Section Review: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: New treatment approaches for metastatic breast cancer

References

• A'HERN R, EBBS S, BAUM M: Does chemotherapy im-prove survival in advanced breast cancer? A statistical overview. Br. J. Cancer (1988) 57:615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUTREAL P, LIU Q, SHATTUCK-EIDENS D, ET AL.: BRCA1mutations in primary breast and ovarian carcinomas. Science (1994) 266:120–122.
   Google Scholar
• NORTON L: Metastatic breast cancer: length and qualityof life. New Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:1370–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOOM HJ, RICHARDSON WW, HARRIES EJ: Natural his- tory of untreated breast cancer (1805-1933): Compari-son of untreated and treated cases according to histological grade of malignancy. Br. Med. J. (1962) 2:213–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A classic review of the natural history of breast cancer.
   Google Scholar
• GEORGE SL, HOOGSTRATEN B: Prognostic factors in theInitial response to therapy by patients with advanced breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1978) 60(4):731–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NASH CH, JONES SE, MOON TE, DAVIS SL, SALMON SE:Prediction of outcome in metastatic breast cancer treated with adriamycin combination chemotherapy. Cancer (1980) 46(11):2380–2388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMALLEY RV, LEFANTE J, BARTOLUCCI A, CARPENTER J,VOGEL C, KRAUSS S: A comparison of cydophos-phamide, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, yin-cristine, and prednisone (CMFVP) in patients with ad-vanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1983) 3(2):209–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWENERTON KD, LEGHA SS, SMITH T, ET AL.: Prognosticfactors hi metastatic breast cancer treated with combi-nation chemotherapy. Cancer Res. (1979) 39:1552–1562.
   Google Scholar
• CUTLER SJ: Classification of extent of disease in breastcancer. Semin. Oncol. (1974) 1(2):91–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AHMANN DL, O'FALLON E, SCANLON PW, ETAL.: A pre-Ihninary assessment of factors associated with recur-rent disease in a surgical adjuvant clinical trial for patients with breast can with special emphasis on the aggressiveness of therapy. Am. J. Chn. Oncol. (1982) 5:371–381.
   Google Scholar
• HORTOBAGYI GN, SMITH TL, LEGHA SS, ETAL.: Multivari- ate analysis of prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer. J. an. Oncol. (1983) 1:776–786.
   Google Scholar
• An outstanding clinical research article using appropriate statistical methods to determine independent prognostic factors in patients with metastatic disease.
   Google Scholar
• TANNOCK I, BOYD N, DEBOER G, ETAL.: A randomized trial of two dose levels of cyclophosphamide, methotr-exate, and fluourouradl chemotherapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin. Oncol. (1988) 6:1377–1387.
   Google Scholar
• This randomised trial documents that substandard doses of chemo-therapy lead to a significant reduction in patient survival.
   Google Scholar
• COATES A, GEBSKI V, BISHOP J: Improving the qonlitye of life during chemotherapy for advanced breast can-cer. New Engl. J. Med. (1987) 317:1490–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• One of the first randomised trials in breast cancer to use quality of life as a primary end-point of treatment.
   Google Scholar
• BAUM M, PRIESTMAN T, WEST R, ETAL.: Im Breast Cancer - Experimental and Clinical Aspects. Mouridsen H, Palshof T (Eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford (1980):223–226.
   Google Scholar
• LOPRINZI CL, TORMEY DC, RASMUSSEN P, ETAL.: Pro-spective evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen levels and alternating chemotherapeutic regimens in metas-tatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1986) 4(1):46–56.
   Google Scholar
• HAYES DF, ZURAWSKI VR, Jr., KUFE DW: Comparison of circulating CA15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen lev-els in patients with breast cancer. J. Chn. Oncol. (1986) 4(10):1542–1550.
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON J, PEARSOL D, PRICE M, ETAL.: A biochemi-cal response index for use in metastatic breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer(1991) 64:757–763.
   Google Scholar
• JORDAN VC, JENG MH, JIANG SY, YINGLING J, STELLA AL: Hormonal strategies for breast cancer: a new focus on the estrogen receptor as a therapeutic target. Semin. Oncol. (1992) 19(3):299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLAUBER JG, KIANG DT: The changing role of hormonal therapy in advanced breast can. Semin. Oncol. (1992) 19(3):308–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An excellent review on the use of hormonal therapies in breast cancer.
   Google Scholar
• BYAR DP, SEARS ME, MCGUIRE WL: Relationship between estrogen receptor values and clinical data in predicting the response to endocrine therapy for patients with advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (1979) 13(3):299–310.
   Google Scholar
• WESTERBERG H: Tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone in advanced breast cancer: a controlled clinical trial. Can-cer Treat. Rep. (1980) 64(1):117–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• INGLE JN, KROOK JE, GREEN SJ, ETAL.: Randomized trialof bilateral oophorectomy versus tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. J. Chu. Oncol. (1986) 4(2):178485.
   Google Scholar
• BUCHANAN RB, BLAMEY RW, DURRANT KR, ET AL.: Arandomized comparison of tamoxifen with surgical oophorectomy in premenopausal patients with ad-vanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1986) 4(9):1326–1330.
   Google Scholar
• KOSTRABA N, KIANG D, FRENNING D, ETAL.: Multiple endocrine treatment in the management of advanced breast cancer. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (1980) 21:147, Abstract 586.
   Google Scholar
• CANNEY P, GRIFFITHS T, LATIEF T, PRIESTMAN T: Clinical significance of tamoxifen withdrawal response. Lancet (1987) 1:36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARCIA-GIRALT E, AYME Y, CARTON M, ETAL.: Secondand third line horrnonotherapy in advanced post-menopausal breast cancer: a multicenter randomized trial comparing medroxyprogesterone acetate with aminoglutethhnide in patients who have become resis-tant to tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1993) 24(2):139–145.
   Google Scholar
• HARRIS J, HENDERSON I: Im Breast Diseases (Second Edi-tion). Harris J, Hellman S, Henderson I, Kinne D (Eds.). JB Lipincott Co., Philadelphia (1991).
   Google Scholar
• HENDERSON I: Hormonal therapies for breast cancer. In: Breast Diseases. Harris J, Hellman S, Henderson I, Kinne aD (Eds.). JB Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1987):398–428.
   Google Scholar
• BRAMBIILA C, ESCOBEDO A, ARTIOLI R, LECHUGA MJ, MOTTA M, BONADONNA G: Medical castration with zoladex: a conservative approach to premenopausal breast cancer. Tumort (1991) 77(2):145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAUFMANN M, JONAT W, SCHACHNER-WUNSCHMANN E,BASTERT G, MAASS H: The depot Gnitil analogue gosere-lin in the treatment of premenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer - a 5-year experience and further endocrine therapies. Cooperative German Zo-ladex Study Group. Onkologie (1991) 14(1):22–24, 26–28, 30.
   Google Scholar
• HARVEY H, LIPTON A, MAX D, ETAL.: Medical castration with the GnRH analogue leuprolide to treat metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1985) 3:1068–1071.
   Google Scholar
• BUZZONI R, BIGANZOLI L, BAJEIIA E, ETAL.: Combina-tion goserelin and tamoxifen therapy in pre-menopausal advanced breast cancer: a multicenter study by the ITMO group. Br. J. Cancer (1995) 71:1111–1114.
   Google Scholar
• SANTEN RJ, WORGUL TJ, SAMOJLIK E, ETAL.: A random-ized trial comparing surgical adrenalectomy with ami-noglutethhnide plus hydrocortisone in women with advanced breast cancer. New Engl. J. med. (1981) 303(10):545–551.
   Google Scholar
• GOSS PE, POWLES TJ, DOWSE.T I M, ETAL.:Treatment of advanced postmenopausal breast cancer with an aro-matase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione: Phase 11 report. Cancer Res. (1986) 46(9):4823–4826.
   Google Scholar
• LIPTON A, HARVEY HA, DEMERS LM, ETAL A Phase I trial of CGS 16949A. A new aromatase inhibitor. Cancer (1990) 65(6):1279–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAATS JI, FALKSON G, FALKSON HC: A study of fadrozole,a new aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal women with advanced metastatic breast cancer. J. (lin. Oncol. (1992) 10(1):111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THURLIMANN B, BERET IA K, BACCHI M, ETAL.: First linefadrozole HCI (CGS 16949A) versus tamoxifen (TAM) in advanced breast cancer: prospective randomised study SARK 20/88. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 90.
   Google Scholar
• JONAT W, HOWELL A, BLOMQVIST P, ETAL.: A random-ised trial of the new specific aromatase inhibitor arimidex versus megestrol acetate (MA) in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer (ABC). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 130.
   Google Scholar
• SCHULZ J, FOX K, CONNER G, GLICK J, CAPIZZI RL: APhase 11 study of rog,letimide (ROG) in females with advanceD/metastatic breast cancer (A/M BrCa). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 73.
   Google Scholar
• HAYES DF, VAN ZYL JA, HACKING A, ETAL.: A randomizedcomparison of tamoxifen (TAM) and two separate doses of toremifene (TOR) in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 71.
   Google Scholar
• BRUNING P: Droloxffene, a new anti-oestrogen in post-menopausal advanced breast can: preliminary re-sults of a double-blind dose-finding study. Eur.J. Cancer (1992) 28A:1404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAARSTAD H, GUNDERSEN S, WIST E, RAABE N, MELLA0, ICVINNSLAND S: Droloxffene - Anew anti-estrogen. A Phase II study in advanced breast cancer. Acta On-cologica (1992) 31:425.
   Google Scholar
• COOMBES RC, HAYNES BP, DOWSETT M, ET AL.: Idoxffene: Report of a Phase I study in patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:1070–1074.
   Google Scholar
• WAKELING A, DUKES M, BOWLER J: A potent specificpure antiestrogen with clinical potentiaL Cancer Res. (1991) 51:3867.
   Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER MR, MICHNA H, NISHINO Y, ETREBY MF: Antitumor activity and mechanism of action of different antiprogestins in experimental breast cancer models. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (1990) 37(6):783–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAKKER G, SETYONO H, DE JONG F: Hormonal Manipu-lation of Cancer. Raven Press, New York (1987).
   Google Scholar
• EISENHAUER E, PRITCHARD K, PERRAULT D, ETAL.: PhaseII study of mifepristone (RU486) in previously un-treated patients (PTS) with metastatic breast cancer (BC): A trial of the NCI Canada Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CM). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 154.
   Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER M, MICHNA H, HABENICHT U, ETAL.: The tumour-inhibiting potential of the progesterone an-tagonist onapristone in the human mammary carci-noma T61 in nude mice. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. (1992) 118:187–189.
   Google Scholar
• CLARK GM, SLEDGE GW, Jr., OSBORNE CK, MCGUIRE WL: Survival from first recurrence: relative importance of prognostic factors in 1,015 breast cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. (1987) 5(1):55–61.
   Google Scholar
• Another excellent clinical research article identifying independent prognostic factors for survival in metastatic breast cancer.
   Google Scholar
• HENDERSON IC, ALLEGRA JC, WOODCOCK T, ET AL.:Randomized clinical trial comparing mitoxantrone with doxorubicin in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1989) 7(5):560–571.
   Google Scholar
• COWAN JD, NEIDHART J, MCCLURE S, ETAL.: Randomizedtrial of doxorubicin, bisantrene, and mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1991) 83(15):1077–1084.
   Google Scholar
• CUMMINGS FJ, GELMAN R, HORTON J: Comparison ofCAF versus CMZEP in metastatic breast cancer: analysis of prognostic factors. J. Clin. Oncol. (1985) 3(7):932–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENDERSON IC, HAYES DF, GELMAN R: Dose-response in the treatment of breast cancer: a critical review. J. Clin. Oncol. (1988) 6(9):1501–1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An outstanding review of the preclinical, pharmacology/toxicology and clinical issues involved in the use of dose-intensive chemother-apy.
   Google Scholar
• KARDINAL CG: Cancer chemotherapy. Historical as-pects and future considerations. Postgrad. Med. (1985) 77(6):165–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORMEY DC, WEINBERG YE, LEONE LA, ETAL,: A com-parison of intermittent vs. continuous and of adriamy-cin vs. methotrexate 5-drug chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. A Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. (1984) 7(3):231–239.
   Google Scholar
• A'HERN R, SMITH I, EBBS S: Chemotherapy and survival in advanced breast cancer: the inclusion of doxorubicin in Cooper type regimens. Br.J. Cancer (1993) 67:801-805. This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy of doxorubicin when added to standard combination chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer.
   Google Scholar
• COLAJORI E, ACICLAND 5, ANTON A, ETAL.: LV. EEC withepirubicin (E) 50 mg/m2 D1,8 prolongs time to progres-sion (TIP) with respect to I.V. CMF D1,8 given at equimyelosuppressive doses as front line chemother-apy of metastatic breast cancer (MBC): A randomized multinational multicentric Phase HI triaL Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 156.
   Google Scholar
• OJEDA B, TABERNERO J, BRUNET J, ETAL.: A randomizedtrail of cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone and 5-fluorouracil (CNF) versus cyclophosphamide, adriamy-cin and 5- fluorouracil (CAF) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 172.
   Google Scholar
• HAINSWORTH J, JOLIVET J, HOPKINS E, GRECO F: A randomized Phase II trial of mitoxantrone, 5-FU, and high-dose leukovorin (NFL) vs. cyclophosphamkie, methotrexate, 5-FU (CMF) in the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:90, Ab-stract 60.
   Google Scholar
• ZAMBETTI M, GIACOBONE A, TERENZIANI M, ET AL.: Sequential treatment with adriamycin-CMF in metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 163. Sequential use of chemotherapeutic agents in dose-intensive fashion rather than concurrently; this may be a new paradigm in the treatment of solid tumours.
   Google Scholar
• COCCONI G, DE LISI V, BONI C, ETAL.: Chemotherapy versus combination of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. A prospective ran-domized study. Cancer (1983) 51(4):581–588.
   Google Scholar
• KIANG DT, GAY J, GOLDMAN A, KENNEDY BJ: A random-ized trial of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in advanced breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. (1985) 313(20):1241–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLEDGE GW, Jr., ROBERT N, SPARANO JA, ETAL.: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group studies of paclimxel and doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. (1995) 22(3 Suppl. 6):105–108.
   Google Scholar
• MUSS H, CASE L, RICHARDS III F, ET AL.: Interrupted versus continuous chemotherapy in patients with me-tastatic breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:1342. A randomised trial showing significant improvement in quality-of-life, but not survival, in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
   Google Scholar
• HARRIS AL, CANTWELL BM, CARMICHAEL J, ETAL.: Com-parison of short-term and continuous chemotherapy (mitozantrone) for advanced breast cancer [see com-ments]. Lancet (1990) 335(8683)186–190.
   Google Scholar
• ELJERSTEN B, PFEIFFER P, PEDERSEN D, ETAL.: Proc. ASCO (1990) 9:Abstract 23.
   Google Scholar
• FRET ED, CANELLOS GP: Dose: a critical factor in cancer chemotherapy. Am.j Med. (1980) 69(4)685–594.
   Google Scholar
• KAMINER L, WILLIAMS S, BESCHORNER J, ETAL.: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hernatopoietic stem cell support in the treatment of refractory stage IV breast carcinoma. Bone Marrow Transplantation (1989) 4:359–362.
   Google Scholar
• PETERS W, SHPALL E, JONES R, ETAL.: High-dose combi-nation alkylating agents with bone marrow support as Initial treatment for metastatic breast cancer. J. Qin. Oncol. (1988) 6:1368–1376.
   Google Scholar
• MULDER N, MULDER P, SLEIJFER D, ET AL.: Inductionchemotherapy and intensification with autologous bone marrow reinfusion in patients with locally ad-vanced and disseminated breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (1993) 29A:668–671.
   Google Scholar
• ANTMAN K, AYASH L, ELIAS A, ETAL.: A Phase II study ofhigh-dose cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and car-boplatin with autologous marrow support in women with measureable advanced breast cancer responding to standard-dose therapy. J Gun. Oncol. (1992) 10:102–110.
   Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS S, GILEWSKI T, MICK R, ET AL.: High-doseconsolidation therapy with autologous stem-cell rescue In stage IV breast cancer: a follow-up report. J. din. Oncol. (1992) 10:1743–1747.
   Google Scholar
• KENNEDY M, BEVERIDGE R, ROWLEY S, ETAL.: High-dosechemotherapy with reinfusion of purged autologous bone marrow following dose-intense induction as in-itial therapy for metastatic breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1991) 82:920–926.
   Google Scholar
• JONES R, SHPALL E, ROSS M, ETAL.: AFM chemotherapyfollowed by intensive allcylating agent consolidation with autologous bone marrow support for advanced breast cancer: current results. Proc. ASCO (1990) 9:9, Abstract 30.
   Google Scholar
• GRAD G, LANE N, ZIMMERMAN T, ET AL.: High-dosechemotherapy and autologous stem cell support in metastatic breast cancer: the University of Chicago experience. Proc. ASCO (1994) 13:73, Abstract 94.
   Google Scholar
• RAHMAN Z, FRYE D, BUZDAR A, HORTOBAGYI G: A retrospective analysis to evaluate the impact of selec-tion process for high-dose chemotherapy (HDCI) on the outcome of patients (PT) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 78.
   Google Scholar
• A retrospective analysis which beautifully documents the selection bias inherent in Phase II high-dose chemotherapy trials with autolo-gous stem cell support.
   Google Scholar
• ROWINSKY E, DONEHOWER R: Paclitaxel (Taxol). New Engl. J. Med. (1995) 332(15):1004–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A definitive review of the development and clinical application of Taxol.
   Google Scholar
• SEIDMAN A, HOCHHAUSER D, YAO T-J, ETAL.: 96 hourpaclitaxel after prior short taxane infusion: Phase II pharmacokinetic (PK) & Phannacodynamic (PD) study In metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 151.
   Google Scholar
• DENTS J, CORREA A, GREENE A: An improved synthesisof the taxol side chain and of RP 56976. J. Org. Chem. (1990) 55:1957–1959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICOLAOU K, YANG Z, LIU J, ETAL.: Total synthesis oftaxoL Nature (1994) 367:630–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLTON R, KIM H, SOMOZA C, ETAL.: First total synthe-sis of taxoL Completion of the C and D rings. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1994) 116:1599–1600.
   Google Scholar
• HOLTON R, SOMOZA C, KIM H, ETAL.: First total synthe-sis of taxoL Functionalization of the B ring. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1994) 116:1597–1598.
   Google Scholar
• AAPRO M, BRAAKHUIS D, DIETAL M: Proc. ASCO (1992)33:Abstract 516.
   Google Scholar
• RAVDIN P, VALERO V, BURRIS IH, VON HOFF DD, HOR- TOBAGYI G: Docetaxel (Taxotere) therapy in anthracy-cline/anthracenedione- or paclitaxel-resistant metastatic breast cancer (RMBV). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 77.
   Google Scholar
• KRAKOWSKI P, RIOS M, CHEVALLEER P, ETAL.: Phase H first line chemotherapy (CT) study with docetaxel (taxotere) and prophylactic premedication of fluid re-tention (FR) in patients (pts) with metastatic (mts) or locally advanced breast can (ABC). EORTC clinical screening groups (CSG). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 87.
   Google Scholar
• HAINSWORTH JD, JONES SE, ERLAND JB, RAEFSKY EL, GRECO FA: ParlitaiceL mitoxantrone, 5-fluorouracil, and high dose leucovorin (P-NFL) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract.
   Google Scholar
• FENNELLY D, GILEWSKI T, HUDIS C, ETAL,: Phase I trialof sequential edatrexate (EDE) followed by paclitaxel (PTX): A design based on in vitro (IV) synergy in patients (PTS) with advanced breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 105.
   Google Scholar
• VUICELJA S, BAKER W, BURRELL L, ETAL.: High dose taxol,cyclophospbamicie, and eisplatin with stem cell sup-port in treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 41:Abstract 185.
   Google Scholar
• KLAASSEN U, WILKE H, PHILLIPOU P, ETAL.: Phase I/IIstudy with paclitaxel in combination with weekly high-dose 5-FIT in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 186.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH G: Current status of vinorelbine for breast can- cer. Oncology (1995) 9:767–773.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A review of the development and clinical data with vinorelbine.
   Google Scholar
• VOGEL C, HOCHESTER H, BLUMENREICH M, ETAL.: A US multicenter Phase II study of IV navelbine (NVB) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) as first treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer (ABC). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Ab-stract 62.
   Google Scholar
• DIERAS V, PIERGA J, EXTRA J, ETAL.: Results of a combi-nation of Navelbine and fhcourouracil in advanced breast cancer patients using a group sequential design. Ann. Oncol. (1992) 3\(Suppl. 5):46.
   Google Scholar
• JONES S, WINER E, VOGEL C, ET AL.: A multi-center, randomized trial of IV Navelbine vs. IV Alkeran in patients with anthracycline-refractory advanced breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1994) 13:103.
   Google Scholar
• CVITKOVIC E, IZZO J: The current and future place ofvinorelbine in cancer therapy. Drugs (1992) 44\(Suppl. 4):36–45 (discussion 66–69).
   Google Scholar
• BINET S, FELLOUS A, LATASTE H, ET AL.:hi situ analysis of the action of Navelbine on various types of micro-tubules using hnmunofiourescence. Semin. Oncol. (1989) 162\(Suppl. 4):5–8.
   Google Scholar
• PINEDO HM, VAN GROENINGEN CJ: Vinorelbine: a horse of a different color? [Editorial]. J. Ctn. Oncol. (1994) 12(9)1745–1747.
   Google Scholar
• NISTICO C, RANUZZI M, PACE A, ET AL.: Weekly vinorel-bine in previously treated patients with advanced breast cancer: preliminary results. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 180.
   Google Scholar
• WINER EP, CHU L, SPICER DV: Oral vinorelbine (Navel-bine) in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. (1995) 22(2 Suppl. 5).72–78 (discussion 78–79).
   Google Scholar
• TOUSSAINT C, IZZO J, SF1ELMANN M, ET AL.: Phase I/11 trial of continuous infusion vinorelbine for advanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1994) 12(10):2102–2112.
   Google Scholar
• LIVINGSTON RB, ELLIS GK, WILLIAMS MA: Weekly vi-norelbine (Navelbine, NVB) + GCSE in taxol-refractory metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Ab-stract 138.
   Google Scholar
• TAKIMOTO C, ALLEGRA C: New antifolates in clinical development. Oncology (1995) 9(7):649–656.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A review of the antifolates in development for use in oncology and infectious diseases.
   Google Scholar
• DAWSON N, COSTANZA M, KORZUN A, ET AL.: Trimetrexate in untreated and previously treated pa-tients with metastatic breast cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. (1991) 19:283–288.
   Google Scholar
• VANDENBERG TA, PRITCHARD RI, EISENHAUER EA, ET AL.: Phase II study of weekly edatrexate as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: a National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinlr21 Trials Group study. J. Clin. Oncol. (1993) 11(7)1241–1244.
   Google Scholar
• SCHORNAGEL JH, VAN DER VEGT S, VERWEU J, ET AL.: Phase II study of edatrexate in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. (1992) 3(7):549–52.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH I, SPIELMAN M, BONNETERRE J, ET AL.: Tomudex (ZD1694) a new thymidylate synthetase inhibitor with antitumor activity in breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. (1994) 5:242.
   Google Scholar
• SCHEITHAUER W, DITTRICH C, KORNEK G, ET AL.: Phase II study of amonafide in advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1991) 20:63–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLEN S, RATAIN M, KORZUN A, ET AL.: Phase II study of amonafkle in previously treated metastatic breast can-cer (CALGB 8841). Proceedings of theAmerican Association for Cancer Research (1991) 32:Abstract 1092.
   Google Scholar
• TALBOT DC, SMITH 1E, MANSI JL, JUDSON I, CALVERT AH, ASHLEY SE: Anthrapyrazole CI941: a highly active new agent in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1991) 9(12):2141–2147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MICHELOTTI A, VENTURINI M, CONTE PF, ET AL.: Cardi-oxane (ICRF-187) protects against epirubicin (EPO in-duced cardiomyopathy in advanced breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 91.
   Google Scholar
• LASIC D, PAPHADJOPOULOS D: Liposomes revisited. Science (1995) 267:1275–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Article reviews the rationale behind liposomes, their formulation and the clinical data on their use to date.
   Google Scholar
• FONSECA GA, VALERO V, BUZDAR A, ET AL.: Decreased cardiac toxicity by TLC D-99 (liposomal doxorubicin) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer carcinoma (mbc). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 96.
   Google Scholar
• CARTEI G, MANSUTTI M, CLOCCHIATTI L: Natural beta Interferon (5 TEN) overcomes resistance to tatnoxifen (T) in metastatic breast cancer (BC). Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 160.
   Google Scholar
• RAVERA F, MIGLIE11A L, PIRANI P, FERRINI S, FAVONI RE: Suramin-induced growth inhibition and insulin-like growth factor-I binding blockade in human breast car-cinoma cell lines: potentially related events. Eur. Cancer (1993) 29A(2):225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIGNON F, PREBOLS C, ROCHEFORT H: Inhibition of breast cancer growth by suramin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1992) 84:38–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANES P, DALEY R, DEFAZIO A, SUTHERLAND R: Activa- tion of the ras signalling pathway in human breast cancer cells overexpressing erbB-2. Oncogene (1994) 9:3601–3608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• This article shows that ras may be an important target in breast cancer in spite of the rarity of ras mutations in this tumour type.
   Google Scholar
• GIBBS J, OLIFF A, KOHL N: Farnesyhransferase Inhibi-tors: ras research yields a potential cancer therapeutic. Cell (1994) 77:175–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• This article outlines the successful integration of basic and pharma-ceutical research in the signal transduction area.
   Google Scholar
• BASELGA J, TRIPATHY D, MENDELSOHN J, ET AL.: Phase II study of recombinant human anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in stage IV breast cancer; HER2 shedding-de-pendent pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 113.
   Google Scholar
• PEGRAM M, LIPTON A, PIETRAS R, ET AL.: Phase II study of intravenous recombinant humanized anti-p185 HER-2 monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb HER-2) plus cisplatin in patients with HER-2/NEU overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 124.
   Google Scholar
• LOWE S, BODIS S, MCCLATCHEY A, ET AL.: p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science (1994)266:807–810.
   Google Scholar
• A potentially landmark article in the on-going struggle to identify genetic determinants of chemotherapy sensitivity; clinical data are awaited.
   Google Scholar
• ALLRED DC, CLARK GM, FUQUA SA, ET AL.: Overexpres-sion of p53 in node-positive breast cancer. Proc. ASCO (1995) 14:Abstract 111.
   Google Scholar
• SEQUI M, CLIMENT M, MOLINA R, ET AL.: Tumor size, ploidy and p53 expression are important prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer. Proc. ASCO(1995) 14:Abstract 166.
   Google Scholar
• RUSSELL S: Replicating vectors for gene therapy of cancer; risks, limitations and prospects. Eur. J. Cancer (1994) 30A(8):1165–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A review of the history and future of replicating viruses for use in cancer therapy.
   Google Scholar