Bibliography
- Chen JG, Fleischer AB Jr, Smith ED, Cost of nonmelanoma skin cancer treatment in the United States. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:1035-8
- Rigel DS. Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:S129-32
- van der Pols JC, Williams GM, Pandeya N, Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:2546-8
- Ulrich C, Jurgensen JS, Degen A, Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer in organ transplant patients by regular use of a sunscreen: a 24 months, prospective, case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(Suppl 3):78-84
- Miller DL, Weinstock MA. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:774-8
- Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM, Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA 2005;294:681-90
- Rubin AI, Chen EH, Ratner D. Basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2262-9
- Epstein EH. Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:743-54
- Gorlin RJ. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome. Genet Med 2004;6:530-9
- Hahn H, Wicking C, Zaphiropoulous PG, Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell 1996;85:841-51
- Johnson RL, Rothman AL, Xie J, Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science 1996;272:1668-71
- Jiang J, Hui CC. Hedgehog signaling in development and cancer. Dev Cell 2008;15:801-12
- Ruiz i Altaba A, Mas C, Stecca B. The Gli code: an information nexus regulating cell fate, stemness and cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2007;17:438-47
- Wong SY, Seol AD, So PL, Primary cilia can both mediate and suppress Hedgehog pathway-dependent tumorigenesis. Nat Med 2009;15:1055-61
- Reifenberger J, Wolter M, Knobbe CB, Somatic mutations in the PTCH, SMOH, SUFUH and TP53 genes in sporadic basal cell carcinomas. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:43-51
- Lam CW, Xie J, To KF, A frequent activated smoothened mutation in sporadic basal cell carcinomas. Oncogene 1999;18:833-6
- Xie J, Murone M, Luoh SM, Activating Smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature 1998;391:90-2
- Oro AE, Higgins KM, Hu Z, Basal cell carcinomas in mice overexpressing sonic hedgehog. Science 1997;276:817-21
- Nilsson M, Unden AB, Krause D, Induction of basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas in mice overexpressing GLI-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:3438-43
- Hutchin ME, Kariapper MS, Grachtchouk M, Sustained Hedgehog signaling is required for basal cell carcinoma proliferation and survival: conditional skin tumorigenesis recapitulates the hair growth cycle. Genes Dev 2005;19:214-23
- Mao J, Ligon KL, Rakhlin EY, A novel somatic mouse model to survey tumorigenic potential applied to the Hedgehog pathway. Cancer Res 2006;66:10171-8
- Hahn H, Christiansen J, Wicking C, A mammalian patched homolog is expressed in target tissues of sonic hedgehog and maps to a region associated with developmental abnormalities. J Biol Chem 1996;271:12125-8
- Svard J, Heby-Henricson K, Persson-Lek M, Genetic elimination of Suppressor of fused reveals an essential repressor function in the mammalian Hedgehog signaling pathway. Dev Cell 2006;10:187-97
- Svard J, Rozell B, Toftgard R, Teglund S. Tumor suppressor gene co-operativity in compound Patched1 and suppressor of fused heterozygous mutant mice. Mol Carcinog 2009;48:408-19
- Ling G, Ahmadian A, Persson A, PATCHED and p53 gene alterations in sporadic and hereditary basal cell cancer. Oncogene 2001;20:7770-8
- Aszterbaum M, Epstein J, Oro A, Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation enhance the growth of BCCs and trichoblastomas in patched heterozygous knockout mice. Nat Med 1999;5:1285-91
- Mancuso M, Pazzaglia S, Tanori M, Basal cell carcinoma and its development: insights from radiation-induced tumors in Ptch1-deficient mice. Cancer Res 2004;64:934-41
- Ceilley RI, Del Rosso JQ. Current modalities and new advances in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:489-98
- Beutner KR, Geisse JK, Helman D, Therapeutic response of basal cell carcinoma to the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:1002-7
- Moore AY. Clinical applications for topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of dermatological disorders. J Dermatolog Treat 2009;20:328-35
- Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ, Moshell AN, Prevention of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum with the use of oral isotretinoin. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1633-7
- Hodak E, Ginzburg A, David M, Sandbank M. Etretinate treatment of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Therapeutic and chemopreventive effect. Int J Dermatol 1987;26:606-9
- Sanchez-Conejo-Mir J, Camacho F. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: combined etretinate and surgical treatment. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:868-71
- George R, Weightman W, Russ GR, Acitretin for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Australas J Dermatol 2002;43:269-73
- Wright TI, Spencer JM, Flowers FP. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:933-46; quiz 947-50
- Roeder A, Schaller M, Schafer-Korting M, Korting HC. Tazarotene: therapeutic strategies in the treatment of psoriasis, acne and photoaging. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004;17:111-18
- Chandraratna RA. Tazarotene: the first receptor-selective topical retinoid for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:S12-17
- Chen CF, Goyette P, Lohnes D. RAR-gamma acts as a tumor suppressor in mouse keratinocytes. Oncogene 2004;23:5350-9
- So PL, Lee K, Hebert J, Topical tazarotene chemoprevention reduces Basal cell carcinoma number and size in Ptch1+/- mice exposed to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 2004;64:4385-9
- So PL, Fujimoto MA, Epstein EH Jr. Pharmacologic retinoid signaling and physiologic retinoic acid receptor signaling inhibit basal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7:1275-84
- Peck GL, DiGiovanna JJ, Sarnoff DS, Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:176-85
- Peck GL. Long-term retinoid therapy is needed for maintenance of cancer chemopreventive effect. Dermatologica 1987;175(Suppl 1):138-44
- Ogden S, Samuel M, Griffiths CE. A review of tazarotene in the treatment of photodamaged skin. Clin Interv Aging 2008;3:71-6
- Bianchi L, Orlandi A, Campione E, Topical treatment of basal cell carcinoma with tazarotene: a clinicopathological study on a large series of cases. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:148-56
- Orlandi A, Bianchi L, Costanzo A, Evidence of increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in basal cell carcinomas treated with tazarotene. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:1037-41
- Khan MN, Lee YS. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: Scope of their use and development in cancer chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
- Zha S, Yegnasubramanian V, Nelson WG, Cyclooxygenases in cancer: progress and perspective. Cancer Lett 2004;215:1-20
- Athar M, An KP, Morel KD, Ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced cox-2 expression in murine skin: an immunohistochemical study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;280:1042-7
- Tjiu JW, Liao YH, Lin SJ, Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in human basal cell carcinoma cell line increases antiapoptosis, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1143-51
- Vogel U, Christensen J, Wallin H, Polymorphisms in COX-2, NSAID use and risk of basal cell carcinoma in a prospective study of Danes. Mutat Res 2007;617:138-46
- Tang JY, Aszterbaum M, Athar M, Basal cell carcinoma chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in genetically predisposed PTCH1+/- humans and mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2010;3:25-34
- Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on non-melanoma skin cancer incidence in the SKICAP-AK trial. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009;18:276-83
- Grau MV, Baron JA, Langholz B, Effect of NSAIDs on the recurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Int J Cancer 2006;119:682-6
- Bertagnolli MM, Eagle CJ, Zauber AG, Five-year efficacy and safety analysis of the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2009;2:310-21
- Nakanishi M, Niida H, Murakami H, Shimada M. DNA damage responses in skin biology – implications in tumor prevention and aging acceleration. J Dermatol Sci 2009;56:76-81
- De Lange T. Telomere-related genome instability in cancer. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2005;70:197-204
- Li GZ, Eller MS, Hanna K, Gilchrest BA. Signaling pathway requirements for induction of senescence by telomere homolog oligonucleotides. Exp Cell Res 2004;301:189-200
- Goukassian DA, Helms E, van Steeg H, Topical DNA oligonucleotide therapy reduces UV-induced mutations and photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:3933-8
- Arad S, Zattra E, Hebert J, Topical thymidine dinucleotide treatment reduces development of ultraviolet-induced basal cell carcinoma in Ptch-1+/- mice. Am J Pathol 2008;172:1248-55
- Gilmour SK. Polyamines and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007;224:249-56
- Elmets CA, Athar M. Targeting ornithine decarboxylase for the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in humans. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2010;3:8-11
- Tang X, Kim AL, Feith DJ, Ornithine decarboxylase is a target for chemoprevention of basal and squamous cell carcinomas in Ptch1+/- mice. J Clin Invest 2004;113:867-75
- Bailey HH, Kim K, Verma AK, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 skin cancer prevention study of {alpha}-difluoromethylornithine in subjects with previous history of skin cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2010;3:35-47
- Filip A, Clichici S, Daicoviciu D, Photochemoprevention of cutaneous neoplasia through natural products. Exp Oncol 2009;31:9-15
- Clifford JL, DiGiovanni J. The promise of natural products for blocking early events in skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2010;3:132-5
- Limtrakul P, Lipigorngoson S, Namwong O, Inhibitory effect of dietary curcumin on skin carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett 1997;116:197-203
- Gu M, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Silibinin inhibits inflammatory and angiogenic attributes in photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice. Cancer Res 2007;67:3483-91
- Bommareddy A, Hora J, Cornish B, Dwivedi C. Chemoprevention by alpha-santalol on UVB radiation-induced skin tumor development in mice. Anticancer Res 2007;27:2185-8
- Dwivedi C, Valluri HB, Guan X, Agarwal R. Chemopreventive effects of alpha-santalol on ultraviolet B radiation-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice. Carcinogenesis 2006;27:1917-22
- Dwivedi C, Maydew ER, Hora JJ, Chemopreventive effects of various concentrations of alpha-santalol on skin cancer development in CD-1 mice. Eur J Cancer Prev 2005;14:473-6
- Dwivedi C, Guan X, Harmsen WL, Chemopreventive effects of alpha-santalol on skin tumor development in CD-1 and SENCAR mice. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:151-6
- Zhang X, Bommareddy A, Chen W, Chemopreventive effects of sarcophine-diol on ultraviolet B-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice. Mar Drugs 2009;7:153-65
- Zhang X, Kundoor V, Khalifa S, Chemopreventive effects of sarcophine-diol on skin tumor development in CD-1 mice. Cancer Lett 2007;253:53-9
- Chilampalli S, Zhang X, Fahmy H, Chemopreventive effects of honokiol on UVB-induced skin cancer development. Anticancer Res 2010;30:777-83
- Katiyar S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Green tea and skin cancer: photoimmunology, angiogenesis and DNA repair. J Nutr Biochem 2007;18:287-96
- Rees JR, Stukel TA, Perry AE, Tea consumption and basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer: results of a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:781-5
- Hebert JL, Khugyani F, Athar M, Chemoprevention of basal cell carcinomas in the ptc1+/- mouse – green and black tea. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2001;14:358-62
- Park K, Lee JH. Bcl-XL protein is markedly decreased in UVB-irradiated basal cell carcinoma cell lines through proteasome-mediated degradation. Oncol Rep 2009;21:689-92
- Jee SH, Shen SC, Tseng CR, Curcumin induces a p53-dependent apoptosis in human basal cell carcinoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:656-61
- Chen JK, Taipale J, Cooper MK, Beachy PA. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling by direct binding of cyclopamine to Smoothened. Genes Dev 2002;16:2743-8
- Berman DM, Karhadkar SS, Hallahan AR, Medulloblastoma growth inhibition by hedgehog pathway blockade. Science 2002;297:1559-61
- Dahmane N, Sanchez P, Gitton Y, The Sonic Hedgehog-Gli pathway regulates dorsal brain growth and tumorigenesis. Development 2001;128:5201-12
- Stecca B, Mas C, Clement V, Melanomas require HEDGEHOG-GLI signaling regulated by interactions between GLI1 and the RAS-MEK/AKT pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:5895-900
- Athar M, Li C, Tang X, Inhibition of smoothened signaling prevents ultraviolet B-induced basal cell carcinomas through regulation of Fas expression and apoptosis. Cancer Res 2004;64:7545-52
- So PL, Langston AW, Daniallinia N, Long-term establishment, characterization and manipulation of cell lines from mouse basal cell carcinoma tumors. Exp Dermatol 2006;15:742-50
- Tabs S, Avci O. Induction of the differentiation and apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo with efficiency and selectivity. Eur J Dermatol 2004;14:96-102
- Tremblay MR, Nevalainen M, Nair SJ, Semisynthetic cyclopamine analogues as potent and orally bioavailable hedgehog pathway antagonists. J Med Chem 2008;51:6646-9
- Stanton BZ, Peng LF. Small-molecule modulators of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway. Mol Biosyst 2010;6:44-54
- Winkler JD, Isaacs A, Holderbaum L, Design and synthesis of inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling based on the alkaloid cyclopamine. Org Lett 2009;11:2824-7
- Wang Y, Zhou Z, Walsh CT, McMahon AP. Selective translocation of intracellular Smoothened to the primary cilium in response to Hedgehog pathway modulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:2623-8
- Williams JA, Guicherit OM, Zaharian BI, Identification of a small molecule inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway: effects on basal cell carcinoma-like lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:4616-21
- Scales SJ, de Sauvage FJ. Mechanisms of Hedgehog pathway activation in cancer and implications for therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009;30:303-12
- Von Hoff DD, LoRusso PM, Rudin CM, Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1164-72
- Tremblay MR, Nesler M, Weatherhead R, Castro AC. Recent patents for Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for the treatment of malignancy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009;19:1039-56
- Buttner A, Seifert K, Cottin T, Synthesis and biological evaluation of SANT-2 and analogues as inhibitors of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2009;17:4943-54
- Chen JK, Taipale J, Young KE, Small molecule modulation of Smoothened activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:14071-6
- Yauch RL, Gould SE, Scales SJ, A paracrine requirement for hedgehog signalling in cancer. Nature 2008;455:406-10
- Romer JT, Kimura H, Magdaleno S, Suppression of the Shh pathway using a small molecule inhibitor eliminates medulloblastoma in Ptc1(+/-)p53(-/-) mice. Cancer Cell 2004;6:229-40
- Tremblay MR, Lescarbeau A, Grogan MJ, Discovery of a potent and orally active hedgehog pathway antagonist (IPI-926). J Med Chem 2009;52:4400-18
- Feldmann G, Fendrich V, McGovern K, An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling inhibits tumor initiation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7:2725-35
- Bijlsma MF, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA. (Pro-)vitamin D as treatment option for hedgehog-related malignancies. Med Hypotheses 2008;70:202-3
- Bijlsma MF, Spek CA, Zivkovic D, Repression of smoothened by patched-dependent (pro-)vitamin D3 secretion. PLoS Biol 2006;4:e232
- Kim J, Tang JY, Gong R, Itraconazole, a commonly used antifungal that inhibits Hedgehog pathway activity and cancer growth. Cancer Cell 2010;17:388-99
- Samuel S, Sitrin MD. Vitamin D's role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Nutr Rev 2008;66:S116-124
- Asgari MM, Tang J, Warton ME, Association of prediagnostic serum vitamin D levels with the development of basal cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130(5):1438-43
- Lepesheva GI, Waterman MR. Sterol 14alpha-demethylase cytochrome P450 (CYP51), a P450 in all biological kingdoms. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1770:467-77
- Rohatgi R, Milenkovic L, Corcoran RB, Scott MP. Hedgehog signal transduction by Smoothened: pharmacologic evidence for a 2-step activation process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:3196-201
- Lauth M, Bergstrom A, Shimokawa T, Toftgard R. Inhibition of GLI-mediated transcription and tumor cell growth by small-molecule antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:8455-60
- Hyman JM, Firestone AJ, Heine VM, Small-molecule inhibitors reveal multiple strategies for Hedgehog pathway blockade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:14132-7
- Cupido T, Rack PG, Firestone AJ, The imidazopyridine derivative JK184 reveals dual roles for microtubules in Hedgehog signaling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009;48:2321-4
- Myatt SS, Lam EW. Targeting FOXM1. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:242
- Brancaccio A, Minichiello A, Grachtchouk M, Requirement of the forkhead gene Foxe1, a target of sonic hedgehog signaling, in hair follicle morphogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13:2595-606
- Teh MT, Wong ST, Neill GW, FOXM1 is a downstream target of Gli1 in basal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 2002;62:4773-80
- Radhakrishnan SK, Bhat UG, Hughes DE, Identification of a chemical inhibitor of the oncogenic transcription factor forkhead box M1. Cancer Res 2006;66:9731-5
- Bhat UG, Halasi M, Gartel AL. Thiazole antibiotics target FoxM1 and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. PLoS One 2009;4:e5592
- Kwok JM, Myatt SS, Marson CM, Thiostrepton selectively targets breast cancer cells through inhibition of forkhead box M1 expression. Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7:2022-32
- Bhat UG, Halasi M, Gartel AL. FoxM1 is a general target for proteasome inhibitors. PLoS One 2009;4:e6593
- Halasi M, Gartel AL. A novel mode of FoxM1 regulation: positive auto-regulatory loop. Cell Cycle 2009;8:1966-7
- Grimes DS. Statins and vitamin D. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2009;23:261-2
- Demierre MF, Higgins PD, Gruber SB, Statins and cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:930-42
- Corcoran RB, Scott MP. Oxysterols stimulate Sonic hedgehog signal transduction and proliferation of medulloblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:8408-13
- Dore DD, Lapane KL, Trivedi AN, Association between statin use and risk for keratinocyte carcinoma in the veterans affairs topical tretinoin chemoprevention trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:9-18
- Asgari MM, Tang J, Epstein EH Jr, Statin use and risk of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:66-72
- Yauch RL, Dijkgraaf GJ, Alicke B, Smoothened mutation confers resistance to a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor in medulloblastoma. Science 2009;326:572-4
- Kimura H, Ng JM, Curran T. Transient inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in young mice causes permanent defects in bone structure. Cancer Cell 2008;13:249-60