Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Volume 16, 2007 - Issue 9
Submit an article Journal homepage
205
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Melphalan: old and new uses of a still master drug for multiple myeloma

Pellegrino Musto Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, CROB, ‘Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata’, Strada Provinciale, 8, 85028, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Italy +39 97 272 6729; +39 97 272 6217; [email protected]
&
Fiorella D'Auria Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, CROB, ‘Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata’, Strada Provinciale, 8, 85028, Rionero in Vulture (Pz), Italy +39 97 272 6729; +39 97 272 6217; [email protected]
Pages 1467-1487 | Published online: 22 Aug 2007

Bibliography

  • SAROSY G, LEYLAND-JONES B, SOOCHAN P et al.: The systemic administration of intravenous melphalan. J. Clin. Oncol. (1988) 6:1768-1782.
  • SAMUELS BL, BITRAN JD: High-dose intravenous melphalan: a review. J. Clin. Oncol. (1995) 13:1786-1799.
  • OSGOOD EE: The survival time of patients with plasmacytic myeloma. Cancer Chemoter. Rep. (1960) 9:1-10.
  • KYLE RA, RAJKUMAR SV: Multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351:1860-1873.
  • RAJKUMAR V, LACY MQ: Treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma. American Society Clinical Oncology Educational Book (2007):483-488.
  • BESINGER WI: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma: the number and types of transplant needed. American Society Clinical Oncology Educational Book (2007):489-494.
  • ALEXANIAN R, BERGSAGEL DE, MIGLIOIE PJ et al.: Melphalan therapy for plasma cell myeloma. Blood (1968) 31:1-10.
  • Hoogstraten B, Costa J: Melphalan in multiple myeloma. Blood (1967) 30:74-83.
  • ORLOWSKI RZ: Initial therapy of multiple myeloma patients who are not candidates for stem cell transplantation. Hematology (2006):338-347.
  • BELCH A, SHELLEY W, BERGSAGEL D et al.: A randomized trial of maintenance versus no maintenance melphalan and prednisone in responding multiple myeloma patients. Br. J. Cancer (1988) 57:94-99.
  • PULSONI A, VILLIVA N, CAVALIERI E et al.: Continuous low dose of melphalan and prednisone in patients with multiple myeloma of very old age or severe associated disease. Drugs Aging (2002) 19:947-953.
  • BOSANQUET AG, GILBY ED: Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous melphalan during routine treatment of multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. (1982) 18:355-362.
  • EHRSSON H, EKSBORG S, OSTERBORG A et al.: Oral melphalan pharmacokinetics: relation to dose in patients with multiple myeloma. Med. Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother. (1989) 6:151-154.
  • FERNBERG JO, JOHANSSON B, LEWENSOHN R, MELLSTEDT H: Oral dosage of melphalan and response to treatment in multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Cancer (1990) 26:393-396.
  • BOCCADORO M, PALUMBO A, ARGENTINO C et al.: Conventional induction treatments do not influence overall survival in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. (1997) 96:333-337.
  • PETRUCCI MT, AVVISATI G, TRIBALTO M et al.: Intermediate-dose (25 mg/m2) intravenous melphalan for patients with multiple myeloma in relapse or refractory to standard treatment. Eur. J. Haematol. (1989) 42:233-237.
  • CARLSON K, HJORTH M, KNUDSEN LM et al.; Nordic Myeloma Study Group: Toxicity in standard melphalan-prednisone therapy among myeloma patients with renal failure: a retrospective analysis and recommendations for dose adjustment. Br. J. Haematol. (2005) 128:631-635.
  • BOCCADORO M, PALUMBO A, BRINGHEN S et al.: Oral melphalan at diagnosis hampers adequate collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells in multiple myeloma. Haematologica (2002) 87:846-850.
  • DE LA RUBIA J, BLADE J, LAHUERTA JJ et al.: Effect of chemotherapy with alkylating agents on the yield of CD34+ cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Results of the Spanish Myeloma Group (GEM) Study. Haematologica (2006) 91:621-627.
  • ZHOU P, ZHANG Y, MARTINEZ C et al.: Melphalan-mobilized blood stem cell components contain minimal clonotypic myeloma cell contamination. Blood (2003) 102:477-479.
  • ALEXANIAN R, DIMOPOULOS MA, DELASALLE K et al.: Primary dexamethasone treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood (1992) 80:887-890.
  • FACON T, MARY JY, PEGOURIE B et al.: Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. Blood (2006) 107:1292-1298.
  • HERNANDEZ JM, GARCIA-SANZ R, GOLVANO E et al.: Randomized comparison of dexamethasone combined with melphalan versus melphalan with prednisone in the treatment of elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Br. Haematol. (2004) 127:159-164.
  • SHUSTIK C, BELCH A, ROBINSON S et al.: A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. (2007) 136:203-211.
  • GREGORY WM, RICHARDS MA, MALPAS JS et al.: Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan and prednisolone in the treatment of multiple myeloma: an overview of published trials. J. Clin. Oncol. (1992) 10:334-342.
  • MYELOMA TRIALISTS' COLLABORATIVE GROUP: Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan and prednisone as treatment of multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials. J. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 16:3832-3842.
  • CROWLEY J, JACOBSON J, ALEXANIAN R et al.: Standard dose-therapy for multiple myeloma: the Southwest Oncology Group experience. Sem. Hematol. (2001) 38:203-208.
  • OKEN MM, HARRINGTON DP, ABRAMSON N et al.: Comparison of melphalan and prednisone with vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone in the treatment of multiple myeloma: results of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E2479. Cancer (1997) 79:1561-1567.
  • CAVO M, BENNI M, RONCONI S et al.: Melphalan-prednisone versus alternating combination VAD/MP or VND/MP as primary therapy for multiple myeloma: final analysis of a randomized clinical study. Haematologica (2002) 87:934-942.
  • ZERVAS K, POULI A, GREGORAKI B et al.: Comparison of vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, prednisone (VBMCP) and IFN-a with melphalan and prednisone (MP) and interferon-α (IFN-a) in patients with good-prognosis multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized study. Greek Myeloma Study Group. Eur. J. Haematol. (2001) 66:18-23.
  • KYLE RA, LEONG T, LI S et al.: Complete response in multiple myeloma: clinical trial E9486, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study not involving stem cell transplantation. Cancer (2006) 106:1958-1966.
  • PONISCH W, MITROU PS, MERKLE K: Treatment of bendamustine and prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma results in superior complete response rate, prolonged time to treatment failure and improved quality of life compared to treatment with melphalan and prednisone-a randomized Phase III study of the East German Study Group of Hematology and Oncology (OSHO). J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 132:205-212.
  • GARCIA-SANZ R, HERNANDEZ JM, SUREDA A et al.: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, melphalan and prednisone therapy for elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol. Oncol. (2006) 24:205-211.
  • SINGHAL S, MEHTA J, DESIKAN R et al.: Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:1565-1571.
  • RAJKUMAR SV, HAYMAN SR, LACY MQ et al.: Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood (2005) 106:4050-4053.
  • RICHARDSON PG, BARLOGIE B, BERENSON J et al.: A Phase II study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:2609-2617.
  • PALUMBO A, BERTOLA A, MUSTO P et al.: Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma. Cancer (2005) 104:1428-1433.
  • PALUMBO A, BRINGHEN S, CARAVITA T et al.: Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2006) 367:825-831.
  • Facon T, Mary J, Harousseau J et al.: Superiority of melphalan-prednisone (MP) + thalidomode (THAL) over MP and autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. (Suppl.) (2006) 24(18S):1.
  • HULIN C, VIRION JM, COITEUX V et al.: Melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide (MP-T) is also superior to melphalan-prednisone (MP) in patients 75 years of age or older with untreated multiple myeloma (MM). Preliminary results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled IFM 01-01 trial. Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):66.
  • DIMOPOULOS MA, ANAGNOSTOPOULOS A, TERPOS E et al.: Primary treatment with pulsed melphalan, dexamethasone and thalidomide for elderly symptomatic patients with multiple myeloma. Haematologica (2006) 91:252-254.
  • MATEOS MV, HERNANDEZ JM, HERNANDEZ MT et al.: Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone in elderly untreated patients with multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter Phase I/II study. Blood (2006) 108:2165-2172.
  • BERENSON J, WOYTOWITZ D, FLAM M et al.: Bortezomib + ascorbic acid + melphalan upfront therapy. Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):180.
  • Palumbo A, Falco P, Corradini P et al.: Melphalan, prednisone and lenalidomide in newly diagnosed myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. (2007) (In press).
  • ROY V, LEIF BP, JACOB A et al.: Melphalan (M), prednisone (P) and lenalidomide (R) combination (MPR) for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients who are not candidates for stem cell transplantation. Blood (2006) 108:A1016.
  • BERENSON JR, YANG HH, SADLER K et al.: Phase I/II trial assessing bortezomib and melphalan combination therapy for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24:937-944.
  • PALUMBO A, AMBROSINI MT, BENEVOLO G et al.: Bortezomib, melphalan, prednisone and thalidomide for relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood (2006) 109:2767-2772.
  • TERPOS E, ANAGNOSTOPOULOS A, HEATH D et al.: The combination of bortezomib, melphalan, dexamethasone and intermittent thalidomide (VMTD) is an effective regimen for relapsed/refractory myeloma and reduces serum levels of dickkopf-1, RANKL, MIP-1a and angiogenic cytokines. Blood (2006) 108:A1010-A1011.
  • PALUMBO A, RUS C, ROSSI D et al.: A multi-center Phase I/II study of melphalan, prednisone, thalidomide and defibrotide in avanced multiple myeloma patients. Blood (2006) 108:A1016-A1017.
  • PALUMBO A, AVONTO I, BRUNO B et al.: Intravenous melphalan, thalidomide and prednisone in refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Haematol. (2006) 76:273-277.
  • DI RAIMONDO F, CHIARENZA A, DEL FABBRO V et al.: Contemporary intravenous administration of bortezomib, melphalan and dexamethasone in previously treated myeloma patients. Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):163.
  • POPAT R, WILLIAMS C, COOK M et al.: A Phase I/II trial of bortezomib, low dose intravenous melphalan and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood (2006) 108:A1011.
  • BERENSON JR, BOCCIA R, SIEGEL D et al.: Efficacy and safety of melphalan, arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid combination therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicentre, Phase II, single-arm study. Br. J. Haematol. (2006) 135:174-183.
  • MCELWAIN TJ, POWLES RL: High-dose intravenous melphalan for plasma-cell leukemia and myeloma. Lancet (1983) 2:822-824.
  • SELBY PJ, MCELWAIN TJ, NANDI AC et al.: Multiple myeloma treated with high dose intravenous melphalan. Br. J. Haematol. (1987) 66:55-62.
  • BARLOGIE B, HALL R, ZANDER A et al.: High-dose melphalan with autologous bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood (1986) 67:1298-1301.
  • BARLOGIE B, ALEXANIAN R, DICKE K et al.: High dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for resistant multiple myeloma. Blood (1987) 70:869-872.
  • ALEXANIAN R, DIMOPOULOS M, HESTER J et al.: Early myeloablative therapy for late myeloma. Blood (1994) 834:4278-4282.
  • ALEXANIAN R, DIMOPOULOS M, SMITH T: Limited value of myeloablative therapy for late myeloma. Blood (1994) 83:512-516.
  • CUNNINGHAM D, PAZ-ARES L, MILAN S et al.: High dose melphalan and autologous mone marrow transplantation as consolidation in previously untreated myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. (1994) 12:759-763.
  • LENHOFF S, HJORTH M, HOLMBERG E et al.: Impact of survival of high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell support in patients younger than 60 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood (2000) 95:7-11.
  • HAROUSSEAU JL, MOREAU P, ATTAL M et al.: Stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Hematol. (2005) 18:603-618.
  • ATTAL M, HAROUSSEAU JL, STOPPA AM et al.: A randomized prospective trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335:91-97.
  • CHILD JA, MORGAN GJ, DAVIES FC et al.: High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:1875-1883.
  • PALUMBO A, BRINGHEN S, PETRUCCI MT et al.: Intermediate-dose melphalan improves survival of myeloma patients aged 50 to 70: results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood (2004) 104:3002-3057.
  • BLADE J, SAN MIGUEL JF, MONTSERRAT F et al.: Survival of multiple myeloma patients who are potential candidates for early high-dose therapy intensification/autotransplantation and who were conventionally treated. J. Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14:2167-2173.
  • BARLOGIE B, KYLE RA, ANDERSON KC et al.: Standard chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemoradiotherapy for multiple myeloma: final results of Phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24:929-936.
  • BLADE J, ROSINOL L, SUREDA A et al.: High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA. Blood (2005) 106:3755-3759.
  • FERMAND JP, KATSAHIAN S, DIVINE M et al.: High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation compared with conventional treatment in myeloma patients aged 55 to 65 years: long-term results of a randomized control trial from the Group Myelome-Autogreffe. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23:9227-9233.
  • SEGEREN CM, SONNEVELD P, VAN DER HOLT B et al.: Overall and event-free survival are not improved by the use of myeloablative therapy following intensified chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized Phase III study. Blood (2003) 101:2144-2151.
  • FERMAND JP, RAVAUD P, CHEVRET S et al.: High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial. Blood (1998) 92:3131-3136.
  • BARLOGIE B, SHAUGHNESSY J, TRICOT G et al.: Treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood (2004) 103:20-32.
  • HAROUSSEAU JL, MILPIED N, LAPORTE JP et al.: Double intensive therapy in high-risk multiple myeloma. Blood (1992) 79:2827-2833.
  • VESOLE D, BARLOGIE B, JAGANNATH S et al.: High-dose therapy for refractory multiple myeloma: improved prognosis with better supportive care and double transplants. Blood (1994) 84:950-956.
  • BJORKSTRAND B, LJUNGMAN P, BIRD JM et al.: Double high-dose chemoradiotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation can induce molecular remission in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1995) 15:367-371.
  • BARLOGIE B, JAGANNATH S, VESOLE D et al.: Superiority of tandem autologous transplantation over standard therapy for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood (1997) 89:789-793.
  • WEAVER CH, ZHEN B, SCHWARTZBERG LS et al.: Phase I – II evaluation of rapid sequence tandem high-dose melphalan with peripheral blood stem cell support in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1998) 22:245-251.
  • BARLOGIE B, JAGANNATH S, DESIKAN KR et al.: Total therapy with tandem transplant for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood (1999) 93:55-65.
  • DESIKAN R, BARLOGIE B, SAWYER J et al.: Results of high dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remission and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities. Blood (2000) 95:4008-4010.
  • LAHUERTA JJ, GRANDE C, MARTINEZ-LOPEZ J et al.: Tandem transplants with different high-dose regimens improve the complete remission rates in multiple myeloma. Results of a Grupo Espanol de Sindromes Linfoproliferativos/Trasplante Autologo de Medula Osea Phase II trial. Br. J. Haematol. (2003) 120:296-303.
  • BARLOGIE B, TRICOT GJ, VAN RHEE F et al.: Long-term outcome results of the first tandem autotransplant trial for multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. (2006) 135:158-164.
  • ATTAL M, HAROUSSEAU JL, FACON T et al.: Single versus double autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349:2495-2502.
  • CAVO M, TOSI P, ZAMAGNI E, CELLINI C et al.: Prospective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical study. J. Clin. Oncol. (2007) 25(17):2434-2441
  • SONNEVELD P, VAN DER HOLT B, SEGEREN CM et al.: Intermediate-dose melphalan compared with myeloablative treatment in multiple myeloma: long-term follow-up of the Dutch cooperative group HOVON 24 trial. Haematologica (2007) 92:928-935.
  • FERMAND JP, ALBERTI C, MAROLLEAU JP et al.: Single versus double high dose therapy supported with autologous blood stem cell transplantation using unselected or CD34 enriched ABSC: results of a two by two designed randomized trial in 230 young patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol. J. (2003) 4(Suppl. 1):S59.
  • GOLDSCHMIDT H: Single versus double high dose therapy in multiple myeloma: second analysis of the GMMG-HD2 trial. Haematologica (2005) 90(Suppl. 1):38.
  • MOREAU P, FACON T, ATTAL M et al.: Comparison of 200 mg/m(2) melphalan and 8 Gy total body irradiation plus 140 mg/m(2) melphalan as conditioning regimens for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: final analysis of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 9502 randomized trial. Blood (2002) 9:731-735.
  • BJORKSTRAND B; FOR THE EUROPEAN GROUP FOR BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION: Registry studies in multiple myeloma. Semin. Hematol. (2001) 13:209-216.
  • O'SHEA D, GILES C, TERPOS E et al.: Predictive factors for survival in myeloma patients who undergo autologous stem cell transplantation: a single-centre experience in 211 patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2006) 37:731-737.
  • SOMLO G, FORMAN S, POPPLEWELL L et al.: Phase I trial of escalating doses of total marrow irradiation (TMI) with helical tomotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell rescue (PBPC), following high-dose melphalan and PBPC as part of tandem high-dose therapy (THDT) for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):193.
  • GIRALT S, BENSINGER W, GOODMAN M et al.: 166Ho-DOTMP plus melphalan followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients withmultiple myeloma: results of two Phase I/II trials. Blood (2003) 102:2648-2691.
  • CHRISTOFORIDOU AV, SALIBA RM, WILLIAMS P et al.: Results of a retrospective single institution analysis of targeted skeletal radiotherapy with (166)Holmium-DOTMP as conditioning regimen for autologous stem cell transplant for patients with multiple myeloma. Impact on transplant outcomes. Biol. Blood Marrow. Transplant. (2007) 13:543-549.
  • DISPENZIERI A, WISEMAN GA, LACYMQ et al.: A Phase I study of 153sm-EDTMP with fixed high dose melphalan as a peripheral blood stem cell conditioning regimen in patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia (2005) 19:118-125.
  • MOREAU P, MILPIED N, MAHÉB et al.: Melphalan 220 mg/m2 followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in 27 patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1999) 23:1000-1006.
  • MOREAU P, HAROUSSEAU JL, WIJDENES J et al.: A combination of anti-interleukin 6 murine monoclonal antibody with dexamethasone and high-dose melphalan induces high complete response rate in advanced multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. (2000) 109:661-664.
  • MOREAU P, HULLIN C, GARBAN F et al.: Tandem autologous stem cell transplantation in high-risk de nova multiple myeloma: final results of the prospective and randomized IFM 99-04 protocol. Blood (2006) 107:397-403.
  • PHILLIPS GL, MEISENBERG B, REECE DE et al.: Amifostine and autologous hematopoietic stem cell support of escalating-dose melphalan: a Phase I study. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. (2004) 10:473-483.
  • PALUMBO A, TRIOLO S, ARGENTIN C et al.: Dose intensive melphalan with stem-cell support is superior to standard treatment in elderly myeloma patients. Blood (1999) 94:1248-1253.
  • PALUMBO A, BRINGHEN S, BERTOLA A et al.: Multiple myeloma: comparison of two dose-intensive melphalan regimens (100 versus 200 mg/m(2). Leukemia (2004) 18:133-138.
  • PALUMBO A, BRINGHEN S, PETRUCCI MT et al.: A prospective, randomised Phase III study of melphalan 200 mg/m2 (Mel200) versus melphalan 100 mg/m2 (Mel100) in newly diagnosed myeloma patients. Blood (2006) 108:A21.
  • LAHUERTA JJ, GRANDE C, BLADE J et al.: Myeloablative treatments for multiple myeloma: update of a comparative study of different regimens used in patients from the Spanish registry for transplantation in multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma (2002) 43:67-74.
  • VELA-OJEDA J, GARCIA-RUIZ-ESPARZA MA, PADILLA-GONZALEZ Y et al.: Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma using oral versus I.V. melphalan. Ann. Hematol. (2007) 8:277-282.
  • BENSON DM Jr, ELDER PJ, LIN TS et al.: High-dose melphalan versus busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide as preparative regimens for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk. Res. (2007) 31:1077-1083.
  • ANAGNOSTOPOULOS A, ALEMAN A, AYERS G et al.: Comparison of high-dose melphalan with a more intensive regimen of thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide for patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer (2004) 100:2607-2612.
  • COMENZO RL, HASSOUN H, KEWALRAMANI T: Results of a Phase I/II trial adding carmustine (300 mg/m2) to melphalan (200 mg/m2) in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Leukemia (2006) 20:345-349.
  • CAPRIA S, PETRUCCI MT, PULSONI A: High-dose idarubicin, busulphan and melphalan for autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma responsive to DAV chemotherapy: comparison with a historical control. Acta Haematol. (2006) 115:9-14.
  • DE LA RUBIA J, LAHUERTA JJ, GONZÁLEZ JD et al.: Matched pair analysis of intravenous busulfan and melphalan versus melphalan alone as conditioning regimen for patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):192.
  • PALUMBO A, AVONTO I, BRUNO B et al.: Intermediate-dose melphalan (100 mg/m2)/bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone and stem cell support in patients with refractory or relapsed myeloma. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma (2006) 6:475-477.
  • ROUSSEL M, DANHO C, HUYNH A et al.: Velcade and high dose melphalan: a new preparative regimen. Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):193.
  • QAZILBASH MH, SALIBA RM, DAVIS MS et al.: Arsenic trioxide with ascorbic acid and high-dose melphalan for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood (2006) 108:A881.
  • PINEDA-ROMAN M, FOX MH, HOLLMIG KA et al.: Retrospective analysis of fractionated high-dose melphalan (F-MEL) and bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) with autotransplant (AT) support for advanced and refractory multiple myeloma (AR-MM). Blood (2006) 108:A884.
  • CAVALLO F, AMBROSINI MT, RUS C et al.: The treatment of the elderly multiple myeloma patients. Leuk. Lymphoma (2007) 48:469-480.
  • JANTUNEN E: Autologous stem cell transplantation beyond 60 years of age. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2006) 38:715-720.
  • GERTZ MA, LACY MQ, DISPENZIERI A et al.: Impact of age and serum creatinine value on outcome after autologous blood stem cell transplantation for patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2007) 39:605-611.
  • BADROS A, BARLOGIE B, SIEGEL E et al.: Autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly multiple myeloma patients over the age of 70 years. Br. J. Haematol. (2001) 114:600-607.
  • QAZILBASH MH, SALIBA RM, HOSING C et al.: Autologous stem cell transplantation is safe and feasible in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2007) 39:279-283.
  • JANTUNEN E, KUITTINEN T, PENTTILA K et al.: High-dose melphalan (200 mg/m2) supported by autologous stem cell transplantation is safe and effective in elderly (≥ 65 years) myeloma patients: comparison with younger patients treated on the same protocol. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2006) 37:917-922.
  • BISHTON M, GILYEAD M, DAS GUPTA E et al.: High dose melphalan or intermediate dose melphalan can be well tolerated and result in good response rates in selected elderly patients with myeloma. Leuk. Res. (2007) 31:1071-1076.
  • LENHOFF S, HJORTH M, WESTIN J et al.: Impact of age on survival after intensive therapy for multiple myeloma: a population-based study by the Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Br. J. Haematol. (2006) 133:389-396.
  • REECE DE, BREDESON C, PEREZ WS: Autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients < 60 versus ≥ 60 years of age. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2003) 32:1135-1143.
  • PINEDA-ROMAN M, TRICOT G: High-dose therapy in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias and renal dysfunction. Contrib. Nephrol. (2007) 153:182-194.
  • VIGNEAU C, ARDIET C, BRET M et al.: Intermediate-dose (25 mg/m2) IV melphalan for multiple myeloma with renal failure. J. Nephrol. (2002) 15:684-689.
  • SAN MIGUEL JF, LAHUERTA JJ, GARCIA-SANZ R et al.: Are myeloma patients with renal failure candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation? Hematol. J. (2000) 1:28-36.
  • RAAB MS, BREITKREUTZ I, HUNDEMER M et al.: The outcome of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with plasma cell disorders and dialysis-dependent renal failure. Haematologica (2006) 91:1555-1558.
  • BADROS A, BARLOGIE B, SIEGEL E et al.: Results of autologous stem cell transplant in multiple myeloma patients with renal failure. Br. J. Haematol. (2001) 114:822-829.
  • TOSI P, ZAMAGNI E, RONCONI S et al.: Safety of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma and chronic renal failure. Leukemia (2000) 14:1310-1313.
  • BIRD JM, FUGE R, SIROHI B et al.: The clinical outcome and toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with myeloma or amyloid and severe renal impairment: a British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation study. Br. J. Haematol. (2006) 34:385-390.
  • KNUDSEN LM, NIELSEN B, GIMSING P et al.: Autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: outcome in patients with renal failure. Eur. J. Haematol. (2005) 75:27-33.
  • GRAZZIUTTI ML, DONG L, MICELI MH et al.: Oral mucositis in myeloma patients undergoing melphalan-based autologous stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors and a severity predictive model. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2006) 38:501-506.
  • VERA-LLONCH M, OSTER G, FORD CM et al.: Oral mucositis and outcomes of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation following high-dose melphalan conditioning for multiple myeloma. J. Supp. Oncol. (2007) 5:231-235.
  • LILLEBY K, GARCIA P, GOOLEY T et al.: A prospective, randomized study of cryotherapy during administration of high-dose melphalan to decrease the severity and duration of oral mucositis in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2006) 37:1031-1035.
  • BEAVEN AW, SHEA TC: Palifermin: a keratinocyte growth factor that reduces oral mucositis after stem cell transplant for haematological malignancies. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2006) 7(16):2287-2299.
  • SPIELBERGER R, STIFF P, BENSINGER W et al.: Palifermin for oral mucositis after intensive therapy for hematologic cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351:2590-2598.
  • KEEFE DM, SCHUBERT MM, ELTING LS et al.: Updated clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of mucositis. Cancer (2007) 109:820-831.
  • BENSINGER WI: Reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Front. Biosci. (2007) 12:4384-4392.
  • CRAWLEY C, IACOBELLI S, BJORKSTRAND B et al.: Reduced-intensity conditioning for myeloma: lower non-relapse mortality but higher relapse rates compared with myeloablative conditioning. Blood (2007) 109:3588-3594.
  • KROGER N, SAYER HG, SCHWERDTFEGER R et al.: Unrelated stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma after a reduced-intensity conditioning with pretransplantation antithymocyte globulin is highly effective with low transplantation-related mortality. Blood (2002) 100:3919-3924.
  • KROGER N, SCHWERDTFEGER R, KIEHL M et al.: Autologous stem cell transplantation followed by a dose-reduced allograft induces high complete remission rate in multiple myeloma. Blood (2002) 100:755-760.
  • GIRALT S, ALEMAN A, ANAGNOSTOPOULOS A et al.: Fludarabine/melphalan conditioning for allogeneic transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2002) 30:367-373.
  • LEE CK, BADROS A, BARLOGIE B et al.: Prognostic factors in allogeneic transplantation for patients with high risk multiple myeloma after reduced intensity conditioning. Exp. Haematol. (2003) 31:73-80.
  • MAJOLINO I, DAVOLI M, CARNEVALLI E et al.: Reduced intensity conditioning with thiotepa, fludarabine, and melphalan is in advanced multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma (2007) 48:759-766.
  • CARELLA AM, BELTRAMI G, CORSETTI MT et al.: A reduced intensity conditioning regimen for allografting following autografting is feasible and has strong anti-myeloma activity. Haematologica (2004) 89:1534-1536.
  • BRUNO B, ROTTA M, PATRIARCA F et al.: A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2007) 356:1110-1120.
  • GARBAN F, ATTAL M, MICHALLET M et al.: Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de nova multiple myeloma. Blood (2006) 107:3474-480.
  • KRISTINSSON SY, LANDGREN O, DICKMAN PW et al.: Patterns of survival in multiple myeloma: a population-based study of patients diagnosed in Sweden from 1973 to 2003. J. Clin. Oncol. (2007) 25:1993-1999.
  • BARLOGIE B, TRICOT G, ANAISSIE E et al.: Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 354:1021-1030.
  • Multiple myeloma: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. (2007) 18(Suppl. 2):II44-II46.
  • LJUNGMAN P, URBANO-ISPIZUA A, CAVAZZANA-CALVO M et al.: Allogeneic and autologous transplantation for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: definitions and current practice in Europe. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2006) 37:439-449.
  • BARLOGIE B, TRICOT G, RASMUSSEN E et al.: Total therapy 2 without thalidomide in comparison with total therapy 1: role of intensified induction and post-transplantation consolidation therapies. Blood (2006) 107:2633-2638.
  • ATTAL M, HAROUSSEAU JL, LEYVRAZ S et al.: Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood (2006) 108:3289-3294.
  • KASSAR M, MEDOFF E, SEROPIAN S et al.: Outpatient high-dose melphalan in multiple myeloma patients. Transfusion (2007) 47:115-119.
  • NATH E, SHAW PJ, TROTMAN L et al.: Melphalan pharmacokinetics in myeloma. Haematologica (2007) 92(Suppl. 2):188.
  • JAKSIC W, TRUDEL S, CHANG H et al.: Clinical outcomes in t(4;14) multiple myeloma: a chemotherapy-sensitive disease characterized by rapid relapse and alkylating agent resistance. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23:7069-7073.
  • DIMOPOULOS MA, SOULIOTIS VL, ANAGNOSTOPOULOS A et al.: Melphalan-induced DNA damage in vitro as predictor for clinical outcome in multiple myeloma. Blood (2006) 108:A22-A23.
  • DIMOPOULOS MA, SOULIOTIS VL, ANAGNOSTOPOULOS A et al.: Extent of damage and repair in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene after treatment of myeloma patients with high-dose melphalan and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation is individualized and may predict clinical outcome. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23:4381-4389.
  • DUMONTET C, LANDI S, REIMAN T et al.: Genetic polymorphisms correlated with outcome in multiple myeloma patients receiving high dose melphalan. Blood (2006) 108:A879.
  • KUHNE A, KAISER R, SCHIRMER M et al.: Genetic polymorphisms in the amino-acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2 in relation to the pharmacokinetics and side effects of melphalan. Pharmacogenet. Genom. (2007) 17:505-517.
  • GHOBRIAL IM, LELEU X, HATJIHARISSI E et al.: Emerging drugs in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin. Emerging Drugs (2007) 12(1):155-163.
  • BRINGHEN S, AVONTO I, MAGAROTTO V et al.: Investigational treatments for multiple myeloma. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2006) 15(12):1565-1582.

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.