.
  • TAKIKAWA 0, LITTLEJOHN TK, TRUSCOTT RJW: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in the human lens, the first enzyme in the synthesis of UV filters. Exp. Eye Res. (2001) 72:271–277.
  • ITO S: Reexamination of the structure ofeumelanin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1986) 883:155–161.
  • LARSSON BS: Interaction between chemicals and melanin. Pigment Cell Res. (1993) 6:127–133.
  • CUMMING RG, MITCHELL P: Alcohol, smoking, and cataract: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch. Ophthalmol (1997) 115:1296–1303.
  • BENEDEK GB: Cataract as a protein condensation disease: The Procter Lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. ScL (1997) 38:1911–1921.
  • SASO L, SILVESTRINI B: Antidenaturant drugs for cataract and other condensation diseases. Med. Hypotheses (2001) 56:114–120.
  • COTLIER E, SHARIVIA YR: Aspirin and senile cataracts in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1981) 1:338–339.
  • COTLIER E, SHARMA YR, NIVEN T, BRESCIAM: Distribution of salicylate in lens and intraocular fluids and its effect on cataract formation. Am. Med. (1983) 74:83-90. los. CHRISTEN WG, AJANI UA, SCHAUMBERG DA, GLYNN RJ, MANSON JE, HENNEKENS CH: Aspirin use and risk of cataract in posttrial follow-up of physicians' health study I. Arch. Ophthalmol (2001) 119:405–412.
  • HASAN A, SMITH JB, QIN W, SMITH DL: The reaction of bovine lens aA-crystallin with aspirin. Exp. Eye Res. (1993) 57:29–35.
  • BENEDEK GB, PANDE J, THURSTON GM, CLARK JI: Theoretical and experimental basis for the inhibition of cataract. Frogs. Retinal Eye Res. (1999) 18:391–402.
  • KUZNIARZ M, MITCHELL P, CUMMING RG, FLOOD VM: Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: The Blue Mountain Eye Study. Am. I Ophthalinol (2001) 132:19–26.
  • ARED Report No. 9: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss. Arch. Ophthalinol (2001) 119:1439–1452.
  • VAN DER POLS JC: A possible role for vitamin C in age-related cataract. Proc. Nutr. Soc. (1999) 58:295–301.
  • CHENG R, LIN B, LEE KW, ORTWERTH BJ: Similarity of the yellow chromophores isolated from human cataracts with those from ascorbic acid-modified calf lens proteins: evidence for ascorbic acid glycation during cataract formation. Biochlin. Biophys. Acta (2001) 1537:14–26.
  • KLEIN BE, KLEIN R, RITTER LL: Is there evidence of an estrogen effect on age-related lens opacities? Arch. Ophthalinol (1994) 112:85–91.
  • CUMMING R, MITCHELL P: Hormone replacement therapy, reproductive factors, and cataract: the Blue Mountain eye study. Ain. J. Epidentiol (1997) 145:242–249.
  • BIGBY R, CARDENAS H, CAPERELL-GRANT A, GRUBBS CJ: Protective effects of estrogen in a rat model of age-related cataracts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:9328–9332.
  • KIUCHI K, YOSHIZAWA K, MORIGUCHI K, TSUBURA A: Rapid induction of cataract by a single intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in 15-day-old-Sprague-Dawley (Jcl:SD) rats. Exp. Toxic. Pathol. (2002) 54:181–186.
  • YABE-NISHIMURA C: Aldose reductase in glucose toxicity: a potential target for the prevention of diabetic complications. Pharinacol Rev (1998) 50:21–33.
  • LOU MF, XU GT, ZIGLER S, YORK B: Inhibition of naphthalene cataract in rats by aldose reductase inhibitors. Carr: Eye Res. (1996) 15:423–432.
  • HIGHTOWER KR: Cytotoxic effects of internal calcium on lens physiology: a review. Carr: Eye Res. (1985) 4:453–459.
  • ANDERSSON M, SJOSTRAND J, ANDERSSON AK, ANDERSEN B, KARLSSON JO: Calpains in lens epithelium from patient with cataract. Exp. Eye Res. (1996) 59:359–364.
  • MATSUSHIMA H, DAVID LL, HIRAOKA T, CLARK JI: Loss of cytoskeletal proteins and lens cell opacification in the selenite cataract model. Exp. Eye Res. (1997) 64:387–395.
  • KILLIC F, TREVITHICK JR: Modeling cortical cataractogenesis. XXIX. Calpain proteolysis of lens fodrin in cataract. Biochein. Ma Biol. Intl. (1998) 45:963–978.
  • SCHEY KL, FOWLER JG, SHEARER TR, DAVID L: Modifications to rat lens major intrinsic protein in selenite-induced cataract. Invest. Ophthalinol Vis. Sci. (1999) 40:657–667.
  • TAMADA Y, FUKIAGE C, MIZUTANI K et al.: Calpain inhibitor, SJA 6017, reduces the rate of formation of selenite cataract in rats. Carr. Eye Res. (2001) 22:280–285.
  • TAKEUCHI N, ITO H, NAMIKI K, KAMEI A: Effect of calpain on hereditary cataractous rat, ICR/f. Biol. Pharin. Bull. (2001) 24:1246–1251.
  • MATHUR P, GUPTA S, WEGENER AR et al.: Comparison of various calpain inhibitors in reduction of light scattering in precipitation and nuclear cataract in vitro. Carr. Eye Res. (2000) 21:926–933.
  • YOSHIDA H, MURACHI T, TSUKAHARA I: Distribution of calpain I, calpain II, and calpastatin in bovine lens. Invest. Ophthalinol Vis. Sci. (1985) 26:953–956.
  • AGE-RELATED EYE DISEASE STUDY RESEARCH GROUP: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss. Arch. Ophthalinol (2001) 119:1439–1452.
  • CHAKARAPANI B, YEDAVALLY S, LEVERENZ V, GIBLIN FJ, REDDY VN: Simultaneous measurement of reduced and oxidized glutathione in human aqueous humor and cataracts by electrochemical detection. Ophthalmic Res. (1995) 27\(Suppl. 1):69–77.
  • KASUYA M, ITOI M, KOBAYASHI S, SUNAGA S, SUZUKI KT: Changes in glutathione and taurine concentrations in lenses of rat eyes induced by galactose-cataract formation or ageing. Exp. Eye Res. (1992) 54:49–53.
  • HIRAOKA T, CLARK JI, LI XY, THURSTON GM: Effect of selected anti-cataract agents on opacification in the selenite cataract model. Exp. Eye Res. (1996) 62:11–19.
  • HEIM KE, TAGLIAFERRO AR, BOBILYA DJ: Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationship. Nutrit. Biochein. (2002) 13:572–584.
  • ORHAN H, MAROL S, HEPSEN I, SAHIN G: Effects of some probable antioxidants on selenite-induced cataract formation and oxidative stress-related parameters in rats. Toxicology (1999) 139:219–232.
  • REDDAN J, GIBLIN F, SEVILLA M et al: Propylgallate is a superoxide dismutase mimic and protects cultured lens epithelial cells from H202 insult. Exp. Eye Res. (2003) 76:49–59.
  • SOHAL RS, MOCKETT RJ, ORR WC: Mechanisms of aging: an appraisal of the oxidative stress hypothesis. Free Rad. Biol. Med. (2002) 33:575–586.
  • WEI YH, LEE HC: Oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutation, and impairment of antioxidant enzymes in aging. Exp. Biol. Med. (2002) 227:671–682.
  • MANDAVILLI B, SANTOS J, VANHUTEN B: Mitorhondrial DNA repair and aging. Mutation Res. (2002) 509:127–151.
  • BOVERIS A, CADENAS E: Mitorhondrial production of hydrogen peroxide regulation by nitric oxide and the role of ubisemiquinone. IUBMB Life (2000) 50:245–250.
  • SOHAL RS, WEINDRUCH R: Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science (1996) 273:59–63.
  • WALLACE DC: Mitorhondrial DNA sequence variation in human evolution and disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 0994) 91:8739–8746.
  • RICHTER C, PARK JVV, AMES BN: Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85:6465–6467.
  • BEHNDIG A, SVENSSON B, MARKLUND SL, KARLSSON K: Superoxide dismutase isozymes in the human eye. Invest. Ophthahnol. Vis. Sci. (1998) 39:471–475.
  • REDDY VN: Glutathione and its function in the lens - an overview. Exp. Eye Res. (1990) 50:771–778.
  • ALLEN JA, COOMBS MM: Covalent binding of polycyclic aromatic compounds to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Nature (1980) 287:244–245.
  • ADACHI K, FUJIURA Y, MARUMI F et al.: A deletion of mitochondrial DNA in murine doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 195:945–951.
  • LIANG FQ, GODLEY BF: Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a possible mechanism for RPE aging and age- related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res.(2003) 76:397–403.
  • LANE MA, INGRAM DK, ROTH GS: The serious search for an anti-aging pill. Sci. Am. (2002) 287:36-41. Websites

Websites

  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OM/M

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.