Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and inflammatory bowel disease: emerging therapies in inflammatory bowel disease

Bibliography

• TRUELOVE SC: Ulcerative colitis beginning in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. (1971) 285:50-52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANGHOLZ E, MUNKHOLM P, DAVIDSEN M, BINDER V: Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:3-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PODOLSKY DK: Inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:417-429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRSNER JB: Inflammatory bowel disease. Part II: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Dis. Mon. (1991) 37:669-746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOGAN RF: Inflammatory bowel disease incidence: up, down or unchanged? Gut (1998) 42:309-311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIOCCHI C: Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterology (1998) 115(1):182-205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACDERMOTT RP: Alterations in the mucosal immune system in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Med. Clin. North Am. (1994) 78:1207-1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHREIBER S, ROSENSTIEL J, ALBRECHT M, HAMPE J, KRAWCZAK M: Genetics of Crohn disease, an archetypal inflammatory barrier disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. (2005) 6:376-388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRECK R, ALBERMANN K, BAEUERLE PA: NF-κB: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic. Res. Commun. (1992) 17(4):221-237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISS SJ: Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N. Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320(6):365-376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALLIWELL B: Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet (1994) 344(8924):721-724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONNER EM, GRISHAM MB: Inflammation, free radicals, and antioxidants. Nutrition (1996) 12(4):274-277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIEBENLIST U, FRANZOSO G, BROWN K: Structure, regulation and function of NF-κB. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. (1994) 10:405-55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BLUMBERG RS, SAUBERMANN LJ, STROBER W: Animal models of mucosal inflammation and their relation to human inflammatory bowel disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (1999) 11:648-656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLUMBERG RS, STROBER W: Prospects for research in inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA (2001) 285:643-647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLLANDER D: The intestinal permeability barrier: a hypothesis as to its regulation and involvement in Crohn's disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. (1992) 27:721-726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman MJ, Watts MT: Intestinal permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in-patients with ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (1988) 88(11):1978-1979.
   Google Scholar
• EINERHAND AW, RENES IB, MAKKINK MK, VAN DER SLUIS M, BÜLLER HA, DEKKER J: Role of mucins in inflammatory bowel disease: important lessons from experimental models. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (2002) 14(7):757-765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DEVENTER SJ, TEN CATE JW, TYTGAT GN: Intestinal endotoxemia. Clinical significance. Gastroenterology (1988) 94:825-831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLLANDER D: Crohn's disease – a permeability disorder of the tight junction? Gut (1988) 26:1621-1624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARNES PJ, KARIN M: NF-κB, a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:1066-1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEURATH MF, PETTERSSON S, BUSCHENEEDLE KMZ, STROBER W: Local Administration of antisense phosphorothioate oglionucleotides to the p65 subunit of NF-κB abrogates established experimental colitis in mice. Nat. Med. (1999) 9(2):998-1004.
   Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG L, FARHADI A, FIELDS JZ, KESHAVARZIAN A: Evidence that NF-κB inactivation is essential in EGF-mediated protection of the monolayer barrier function of intestinal epithelia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 306(1):13-28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG L, FIELDS JZ, FARHADI A, KESHAVARZIAN A: Requirement for the classical PKC isoform β1 (PKC-β1) signal in the suppression of the NF-κB/I-κBα proinflammatory patheway and in cell monolayer barrier protection by EGF under oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. (Cell Physiol.) (2004) 286(3):C723-C738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banan A, Zhang L, Fields JZ, Farhadi A, Keshavarzian A: Role of phospholipase C-β1 isoform as the key signal in EGF-mediated suppression of both NF-κB activation and I-kBα degradation and protection of intestinal monolayers under oxidant injury. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2004) 309(1):356-368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOBIN C, SARTOR RB: The IkB/NF-κB system: key determinant of mucosal inflammation and protection. Am. J. Physiol. (Cell) (2000) 278:C451-C462.
   Google Scholar
• Banan A, Shaikh M, Zhang L, Fields JZ, Farhadi A, Keshavarzian A: Upregulation of NF-κB, IkBα phosphorylation (IkBα.P), iNOS, and cytoskeletal protein oxidation and dysfunction in colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Gastroenterology (2003) 124(4 Suppl. 1):S1338.
   Google Scholar
• SCHREIBER S, NIKOLAUS S, HAMPE J: Activation of NF-κB inflammatory bowel disease. Gut (1998) 42(4):477-484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG L, FIELDS JZ, SHAIKH M, FARHADI A, KESHAVARZIAN A: Novel effect of NF-κB activation: carbonylation and nitration injury to cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. (Cell Physiol.) (2004) 287(4):C1139-C1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG LJ, FARHADI A et al.: Critical role of the atypical isoform of protein kinase C (PKC-Λ) in oxidant-induced disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton and barrier function of intestinal epithelium. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2005) 312:458-471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, FIELDS JZ, ZHANG Y, KESHAVARZIAN A: iNOS upregulation and cytoskeletal nitration explains how oxidants disrupt the cytoskeleton and increase permeability of monolayers of intestinal epithelia. Am. J. Physiol. (GI & Liver) (2001) 280:G1234-G1246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIJKSTRA G, MOSHAGE H, VAN DULLEMEN HM et al.: Expression of nitric oxide synthases and formation of nitrotyrosine and reactive oxygen species in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Pathol. (1998) 186(4):416-421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KESHAVARZIAN A, BANAN A, FARHADI A et al.: Increases in free radicals and cytoskeletal protein oxidation and nitration in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut (2003) 52(5):720-728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMANO M, POLK WH, AWAD JA et al.: Transforming growth factor α protection against drug-induced injury to the rat gastric mucosa in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 90:2409-2421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PODOLSKY DK: Peptide growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Johnson LR (Ed.), Vol. 1, 3rd (Edn.), Raven, New York, USA (1994):129-167.
   Google Scholar
• BONTUREK PK, BRZOZOWSKI T, KONTUREK SJ: Role of epidermal growth factor, prostaglandin, and sulfhydryls in stress-induced gastriclesions. Gastroenterology (1990) 99:1607-1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONTUREK SJ, BRZOZOWSKI T, BIELANSKI W: Epidermal growth factor in the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing action of sucralfate in rats. Am. J. Med. (1989) 86(Suppl. 6A):32-37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASS P, LUCK MS: Effect of epidermal growth factor on experimental colitis in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 264:984-990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLSEN PS: Role of epidermal growth factor in gastroduodenal mucosa protection. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. (1988):S146-S511.
   Google Scholar
• OLSEN PS, POULSEN SS, KIRKEGAARD P, NEXO E: Role of submandibular saliva and epidermal growth factor in gastric cytoprotection. Gastroenterology (1984) 87:103-108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOODLAD RA, WRIGHT NA: Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor – actions on the gut. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (1995) 7(10):928-932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PLAYFORD RJ: Peptides and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Gut (1995) 37(5):595-597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONTUREK S, DEMBINSKI A, WARZECHA Z, BRZOZOWSKI T, GREGORY H: Role of epidermal growth factor in healing of chronic gastroduodenalulcers in rats. Gastroenterology (1988) 94:1300-1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARNARD JA, COFFEY RJ: Increased production of transforming growth factor α following acute gastric injury. Gastroenterology (1992) 102:1467-1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, CHOUDHARY S, ZHANG Y, KESHAVARZIAN A: Role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in protection by epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α against oxidant-induced barrier disruption in a human colonic cell line. Free Radic. Bio. Med. (2000) 28(5):727-738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, CHOUDHARY S, ZHANG Y, KESHAVARZIAN A: Ethanol-induced barrier dysfunction and its prevention by growth factors in human intestinal monolayers: evidence for oxidative and cytoskeletal mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1999) 291(3):1075-1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG Y, LOSURDO J, KESHAVARZIAN A: Carbonylation and disassembly of the F-actin cytoskeleton in oxidant-induced barrier dysfunction and its prevention by epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α in a human intestinal cell line. Gut (2000) 46:830-837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, FIELDS JZ, ZHANG L, KESHAVARZIAN A: PKC-Zeta (ζ) is required in EGF protection of microtubules and intestinal barrier integrity against oxidant injury. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2002) 282(5):G794-G808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG L, FIELDS JZ, SHAIKH M, FARHADI A, KESHAVARZIAN A: Inhibition of oxidant-induced nitration and disassembly of F-actin cytoskeleton and loss of epithelial barrier function by EGF: role of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ). Am. J. Physiol. (Cell Physiol.) (2003) 285(4):C977-C993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, CHOUDHARY S, ZHANG Y, KESHAVARZIAN A: Protein kinase C (PKC) is required for the protective effects of growth factors (GF) on microtubule cytoskeleton & intestinal epithelial barrier integrity (BI). Gastroenterology (2000) 118(4 Part 1) (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• BANAN A, FIELDS JZ, ZHANG L, KESHAVARZIAN A: The atypical PKC-Zeta (ζ) is required for the protection of the microtubule cytoskeleton and barrier integrity of human intestinal monolayers. Am. J. Physiol. (GI & liver) (2002) 282:G794-G808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG L, FIELDS JZ, TALMAGE DA, KESHAVARZIAN A: PKC-ζ prevents oxidant-induced iNOS upregulation and protects microtubules and intestinal barrier integrity. Am. J. Physiol. (GI & liver) (2002) 283:G909-G922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANAN A, ZHANG L, FIELDS JZ, FARHADI A, KESHAVARZIAN A: Zeta (ζ) isoform of protein kinase C prevents oxidant-induced NF-κB activation and I-kBα degradation: a fundamental mechanism for EGF protection of the microtubule cytoskeleton and intestinal barrier integrity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 307(1):53-66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, MAEDA T, SUEYOSHI S et al.: OPC-6535 inhibits human and porcine monocyte TNF-α production in vitro and in vivo. Gastroenterology (2004) 26(4 Suppl. 2):W1090 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, SUEYOSHI S, AOYAMA M et al.: OPC-6535, a novel thiazole compound inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in vitro and in vivo. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2004) 169(7):B68 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, MAEDA T, AOYAMA M et al.: OPC-6535, a novel thiazole compound inhibits superoxide production in leukocytes in vitro. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2004) 169(7):B65 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, KAWASOME H, SUEYOSHI M et al.: OPC-6535, a novel thiazole compound, inhibits neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2004) 169(7):B66 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, HARUTA J, MIYAKODA G, KIKUCHI M: The effects of OPC-6535, a novel thiazole compound, on the production of cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. (2004) 169(7):B67 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• HOUSLAY MD, SCHAFER P, ZHANG KY: Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov. Today (2005) 10:1503-1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAMBAYASHI T, JACOB CO, ZHOU D, MAZUREK N, FONG M, STRASSMANN G: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase Type IV participates in the regulation of IL-10 and in the subsequent inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 release by endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. J. Immunol. (1995) 155:4909-4916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, MAEDA T, HARUTA J-P et al.: OPC-6535, a novel oral thiazole compound, suppresses colonic damage in a rat model of TNBS-induced colitis. Gastroenterology (2004) 26(4 Suppl. 2):M1044 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• NAGAMOTO H, MAEDA T, HARUTA J-P, MIYAKODA G, MORI T, TOMINAGA M: OPC-6535 suppresses symptoms and colonic damage in a rat model of DSS-induced chronic colitis. Gastroenterology (2004) 26(4 Suppl. 2):M1045 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• MAEDA T, SUEYOSHI S, AOYAMA M et al.: Effects of intravenous or oral administration of OPC-6535 in a rat model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Gut (1997) 4(Suppl. 3):A112 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• MAEDA T, SATO N, HARUTA J et al.: Effects of OPC-6535 on a rat model of TNBS-induced colitis: its relation to produced thiobarbituric-reactive substances, IL-1β and TNF-α in the colonic tissue. Ulcer Res. (2000) 27(2):198-201.
   Google Scholar
• MIYAKADO G, MAEDA T, NAGAMOTO T, MORI M, TOMINAGA M: Effects of intravenous or oral administration of OPC-6535 in a rat model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Gut (1997) 41:A227.
   Google Scholar
• BANNER KH, TREVETHICK MA: PDE4 inhibition: a novel approach for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2004) 25:430-436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chihiro M, Nagamoto H, Takemura I et al.: Novel thiazole derivatives as inhibitors of superoxide production by human neutrophils: synthesis and structure–activity relationships. J. Med. Chem. (1995) 38(2):353-358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAEDA T: Effects of intravenous or oral administration of OPC- 6535 in a rat model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induce colitis. Gut (1997) 41:A1112.
   Google Scholar
• BLOOMFIELD GL, RIDINGS PC, BLOCHER CR, FISHER BJ, FOWLER AA: OPC-6535, a superoxide anion production inhibitor, attenuates acute lung injury. J. Surg. Res. (1997) 72:70-77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COIMBRA R, PORCIDES RD, MELBOSTAD HI et al.: Nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibition attenuates liver injury in acute endotoxemia. Surg. Infect. (2005) 6(1):73-85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHREIBER S, KESHAVARZIAN A, ISSACS KL et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II study of tetomilast in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2007) 132(1):76-86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka Maryland Research Institute: OPC-6535 Investigator's Brochure, Edition 9. Otsuka Report, (issued 15 December 2005).
   Google Scholar
• International Conference on Harmonisation; Good Clinical Practice: Consolidated Guideline; Notice of Availability, 62 Federal Register (1997) 90(9):25691-25709.
   Google Scholar
• LANDIS RJ, HEYMAN ER, KOCH GG: Average partial association in three-way contingency tables: a review and discussion of alternative tests. Int. Stat. Rev. (1978) 46:237-254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOCH G et al.: Categorical data analysis. In: Statistical Methodology in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Berry DA (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA (1990):414-421.
   Google Scholar
• HOCHBERG Y: A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika (1988) 75:800-802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHREIBER S, KESHAVARZIAN A, ISAACS KL: A randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II study of tetomilast in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology (2007) 132(1):76-86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar