Opioid modulators for alcohol dependence

Bibliography

• Heinz A, Schafer M, Higley JD, Neurobiological correlates of the disposition and maintenance of alcoholism. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36(Suppl 3):S255-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss F, Porrino LJ. Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: recent advances and challenges. J Neurosci 2002;22:3332-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross S, Peselow E. The neurobiology of addictive disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009;32:269-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Arias M, Aguilar MA, Manzanedo C, Preclinical evidence of new opioid modulators for the treatment of addiction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19:977-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift R. Medications acting on the dopaminergic system in the treatment of alcoholic patients. Curr Pharm Des 2010;16:2136-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2009. Peptides 2010;31:2325-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pert CB, Snyder SH. Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 1973;179:1011-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon EJ, Hiller JM, Edelman I. Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic (3H) Etorphine to rat-brain homogenate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973;70:1947-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terenius L. Characteristics of the “receptor” for narcotic analgesics in synaptic plasma membrane fraction from rat brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1973;33:377-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C. Exploring the opioid system by gene knockout. Prog Neurobiol 2002;66:285-306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieffer BL, Evans CJ. Opioid receptors: from binding sites to visible molecules in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2009;56(Suppl 1):205-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansour A, Fox CA, Burke S, Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned mu opioid receptor in the rat CNS. J Chem Neuroanat 1995;8:283-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour A, Fox CA, Akil H, Opioid-receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: anatomical and functional implications. Trends Neurosci 1995;18:22-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour A, Fox CA, Burke S, Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: an in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol 1994;350:412-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour A, Thompson RC, Akil H, Delta opioid receptor mRNA distribution in the brain: comparison to delta receptor binding and proenkephalin mRNA. J Chem Neuroanat 1993;6:351-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Merrer J, Becker JA, Befort K, Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain. Physiol Rev 2009;89:1379-412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigo JM, Martin-Garcia E, Berrendero F, The endogenous opioid system: a common substrate in drug addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010;108:183-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada P, Barson JR, Leibowitz SF, Opioids in the hypothalamus control dopamine and acetylcholine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 2010;1312:1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barson JR, Carr AJ, Soun JE, Opioids in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulate ethanol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010;34:214-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzmin A, Sandin J, Terenius L, Acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice: effects of opioid receptor-like 1 receptor agonists and naloxone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;304:310-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acquas E, Meloni M, Di Chiara G. Blockade of delta-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens prevents ethanol-induced stimulation of dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;230:239-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin D, Grant ER, Pohorecky LA. Naltrexone reverses ethanol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in awake, freely moving rats. Brain Res 1993;621:137-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AJ, Gold LH, Polis I, Increased ethanol self-administration in delta-opioid receptor knockout mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1249-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AJ, McDonald JS. Heyser CJ, et al. mu-Opioid receptor knockout mice do not self-administer alcohol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:1002-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinelli PW, Kiianmaa K, Gianoulakis C. Opioid propeptide mRNA content and receptor density in the brains of AA and ANA rats. Life Sci 2000;66:1915-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Waele JP, Kiianmaa K, Gianoulakis C. Distribution of the mu and delta opioid binding sites in the brain of the alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA lines of rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;275:518-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianoulakis C, de Waele JP, Kiianmaa K. Differences in the brain and pituitary beta-endorphin system between the alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992;16:453-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam MP, Nurmi H, Rouvinen N, Effects of acute ethanol on beta-endorphin release in the nucleus accumbens of selectively bred lines of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010;208:121-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barson JR, Carr AJ, Soun JE, Opioids in the nucleus accumbens stimulate ethanol intake. Physiol Behav 2009;98:453-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Addario C, Johansson S, Candeletti S, Ethanol and acetaldehyde exposure induces specific epigenetic modifications in the prodynorphin gene promoter in a human neuroblastoma cell line. FASEB J 2011;25:1069-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Le Moal M. Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 2008;363:3113-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn AJ, Berridge CW. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1990;15:71-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli V, Bresciani E, Tamiazzo L, Central nervous system-acting drugs influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Endocr Dev 2010;17:108-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armario A. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by addictive drugs: different pathways, common outcome. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010;31:318-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive MF, Mehmert KK, Koenig HN, A role for corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in ethanol consumption, sensitivity, and reward as revealed by CRF-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003;165:181-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen DD, Boldt BM, Bryant CA, Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 1. Long-term changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:1836-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson HN, Lee SY, O'Dell LE, Alcohol self-administration acutely stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, but alcohol dependence leads to a dampened neuroendocrine state. Eur J Neurosci 2008;28:1641-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurst FM, Rasmussen DD, Hillemacher T, Alcoholism, craving, and hormones: the role of leptin, ghrelin, prolactin, and the pro-opiomelanocortin system in modulating ethanol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:1963-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer F, Wiedemann K. Neuroendocrine pathways of addictive behaviour. Addict Biol 2004;9:205-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson GA, Olson RD, Kastin AJ. Endogenous opiates: 1983. Peptides 1984;5:975-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowbotham DJ. Endogenous opioids, placebo response, and pain. Lancet 2001;357:1901-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hook V, Funkelstein L, Toneff T, Human pituitary contains dual cathepsin L and prohormone convertase processing pathway components involved in converting POMC into the peptide hormones ACTH, alpha-MSH, and beta-endorphin. Endocrine 2009;35:429-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YS. The role of leptin-melanocortin system and human weight regulation: lessons from experiments of nature. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2009;38:34-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennock RL, Hentges ST. Differential expression and sensitivity of presynaptic and postsynaptic opioid receptors regulating hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons. J Neurosci 2011;31:281-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calogero AE, Scaccianoce S, Burrello N, The kappa-opioid receptor agonist MR-2034 stimulates the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: studies in vivo and in vitro. J Neuroendocrinol 1996;8:579-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Cudennec C, Naudin B, Do Rego JC, Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and related peptides reduce the increase in plasma corticosterone elicited in mice by an intracerebroventricular injection. Life Sci 2002;72:163-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racz I, Schurmann B, Karpushova A, The opioid peptides enkephalin and beta-endorphin in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:989-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarjour S, Bai L, Gianoulakis C. Effect of acute ethanol administration on the release of opioid peptides from the midbrain including the ventral tegmental area. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:1033-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leriche M, Mendez M. Ethanol exposure selectively alters beta-endorphin content but not [3H]-DAMGO binding in discrete regions of the rat brain. Neuropeptides 2010;44:9-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer F, Jahn H, Otte C, Effects of treatment with acamprosate on beta-endorphin plasma concentration in humans with high alcohol preference. Neurosci Lett 2006;404:103-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalewska-Kaszubska J, Cwiek W, Dyr W, Changes in the beta-endorphin plasma level after repeated treatment with acamprosate in rats selectively bred for high and low alcohol preference. Neurosci Lett 2005;388:45-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald LM, Wand GS. Opioids and alcoholism. Physiol Behav 2004;81:339-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Arbol JL, Rico Irles J, Contreras I, Plasma concentrations of beta-endorphins in the children of alcoholic patients. An Med Interna 2007;24:273-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009;19:2289-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris PL, Hopwood M, Whelan G, Naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2001;96:1565-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chick J, Anton R, Checinski K, A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence or abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 2000;35:587-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweben A, Pettinati HM, Weiss RD, Relationship between medication adherence and treatment outcomes: the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:1661-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, Moak DH, Waid LR, Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of outpatient alcoholics: results of a placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1758-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer F, Jahn H, Tarnaske T, Comparing and combining naltrexone and acamprosate in relapse prevention of alcoholism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:92-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Van Kirk J. Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment: a meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1335-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeton C, Whelan G. Naltrexone, a relapse prevention maintenance treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alcohol Alcohol 2001;36:544-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund M. A better widget? Three lessons for improving addiction treatment from a meta-analytical study. Addiction 2005;100:742-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouza C, Angeles M, Munoz A, Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Addiction 2004;99:811-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozen HG, de Waart R, van der Windt DA, A systematic review of the effectiveness of naltrexone in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;16:311-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisurapanont M, Jarusuraisin N. Naltrexone for the treatment of alcoholism: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005;8:267-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Swift RM, Naltrexone and cue exposure with coping and communication skills training for alcoholics: treatment process and 1-year outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1634-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Hutchison KE. Effects of naltrexone on alcohol sensitivity and genetic moderators of medication response: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:1069-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner S, Leucht S, Lehert P, Acamprosate supports abstinence, naltrexone prevents excessive drinking: evidence from a meta-analysis with unreported outcomes. J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:11-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King AC, Volpicelli JR, Frazer A, Effect of naltrexone on subjective alcohol response in subjects at high and low risk for future alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997;129:15-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieres AK, Hausknecht KA, Farrar AM, Effects of morphine and naltrexone on impulsive decision making in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;173:167-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo YJ, Kwon MS, Choi SM, Possible involvement of the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene and beta-endorphin expression on acute morphine withdrawal development. Brain Res Bull 2009;80:359-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell JM, Fields HL, White RL, The Asp40 mu-opioid receptor allele does not predict naltrexone treatment efficacy in heavy drinkers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:112-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:914-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;12:CD001867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armeli S, Feinn R, Tennen H, The effects of naltrexone on alcohol consumption and affect reactivity to daily interpersonal events among heavy drinkers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;14:199-208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Armeli S, Feinn R, Targeted naltrexone treatment moderates the relations between mood and drinking behavior among problem drinkers. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004;72:317-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Armeli S, Tennen H, Targeted naltrexone for early problem drinkers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:294-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Tennen H, Armeli S, Targeted naltrexone for problem drinkers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:350-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Tennen H, Penta C, Targeted naltrexone treatment of early problem drinkers. Addict Behav 1997;22:431-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Avila CA, Song C, Kuo L, Targeted versus daily naltrexone: secondary analysis of effects on average daily drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006;30:860-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaul ME, Wand GS, Eissenberg T, Naltrexone alters subjective and psychomotor responses to alcohol in heavy drinking subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22:480-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaul ME, Wand GS, Rohde C, Serum 6-beta-naltrexol levels are related to alcohol responses in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:1385-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley SS, Krishnan-Sarin S, McKee SA, Dose-dependent reduction of hazardous alcohol use in a placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone for smoking cessation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;12:589-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerts EM, Kim YK, Wand GS, Differences in delta- and mu-opioid receptor blockade measured by positron emission tomography in naltrexone-treated recently abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:653-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer F, Helwig H, Tarnaske T, Pharmacological relapse prevention of alcoholism: clinical predictors of outcome. Eur Addict Res 2005;11:83-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Krull JL, Leggio L. The effects of naltrexone among alcohol non-abstainers: results from the COMBINE Study. Front Psychiatry 2010;1:26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gueorguieva R, Wu R, Pittman B, New insights into the efficacy of naltrexone based on trajectory-based reanalyses of two negative clinical trials. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:1290-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Oslin DW. Naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence among African Americans: results from the COMBINE Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;105:256-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohsenow DJ, Miranda R Jr, McGeary JE, Family history and antisocial traits moderate naltrexone's effects on heavy drinking in alcoholics. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;15:272-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BA. Update on neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: scientific basis and clinical findings. Biochem Pharmacol 2008;75:34-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogenschutz MP, Scott Tonigan J, Pettinati HM. Effects of alcoholism typology on response to naltrexone in the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:10-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelernter J, Gueorguieva R, Kranzler HR, Opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, OPRK1, and OPRD1) variants and response to naltrexone treatment for alcohol dependence: results from the VA Cooperative Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:555-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, Oroszi G, O'Malley S, An evaluation of mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) as a predictor of naltrexone response in the treatment of alcohol dependence: results from the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:135-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setiawan E, Pihl RO, Cox SM, The effect of naltrexone on alcohol's stimulant properties and self-administration behavior in social drinkers: influence of gender and genotype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011;35:1134-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Miranda R Jr, Tidey JW, Polymorphisms of the mu-opioid receptor and dopamine D4 receptor genes and subjective responses to alcohol in the natural environment. J Abnorm Psychol 2010;119:115-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oroszi G, Anton RF, O'Malley S, OPRM1 Asn40Asp predicts response to naltrexone treatment: a haplotype-based approach. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:383-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman D, Oroszi G, O'Malley S, COMBINE genetics study: the pharmacogenetics of alcoholism treatment response: genes and mechanisms. J Stud Alcohol Suppl 2005;15:56-64; discussion 33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray LA, Hutchison KE, Ashenhurst JR, Naltrexone selectively elevates GABAergic neuroactive steroid levels in heavy drinkers with the Asp40 allele of the OPRM1 gene: a pilot investigation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010;34:1479-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Mackillop J, Leggio L, Effects of naltrexone on cortisol levels in heavy drinkers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009;91:489-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer F, Jahn H, Otte C, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity: a target of pharmacological anticraving treatment? Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:74-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh JJ, Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, Gender differences in predictors of treatment attrition with high dose naltrexone in cocaine and alcohol dependence. Am J Addict 2008;17:463-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, Myrick H, Wright TM, Gabapentin combined with naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry 2011; [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farren CK, Scimeca M, Wu R, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sertraline with naltrexone for alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;99:317-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley SS, Robin RW, Levenson AL, Naltrexone alone and with sertraline for the treatment of alcohol dependence in Alaska natives and non-natives residing in rural settings: a randomized controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:1271-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ait-Daoud N, Johnson BA, Javors M, Combining ondansetron and naltrexone treats biological alcoholics: corroboration of self-reported drinking by serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin, a biomarker. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:847-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ait-Daoud N, Johnson BA, Prihoda TJ, Combining ondansetron and naltrexone reduces craving among biologically predisposed alcoholics: preliminary clinical evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;154:23-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Aubin HJ, A pilot evaluation of the safety and tolerability of repeat dose administration of long-acting injectable naltrexone (Vivitrex) in patients with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1356-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Prihoda TJ. Combining ondansetron and naltrexone effectively treats biologically predisposed alcoholics: from hypotheses to preliminary clinical evidence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:737-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, O'Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;295:2003-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BA, Roache JD, Ait-Daoud N, Ondansetron reduces the craving of biologically predisposed alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;160:408-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;284:963-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le AD, Sellers EM. Interaction between opiate and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the regulation of alcohol intake. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1994;2:545-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gastfriend DR. Intramuscular extended-release naltrexone: current evidence. Ann NY Acad Sci 2011;1216:144-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli JR, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, Naltrexone and alcohol dependence. Role of subject compliance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:737-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt JC, Kranzler HR, O'Malley SS, Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:1617-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg BJ, Pettinati HM, Volpicelli JR. A risk-benefit assessment of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Drug Saf 1996;15:274-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucey MR, Silverman BL, Illeperuma A, Hepatic safety of once-monthly injectable extended-release naltrexone administered to actively drinking alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:498-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfohl DN, Allen JI, Atkinson RL, Naltrexone hydrochloride (Trexan): a review of serum transaminase elevations at high dosage. NIDA Res Monogr 1986;67:66-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Malley SS, Garbutt JC, Gastfriend DR, Efficacy of extended-release naltrexone in alcohol-dependent patients who are abstinent before treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:507-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapham S, Forman R, Alexander M, The effects of extended-release naltrexone on holiday drinking in alcohol-dependent patients. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009;36:1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettinati HM, Silverman BL, Battisti JJ, Efficacy of extended-release naltrexone in patients with relatively higher severity of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien CP, Gastfriend DR, Forman RF, Long-term opioid blockade and hedonic response: preliminary data from two open-label extension studies with extended-release naltrexone. Am J Addict 2011;20:106-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akala EO, Wiriyacoonkasem P, Pan G. Studies on in vitro availability, degradation, and thermal properties of naltrexone-loaded biodegradable microspheres. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011;37:673-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyka M, Rosner S. Nalmefene for treatment of alcohol dependence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19:1451-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel ME, Bolger G, Weissman BA. Binding of a new opiate antagonist, nalmefene, to rat brain membranes. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1985;7:175-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmerson PJ, Liu MR, Woods JH, Binding affinity and selectivity of opioids at mu, delta and kappa receptors in monkey brain membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;271:1630-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bart G, Kreek MJ, Ott J, Increased attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with alcohol dependence in central Sweden. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:417-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker BM, Koob GF. Pharmacological evidence for a motivational role of kappa-opioid systems in ethanol dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:643-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nealey KA, Smith AW, Davis SM, Kappa-opioid receptors are implicated in the increased potency of intra-accumbens nalmefene in ethanol-dependent rats. Neuropharmacology 2011;61:35-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianoulakis C, de Waele JP. Genetics of alcoholism: role of the endogenous opioid system. Metab Brain Dis 1994;9:105-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• June HL, McCane SR, Zink RW, The delta 2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben reduces motivated responding for ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;147:81-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccocioppo R, Martin-Fardon R, Weiss F. Effect of selective blockade of mu(1) or delta opioid receptors on reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior by drug-associated stimuli in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27:391-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason BJ, Salvato FR, Williams LD, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:719-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drobes DJ, Anton RF, Thomas SE, A clinical laboratory paradigm for evaluating medication effects on alcohol consumption: naltrexone and nalmefene. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:755-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drobes DJ, Anton RF, Thomas SE, Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics and social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1362-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhuvaara S, Simojoki K, Virta A, Targeted nalmefene with simple medical management in the treatment of heavy drinkers: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:1179-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, Pettinati H, Zweben A, A multi-site dose ranging study of nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:421-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon R, Gentile J, Hsu HB, Nalmefene: safety and kinetics after single and multiple oral doses of a new opioid antagonist. J Clin Pharmacol 1987;27:233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gal TJ, DiFazio CA. Prolonged antagonism of opioid action with intravenous nalmefene in man. Anesthesiology 1986;64:175-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini LC, Kleppner SR, McDonough J, Implantable technology for long-term delivery of nalmefene for treatment of alcoholism. Int J Pharm 2004;283:35-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00804570. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00804570 [Last accessed 4th April 2011]
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00981617. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00981617 [Last accessed 4th April 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Alkermes. Press Release 8th December 2010. Available from: http://investor.alkermes.com/ [Last accessed 3rd April 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Alkermes. Press Relase 25th October 2010. Available from: http://investor.alkermes.com/ [Last accessed 3rd April 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Alkermes. Press Release 7th April 2009. Available from: http://investor.alkermes.com/ [Last accessed 3rd April 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Alkermes. Press Release 2nd July 2007. Available from: http://investor.alkermes.com/ [Last accessed 3rd April 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Ghirmai S, Azar MR, Cashman JR. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-naltrexamine analogs for alcohol cessation. Bioorg Med Chem 2009;17:6671-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghirmai S, Azar MR, Polgar WE, Synthesis and biological evaluation of alpha- and beta-6-amido derivatives of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3, 14beta-dihydroxy-4, 5alpha-epoxymorphinan: potential alcohol-cessation agents. J Med Chem 2008;51:1913-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killeen TK, Brady KT, Gold PB, Effectiveness of naltrexone in a community treatment program. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1710-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet 2007;370:1915-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo F, Addolorato G, Stoppo M, Comparing and combining gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and naltrexone in maintaining abstinence from alcohol: an open randomised comparative study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007;17:781-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueorguieva R, Wu R, Donovan D, Baseline trajectories of drinking moderate acamprosate and naltrexone effects in the COMBINE Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk D, Wang XQ, Liu L, Percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days: evaluation as an efficacy endpoint for alcohol clinical trials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010;34:2022-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield SF, Pettinati HM, O'Malley S, Gender differences in alcohol treatment: an analysis of outcome from the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010;34:1803-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF. Naltrexone for the management of alcohol dependence. N Engl J Med 2008;359:715-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar