23
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Section Review Anti-infectives: Recent developments in 14- and 15-membered macrolides

Pages 65-94 | Published online: 03 Mar 2008

References

  • KLTRATH P, JONES P, EGAN R, PERUN T: Acid degradation of erythromycin A and erythromycin B. Experienta (1971) 27:362.
  • ITOH Z, NAKAYA M, SUZUKI T, FIIRAL H, WAKABAYASHI K: Erythromycin mimics exogenous motilin in gastro-intestinal contractile activity in the dog. Am. J. Physiol (1984) 10:G688–G694.
  • KIRST H: Semi-synthetic derivatives of erythromycin. Progress Med. Chem. (1993) 30:57–87.
  • GASC J, D'AMBRIERES S, LUTZ A, CHANTOT J: New ether oxime derivatives of erythromydn A. A structure-activ-ity relationship study. J. Antibiotics (1991) 44:313–330.
  • PHILLIPS I, PECHERE J, DAVIES A, SPELLER D (Eds.): Roxithromycin: a new macrolide. J. Antimicrob. Chem other. (1987) 20(Suppl. B):1–183.
  • BARLAM T, NEU H: In vitro comparison of the activity of RU 28965, a new macrolide, with that of erythromy-cin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1984) 25:529–531.
  • CHANTOT J, BRYSKIER A, GASC J: Antibacterial activity of roxithromycim a laboratory evaluation. J. Antibiotics (1986) 39:660–668.
  • JONES R, BARRY A, THORNSBERRY C: In vitro evaluation of three new macrolide antimicrobial agents, RU 28965, RU 29065, and RU 29702 and comparison with other orally administered drugs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1983) 24:209–215.
  • ARONOFF S, LAURENT C, JACOBS M: In vitro activity of erythromycin, roxithromycin, and CP62993 against common pediatric pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1987) 19:275–276.
  • JORGENSEN J, REDDING J, HOWELL A: In vitro activity of the new macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin (RU 28965) against clinical isolates of Haemophitus influenzae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986) 29:921–922.
  • MENTIS A, TZOUVELEKIS L, TZELEPI E, IOSSIFIDOU I, KARAFOTIS F: Susceptibility of Cblamydia tracbomatis strain isolated in Greece to erythromycin and roxithromycin. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 149.
  • SAMARA Z, ROSENBERG S, KAUFMAN S: Antibiotic sus-ceptibility of urea-plasma urealyticum. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 146.
  • JOHNSON, ET AL: Antimicrobial activity of ten macrolide, liscosamine and streptogramin drugs tested against Legionella species. Ear. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1992) 11:751–755.
  • ZANA J, MUFFAT-JOLY M, THOMAS D, ORFILA J, SALAT- BAROUX J, POCIDALO J: Roxithromycin treatment of mouse chiamydial salpingitis and protective effect on fertility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:430–435.
  • RAS G, ANDERSON R, TAYOR G, SAVAGE J, VAN NIEICERK E, JOONE G, KOORNHOF H, SAUDERS J, WILSOM R, COLE P: Clindamycin, erythromycin, and roxithromycin in- hibit the proinflammatory interaction of Pseudo-monas aeruginosa pigments with human neutrophils in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1236–1240.
  • PRUUL H, MCDONALD P: Potentiation of antibacterialactivity of azithromycin and other macrolides by nor-mal human serum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1046.
  • WISE R, KIRKPATRICK B, ASHBY J, ANDREW J: Pharma-cokinetics and tissue penetration of roxithromycin • after multiple dosing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:1051–1053.
  • HALSTENSON C, OPSHAL J, SCHWENK M, KOVARIK J, PURIS, HO I, MATZKE G: Disposition of roxithromycirt in • patients with normal and severely impaired renal func-tion. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:385–389.
  • ODENHOLT-TORNQVIST I, LOWDIN E, CARS D: Postanti-biotic Sub-MIC effects of vancomycin, roxithromycin, sparfloxacin and amikacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1852–1858.
  • NILSEN D: Plasma pharmacokinetics of macrolides withreference to total and free concentrations. 2nd Interna-tional conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 211.
  • HALSTENSON C,OPSAHL J, SCHWENK M, KOVARIK J, PURIS, HO I, MATZKE G: Disposition of roxithromydn in patients with normal and severely impaired renal func-tion. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:385–389.
  • GASSER R, WENDELIN I, REISINGER E, KLEIN W: Com-bined therapy with roxithromycin and co-trimoxazok of late lytne disease. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 310.
  • BURETTE A, GLLTPCZYNSKI Y, DEPREZ C, JACOBS D: Lansoprazole plus roxithromycin and metronidazole for eradication of H. pylori of a pilot study. 2nd Interna-tional conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 319.
  • PALOMBINI B, VILLANOVA C, STOLZ D: Treatment ofatypical community acquired pneumonia (CAP) with roxithromycin (ROX): preliminary results of an open study. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 279.
  • BRAMBILLA C: Muhicentre study to evaluate the efficacyand safety of roxithromycin (once-a-day) vs erythro-mycin in the treatment of community acquired pneu-monia. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 273.
  • LORENZ J: Multicentre study of the efficacy and toler-ability of roxithromycin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 226.
  • BAJARES DE ULUE M, MAZZAU DE ILJA R, SANTIAGO A,FERRINI A, ADAMES Z: Comparative study between roxithromycin and doxycyline in mycoplasma and chlamydial gynaecological infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 321.
  • BEGUE P, ASTRUC J, SAFRAN C, DUBOIS A, ROSTAND A:The overall safety of oral roxithromycin in paediatic clinical studies. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 224.
  • WILSON J, HANNAN P, SHILLINGFORD C, KNOWLES D: Biological property of ER 42859, a novel erythromycin derivative. J. Antibiotics (1989) 42:454–462.
  • MASSEY E, KITCHELL B, MARTIN L, GERZON K: Antibac-terial activity of 9(S)-erythromycylamine-aldehyde condensation products. J. Med. Chem. (1974) 17:105–107.
  • SAKAKABARA H, OMURA S (Eds.): Macrolide antibiotics: chemistry, biology, and practice. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando (1984).
  • KIRST H, WIND J, LEEDS J, WILLARD K, DEBOND M, BONJOUKLIAN R, GREENE J, SULLIVAN K, PASCHAL J, DEETER J, JONES N, OTT J, FELTY-DUCKWORTH A, COUNTER F: Synthesis and structure-activity relation-ship of new 9-N-alkyl derivatives of 9(S)-erythromycy-larnine. J. Med. Chem. (1990) 33:3086–3094.
  • COLBERT W, TURK J, WILLIANS P, BUENING M: Cardio-vascular and autonomic pharmacology of the macrolide antibiotic LY281389 in anesthetized beagles and isolated smooth and aortic muscles. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1365–1369.
  • KIRST H, ALLEN N, LEEDS J, TOTH J, DEBONO M, WILLARD K, COUNTER F: Synthesis and evaluation of macrolide derivatives which demonstrate in vitro activity against inducibly and constitutively MIS-resistant strains of Staphylococci. 30th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 806.
  • -MARING C, KLEIN L, PARIZA R, LARTEY P, GRAMPOVNIK D, YEUNG C, BUYTENDORP M, HARDY D: Synthesis and SAR of derivatives of 9(R)-erythromycylamine. 29th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Hous-ton, US (1989), Abstract No. 1023.
  • HARDY D, VOJTKO C, BEYER J, HENSEY D, MARING C, KLEIN L, PARIZA R, LARTEY P, CLEMENT J: In vitro evaluation of a new series of (9R)-amino-9-deoxo-erythromycin analogs. 29th Interscierzce Conf. on Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. Houston, US (1989), Abstract No. 1024.
  • LUGER P, MAIER R: Molecular structure of 9-deoxy-11- deoxy-9,11-(imino(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl idene)oxy)-(9S)-erythromycin, a new erthromycin de-rivative. J. Czyst. Mol. Struct. (1979) 9:329–338.
  • HARDY D, HENSEY D, BEYER J, VOJTKO C, MCDONALD E, FERNANDES P: Comparative in vitro activities of new14-, 15-, and 16- membered macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32:1710–1719.
  • YU K, NEU H: In vitro activity of dirithromycin (LY •237216) compared with activities of other macrolide antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:1839–1842.
  • COUNTER F, ENSMINGER P, PRESTON D, wu L, GREENE J, FELTY-DUCKWORTH A, PASCHAL J, KIRST H: Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of dirithromycin (A5E 136; LY 237216), a new macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1116–1126.
  • KIRST H, PRESTON D, ALBORN J, CREEMER L: Determination of the inherent antimicrobial activity of dirithromycin by measuring cell-free inhibition of pro-tein synthesis. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 102.
  • MTAIRAG E, ABDELGHAFFAR H, DERRIENNIC M, SIDES G, LABRO M: Mechanism of dirithromycin (DIR) and erythromycylamine (ECM) uptake by human neutro-phils (PMN). 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 159.
  • ABDELGHAFFAR H, MTAIRAG E, LABRO M: Effect of dirithromycin and erythromycylamine on human neu-trophildegranulation. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 160.
  • LABRO M, ABDELGHAFFAR H, DERREENNIC M: Compari-son of dirithromycin (MR), erythromycylamine (ECM) and roxithromycin (R) for their modulation of the human neutrophil (PMN) oxidative burst in vitro. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 162.
  • LABRO M, MTAIRAG E: Antibacterial synergy between dirithromycin (DIR), erythromycylamine (ECM) and neutrophils (PMN). 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 163.
  • SIDES G, CERIMELE B, BLACK H, BUSCH U, DESANTE K: Pharmacokinetics of dirithromycin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1993) 31(Suppl. C):65–75.
  • MAZZEI T, SURRENTI C, NOVELLI A, BIAGINI M, SURRENTI E, PERITI P: Single dose pharmacokinetics of diritbromycin in patients with impaired hepatic func-tion. 33th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 410.
  • MCCARTY J, HUCK W, GUTHRIE E, SMIETANA M, ADAMS K, CONFORTI P, WILSON M, SIDES G: Dirithromycin versus penicillin VK in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis. 33th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 399.
  • McCARTY J, GUTHRIE E, HUCK W, JACKS D, HARRIS J, SIDES G: Dirithromycin verus erythromycin base in streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 242.
  • SIDES G, CONFORTI P, WILSON M, SMIETANA M: Pooled analysis of three dirithromycin pharyngitis clinical trials. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 243.
  • SALISBURY J, CHIULLI R, TAYOR J, ALDRICH H, JONES C,SIDES G, CONFORTI P, WILSON M: Dirithromycin 5 days versus erythromycin 7 days in acute superimposed on chronic (ASOC) bronchitis. 33th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 400.
  • SIDES G, SMIETANA M, CONFORTI P, WILSON M, DERRIEN-NIC M: Acute exacerbation of chronic (aeoc) bronchitis: an analysis based on stratification by severity. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 254.
  • LODE H, AMITS J: Clinical efficacy of dbithromycin verus roxithromycin in acute bacterial exacerbration of chronic bronchitis. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 257.
  • VARANESE L, SIDES G: Dirithromycin efficacy in skinand skin structure infections. 2nd International confer-ence on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 300.
  • DILORENZO P, SHUPBACH C, SALOSBURY J, OGBON-NAYA K, RUOFF G, DAVENPORT C, CONFORTI P, SIDES G, WILSON M: Dirithromydn 5 days versus erythromy-cin 7 days in skin and skin soft tissue infections. 33th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 402.
  • SMITS J: The efficacy of dirithromycin in patients withatypical pneumonia. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 300.
  • HUCK W, GUTHRIE E, SMITS P, BLACK S, FERENDO R, HARRIS J: Dirithromychi versus erythromycin base in lobar pneumonia/bronchopneumonia, or pneumonia due to Mycoplasma,Legionella or Chantydia infection. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 286.
  • ROUVEIX B: Drug interactions with dirithromycin. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 219.
  • FINCH R, HAMILTON-MILLER J, LOVERING A (Eds.): Dirithromycin: a new once-daily macrolide. j Antimi-crob. Chemother. (1993) 31(Suppl. C).
  • FREIBERG L, EDWARDS C, BACINO D, SEIF L, LARTEY P, WHITTERN D: Synthesis of amino analogs of (9S,11S)-9-deoxo-12-deoxy-9,12-epoxyerythromycin A (4–63483) and 9(S)-9-deoxo-11,12-dideoxy-9,12-epoxy-11-oxo-erythromycin A (4–63881). 29th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chem other. Houston, US (1989), Abstract No. 1029.
  • HARDY D, SWANSON R, FREIBERG L, LARTEY P, CLEMENTT: In vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of a new series of 9,12-epoxyerythromycin derivatives. 29th Inter-science Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Houston, US (1989), Abstract No. 1030.
  • MARSH K, QUIGLEY S, CULBERTSON S, FREIBERG L, BACHINO D, EDWARDS C, MCDANIEL D, LARTEY P: Phar-macokinetic behavior of a series of 9,12-epoxyery-thromycin derivatives in dog and monkey. 29th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Hous-ton, US (1989), Abstract No. 1031.
  • HARDY D, SWANSON R, SHIPKOWITZ N, FREIBERG L, LARTEY P, CLEMENT J: In vitro activity and in vivoefficacy of a new series of 9-deoxo-12-deoxy-9,12-epoxyerythromycin A derivatives. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:922–928,
  • JOHNSON P, FREIBERG L, MILLER M, LARTEY P, MARTIN J: Accumulation and egress of A-69334, a novel 9,12-epoxy erythromycin derivative, into bacteria and human PMNs. 30th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 813.
  • CLEMENT J, SHIPKOWITZ N, SWANSON R, LARTEY P: Efficacy of a 9,12-epoxy erythromycin derivative, A-69334, in H. influenzae induced otitis media in gerbils. 30th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chernother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 814.
  • NELLANS H, PETERSEN A, FREIBERG L, LARTEY P: Evalu-ation of a new 9,12-epoxyerythromycin derivative (A-69334) in an anesthetized dog gastrointestinal motility modeL 30th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 815.
  • MARSH K, CULBERTSON S, FREIBERG L, SWANSON R, CLEMENT J, LARTEY P: Pharmacokinetic behavior of (9S,11S)-11-amino-9-deoxo-11,12-dideoxy erythromy-cin in dog, monkey and mouse. 30th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Ab-stract No. 816.
  • JONES A: New macrolide antibiotics: synthesis of a 14-membered a721itie. J. Org. Chem. (1992) 57:4361–4367.
  • JONES A, HERBERT C: The in vitro profile of selected 14-membered azalides. J. Antibiotics (1992) 45:1785–1791.
  • NAKATA M, TAMAI T, MIURA Y, IUNOSHITA M, TATSUTA K: Synthetic studies of erythromycin derivatives: syn-thesis and antimicrobial activities of 3'-epi-erythromy-cin A and (9S)-11-dehydrox-y-9-deoxo-9-hydroxy-11-oxoerythromycin A. J. Antibiotics (1993), 46:813–826.
  • TOSCANO L, FIORIELLO G, SPAGNOL R, CAPPELLTTI L, ZANUSO G: New fluorinated erythromycin obtained by mutasynthesis. J. Antibiotics (1983) 36:1439–1450.
  • TOSCANO L, FIORIELLO G,SILINGARDI S, INGLESI M: (8S)-8-Fluoroerythronolkie B, potential substrate for the biological synthesis of new macrolide antibiotics. Tet-rahedron (1984) 40:2177–2181
  • GIALDRONI-GRASSI G, ALESINA R, BERSANI C, FERRARAA, FIETTA A, PEONA V: in vitro activity of flurithromycin, a novel macrolide antibiotic. Chemioterapia (1986) 5:177–184.
  • NORD C, LANDMARK A, PERSSON I: Comparative antimi- crobial activity of the new macrolide flurithromycin against respiratory pathogens. Eur. j CUn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1988) 7:71–73.
  • HARDCASTLE J (Ed.): Pharmaprojects (Therapeutic Catagories, main volume). PJB Publications, Richmond, UK (1991).
  • McALPINE J, SWANSON S, WHITTEN D, BUKO A, WEBER J: 6-Deoxyerythromycin L Producing organism, isola-tion, separation and structural elucidation. 30th Inter-science Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 810.
  • CLEMENT J, HANSON C, SHIPKOWITZ N, HARDY D, SWANSON R: 6-Deoxyerythromycin IL Comparative in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy. 30th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 811.
  • FAGHIN R, PAGANO T, McALPINE J, TANAKA K, PLATTNER J, LARTEY P: Acid degradation studies of 6-deoxy-erythromycin A. J. Antibiotics (1993) 46:698–700.
  • KATZ L, HUTCHINSON R: Genetic engineering of antibi- otic producing organism. Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. (1992) 27:129–138.
  • KATZ L, DONADIO S: Polyketide synthesis: prospects for hybrid antibiotics. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. (1993) 47: 875–912.
  • WEBBER J, LEUNG J, SWANSON S, IDLER K, MCALPINE J: An erythromycin derivative produced by targeted gene disruption in Saccbaropolyspora mytbraea. Science (1991) 252:114–117.
  • DONADIO S, STASSI D, McALPINE J, STAVER M, SHELDON P, JACKSON M, SWANSON S, WENDT-PIENKOWSKI E,WANG Y, JAVES R, HUTCHINSON C, KATZ L: Recent developments in the genetics of erythromycin forma-tion. Ind. Microorganism Basic and Applied Mol. Genetics (1993):257–265.
  • MORIMOTO S, MISAWA Y, ADACHI T, NAGATE T, WATANABE Y, OMURA S: Chemical modification of erythromy-cins IL Synthesis and antibacterial activity of O-alkyl derivatives of erythromycin A. J. Antibiotics (1990) 43:286–305.
  • MORIMOTO S, TAKAHASHI Y, WATANABE Y, OMURA S: Chemical modification of erythromycin L Synthesisand antibacterial activity of 6-0-methylerythromycin A. J. Antibiotics (1984) 37:343–345.
  • CHIN N, NEU N, LABTHAVIKUL P, SAHA G, NEU H: Activity of A-56268 compared with that of erythromycin and other oral agents against aerobic and anaerobic bacte-ria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:463–466.
  • BARRY A, THORNSBERRY C, JONES R: In vitro activity of a new macrolide, A-56268, compared with that of roxithromycin, erythromycin, and c.lindamycin. An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:463–466.
  • JANSSON L, KALIN M: Comparative in vitro activity of A56268 against respiratory tract pathogens. Eur. J. din. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1987)6:494–496.
  • FERNANDES P, BAILER R, SWANSON R, HANSON C, McDONALD E, RAMER N, HARDY D, SHIPKOWITZ N, BOWER R, GADE E: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986) 30:865–873.
  • FLOYD-REISING S, HINDLER J, YOUNG L:In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic, com-pared with that of erythromycin and other antimicro-bial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:640–642.
  • JONES R, BARRY A, THORNSBERRY C: The antimicrobial activity of A-56268 (TE-031) and roxithromycin (RU 965) against Legionella using both microdilution method. J Antimicrob. Chemother. (1987) 19:841–842.
  • LIEBERS D, BALTCH A, SMITH R, HAMMER M, CONROY J: Susceptibility of Legionella pneumopbila to eight an-timicrobial agents including four macrolides in differ-ent assay conditions. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1989) 23:37–41.
  • EUOPOULOS G, REISZNER E, FERRARO M, MOELLERING R: Comparatve in vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic. J. Antimicrob. Chemot her. (1988) 21: 671–675.
  • BENSON C, SEGRETI S, BEAUDETTE F, HINES D,GOODMAN L, KAPLAN R, TRENHOLME G: In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide, compared with that of erythromycin and clindamycin against selected gram-positive and gram-negative organism. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:328–330.
  • BARRY A, FERNANDES P, JORGENSEN J, THORNSBERRY C, HARDY D, JONES R: Variability of clarithromycin and erythromycin susceptibility tests with Haemopbilus infissenzae in four different broth media and correla-tion with the standard disk diffusion test/. ain. Micro-biol. (1988) 26:2415–2420.
  • FERNANDES P, HARDY D, BAILER R, MCDONALD E, PINTAR J, RAMER N, SWANSON R, GADE E: Susceptibility testing of macrolide antibiotics against Haemopbilus influenzae and correlation of in vitro results with in vivo efficacy in a mouse septicemia modeL Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:1243–1250.
  • LIEBERS D, BALTCH A, SMITH R, HAMMER M, CONROY J, SHAYEGANI M: Comparative in vitro activities of A-56268 (TE-031) and erythromycin against 306 clinical Isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1988) 21:565–570.
  • HARDY D, SWANSON R, RODE R, MARSH K, SHIPKOWITZ N, CLEMENT J: Enhancement of the in vitro and in vivo activity of clarithromycin against Haemopbilus influ-enzae by 14-hydroxy clarithromycin, its major metabo-lite in human. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:1407–1413.
  • JORGENSEN J, MAHGER L, HOWELL A: Activity of clarithromycin and its prindpal human metabolite against Haemopbilus influenzae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1524–1526.
  • VALLEE E, AZOULAY-DUPUIS E, SWANSON R, BERGOGNE-BEREZIN E, POCIDALO J: Individual and combined ac-tivities of cLarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite In murine model of Haemopbilus influenzae infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1991) 27(Suppl. A):11–18.
  • SCAGLIONE F, GOLDMAN C: Interaction of erythromy-cin, clarithromycin, and the 14-hydroxyclarithromycin with gram-negative and -positive bacterial cells and ribosomes. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 113.
  • CHIN N, DELLA-LATTA P, WHII LER S, NEU H: In vitro activity of clarithromycin and 14-hyciroxy-clarithromy-cin verus H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, group A and group B Streptococcus in the New York area. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 109.
  • BARRY A: Antibacterial activity of darithromycin, 14-hydroxy clarithromycin and five other oral agents against respiratory pathogens from outpatients within the United States. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 109.
  • WANES K, CASSELL G, CANUPP K, FERNANDES P: In vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas to new macrolides and arylfluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32:1500–1502.
  • BOWER W, SHAW C, CHAN D, BLACK W: In vitro activity of Ro 15-8074, Ro 19-5247, A-56268 and roxithromycin (RU 28965) againstNeisseriagonorrboeae and Chiang-din tracbomatis. Antimicrob, Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:470–472.
  • EGRETI J, ICESSLER H, KAPELL K, TRENHOLME G: In vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031) and four other antimicro-bial agents against Cblantydia tracbomatis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:100–101.
  • DANGOR Y, MILLER S, DALFXPOSTO F, KOORNHOF H: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Southern African iso-lates of Haemopbilus ducreyi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32:1458–1460.
  • BIEHLE 3, CAVALIERI S: In vitro susceptibility of Myco- bacterium kansasii to clarithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2039–2041.
  • BERLIN O, YOUNG L, FLOYD-REISING S, BRUCKNER D: Comparative in vitro activity of new macrolide A-56268 against mycobacteria. Eur. j Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1987) 6:486–487.
  • BROWN B, WALLACE R, ONYL G, DE ROSAS V, WALLACE R: Activities of four macrolides, including darithromy-cin, against Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium cbelonae, and M. chelonae-like organisms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:180–184.
  • MOINARD D, BOURRIED Y, BEMER-MELCHIOR P, RAFFI F: Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex determined with Bactec: pH effect. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 156.
  • SPANGLER S, JACOBS M, SPIELBAUM P: Susceptibility of 119 anaerobes to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin. 33rd Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 251.
  • SPANGLER S, JACOBS M, SPIELBAUM P: Effect of CO2 on susceptibilities of anaerobes to erythromycin, az-ithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromydn. An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38:211–216.
  • CHIN N, NEU N, LABTHAVLICUL P, SAHA G, NEU H: Activity of A-56268 compared with that of erythromycin and other oral agents against aerobic and anaerobic bacte-ria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:463–466.
  • TATEDA K, HIRAKATA Y, FURUYA N, OHNO A, YAMA- GUCHI K: Effects of sub-MICs of erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics on serum sensitivity of Pseudo-monas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:675–680.
  • ANAKA S, JONES R, LARTEY P: New and unusal antimi- crobial properties of clarithromycin. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins, Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 110.
  • HARDY D, HANSON C, HENSEY D, BEYER J, FERNANDES P: Susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori to macrolides and ftuoroquinolones. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1988) 22:631–636.
  • GOLDMAN R, ZAKULA D, CAPOBIANCO 3: Tight binding of clarithromycin, 14-hydroxyclarithromycin and erythromycin to Helicobacter pylori ribosomes. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 101.
  • FLAMM R, BEYER J, TANAKA S, CLEMENT J: Kill kinetics and activity of antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 139.
  • PREAC-MURSIC V, WILSKE B, SCHIERZ G, SUP E,GROP B: Comparative antimicrobial activity of the new macrolides against 13orrelia burgdotferi. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dir. (1989) 8:651–653.
  • GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ J,BELLIDO J, FRESNADILLO M, TRu- JILLANO I: In vitro activity of new macrolides and rifape,ntine against Brucella spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:911–913.
  • MONEIB N, SHIBL A, EL-SAID M, EL-MASRY E: MaCrOlides induced suppression of virulence factors produced byStaphylococcus aureus. J. Chemother. (1993) 5:289–292.
  • FERNANDES P, SWANSON R, HARDY D, MCDONALD E, RAMER N: Effect of dosing intervals on efficacy of clarithromycin and erythromycin in mouse infection models. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. (1988) 14:441–444.
  • NEU H: The development of macrolides: clarithromycin in perspective. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1991) 27(Suppl.A):1–9.
  • CHU S, WILSON D, EASON C, DEATON R: Single and multidose pharmacokinetics (PlCs) of clarithromycin (C). 30th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Atlanta, US (1990), Abstract No. 759.
  • CHU S, SENNELLO L, BUNNELL S, VARGA L, WILSON D, SONDERS R: Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin, a new macrolide, after single ascending oral dose. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2447–2453,
  • SCAGLTONE F, DEMARTINI G, FRASCHINI F: Distribution of clarithromycin to intracellular and extravascular sites of infection: an overview. 2nd International confer-ence on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 207.
  • FISH D, GOTFRIED M, DANZIGER L, RODVOLD K: Pene- tration of clarithromycin into lung tissues from pa-tients undergoing lung resection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38:876–878.
  • GAN V, CHU S, KUSMIESZ H, CRAFT J: Pharmacokinetics of a clarithromycin suspension in infants and children.Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1992) 36:2478–2480.
  • SIEPMAN N, PIXTON G, NOTARIO G: Clarithromycin in the treatment of S. pneumoniae infections. 2nd Interna-tional conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 260.
  • CRAFT C,STAMLER D: The role of clarithromycin In patients with Legionella pneumonia. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994),
  • DLTBOIS J, SAINT PIERRE C, PIZZUTI D, SIEPMAN N: Clinical success of clarithromycin in bronchitis and sinusitis for the treatment of H. influenzae infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 246.
  • STAMLER D, CRAFT C, SIEPMAN N: Clarithromycin 250 mg BID for the treatment of H. influenzae infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 261.
  • NOTARIO G, SIEPMAN N, DEVCICH K: Clarithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB). 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 251.
  • SIEPMAN N, NOTARIO G: Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) with clarkhromycin in smokers. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 252.
  • MACKIN J, COLES S: Safety and Efficacy of clarithromy- cin compared with amoxycillin or cefaclor in children with lower respiratory tract infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 265.
  • GEHANNO P, CHAUVIN J, HAZEBROUCQ J: Clarithromy-cin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic add in acute maxil-lary sinusitis in adults. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 237.
  • DUBOIS J, SAINT PIERRE C, DEVCICH K: Clarithromycin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis. 2nd Inter-national conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 236.
  • SPIRITUS E: Safety of clarithromycin in elderly patients. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 213.
  • REINHARZ D, TESSIER G, LAURIER C, CONTANDRIOPOU-LOS A, CHAMPAGNE F, TRABUT I, KENNEDY W, ZAKHARI R: Pharacoeconomic evaluation of clarithromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 275.
  • STEIN G, MANTZ S: Antibiotic utilization and cost analy-sis in hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 275.
  • COLES S, ADDLESTONE M, KAMDAR M, MACKLIN J: Clarithromycin vs amoxycillin suspensions in the treat-ment of acute otitis media in children. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 235.
  • MCCARTY J, GOOD C, RENTERIA A, SIEPMAN N, CRAFT J: Comparative safety and efficacy of darithromydn (C) vs amoxicillin/clavulanate (A/C) or cefaclor (Cl) in the treatment of acute otitis media (ADM) in children. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 234.
  • GELBER R, SIU P,TSANG M, MURRAY L: Activities of various macrolide antibiotics against Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:760–763.
  • UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME/WORLD BANK/WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION SPECIAL REPORT PROGRAMME FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN TROPI-CAL DISEASE: Seventh programme report. WHO, Geneva (1985).
  • CHAN G, GARCIA-IGNACIO B, CHAVEZ V, LIVELO J, JIME- NEZ C, PARRILLA L, FRANZBLAU S: Clinical trial of darithromydn for lepromatous leprosy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38:515–517.
  • LILLO M, ORENGO S, CERNO C, HARRIS R: Pulmonary and disseminated infections due toMycobacterium kansaii: a decade of experience. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1990) 12:760–767.
  • WITZIG R, FRANZBLAU S: Susceptibility of Mycobac- terium kansasii to ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and fusidic acid. Antimi-crob. Agents Chenzother. (1993) 37:1997–1999.
  • BROWN B, WALLACE R, ONYI G: Activity of cLarithromycin against eight slowly growing species of nontuber-culosis Mycobacteria, determined by using a broth microdilution MIC system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1992) 36:1987–1990.
  • YAJKO D, NASSOS P, SANDERS C, GONZALEZ P, HADLEY W: Comparison of the intracellular activities of darithromydn and erythromycin against Mycobac-terium avium complex strains in J774 cells in alveolar macrophages from human Immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1163–1165.
  • PERRONNE C, G1KAS A, TRUFFOT-PERNOT C, GROSSET J, POCIDALO J, VILDE J: Activity of clarithromycin, sul-fisosiazole, and rifabutin against Mycobacterium avium complex multiplication within human macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:1508–1511.
  • COHEN Y, PERRONNE C, TRUFFOT-FERNOT C, GROSSFT J, VIDE J, POCLDALD J: Activities of WIN-57273, minocy-cline, clarithromycin, and 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophage. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2104–2107.
  • MOR N, HEIFE1S L: MICs and MBCs of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium within human macro-phages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:111–114.
  • ONYEJI C, NIGHTINGALE C, NICOLAU D, QUINTILIANI R: Efficacies of liposome-encapsulated clarithromycin and ofloxacin against Mycobacterium avium-M. in-tracellulare complex in human macrophages. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38:523–527.
  • ICLEMENS S, DESTEFANO M, CYNAMON M: Activity of clarithromycin againstMycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2413–2417.
  • JI B, LOUNIS N, TRUFFOT-PERNOT C, GROSSET J: Selection of resistant mutant of Mycobacterium avium in beige mice by clarithromycin monotherapy. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2839–2840.
  • ARAUJO F, PROKOCIMER P, LINT, REMINGTON J: Activity of clarithromycist alone or in combination with other drugs for treatment of murine toxoplasmonsis. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2454–2457.
  • ALDER J, MITTEN M, JARVIS K, GUPTA P, CLEMENT J: Efficacy of clarithromycin for treatment of experimen-tal Lyme Disease in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1329–1333.
  • NOTARIO G, GUPTA S: Effect of clarithromycin on symptoms of MAC infection among HIV-positive pa-tients. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 296.
  • CRAFT J, HENRY D: Safety and efficacy of clarithromycin in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 295.
  • CRAFT J: Survival in AIDS patients treated with clarithromycin for disseminated MAC infection. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 293.
  • MERRIEN D, BILLAUD E, RELIQLTET V, MOINARD D, RSFFO F: Clarithromycin for the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in AlDs: Bacteriologi-cal and clinical assessment in 25 cases. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 294.
  • NOTARIO G, HENRY D: Safety of clarithromycin In combination with other asaimycobacterial drugs. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 297.
  • CRAFT J, NOTARIO G: Safety of clarithromycin in the treatment of disseminated nontuberculosis mycobacte-rial infection. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 216.
  • DAUTZENBERG B, CHAUVIN J, PITIE SALPETRIERE GH: Treatment of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. The French experience with clarithromycin. 2nd Interna-tional conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 300.
  • COULSTON D, WOOD C: Clarithromycin for the preven-tion of Mycobacterium avium complex in patients with AIDS. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 298.
  • SONNABEND J, SMITH R: Clarithromycin for Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in AIDS. 2nd Inter-national conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 303.
  • PAYNE D: A retospective study of clarithromycin as primary prophylaxis for MAC disease. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogamins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 302.
  • SONNABEND J, COULSTON D, PAYNE D: Clarithromycin for Mycobactetlum vium complex prophylaxis in pa-tients with AIDS. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. 1189.
  • GROSSMAN H, GREIGER-ZANLUNGO P, SONNABEND J, SENIOR S: Calrithromycin 500 mg BID as primary pro-phylaxis for diVIAC disease. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimic rob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. 1191.
  • BAKER R, NORRIS S: Clarithromycin prophylaxis against MAC in AIDS. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. 1193.
  • KEITH P, SCHILLER T: Clarithromycin as primary pro-phylaxis in patients with AIDS. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. 1195.
  • RANA K, DARNOWSKI J, COPELAND D, STRAYER A, PI-VARNIK P, DUDLEY M: Clarkhromycin (CLR) does not affect intrcellular concentrations of phosphorylated metabolites of zidovudine ( ZDV). 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Ab-stract No. 1197.
  • RAFFI F, STRUILLOU L, NININ E, RELIQUET V, BILLALTD E, M1LPIED B: Breakthrough cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients treated with cLirithromycin. 2nd Interna-tional conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 305.
  • FERNANDEZ-MARTIN J, LEPORT C, MORLAT P, MEYOHAS M, CHAUVIN J, VILDE J: Pyrimethamine-clarithromycin combination for therapy of acute Toxoplasma en-cephalitis in patients with AIDS. Antimicrob, Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2049–2052.
  • AYNILIAN G, CRAFT J: Clarithromycin susceptibility and Helicobacter pylori infection. 2nd International confer-ence on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 316.
  • LOGAN R, SCHAUFELBERGER H, GUMMETT P, BARTON J, MISLEWICZ J: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori with dual therapy. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 317.
  • LOGAN R, GUMMETT P, WALKER M, KARIM Q, BARTON J, MISIEWICZ J: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastritis and duodenal ulcer disease. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 318.
  • KIRST H, LEEDS J, PASCHAL J, MARTYNOW J: Stereospecific modification of erythromycin derivatives. In: Re-cent Advances in the Chemistry of Anti-infective Agents. Bentley PH, Ponsford R (Eds.), The Royal Society of Chem-istry, Cambridge, UK (1993):67–78.
  • SLAWINSKI W,BOJARSKA-DAHLIG H, GLABSKI T, DZIEGIELEWSICA I, BIEDRZYCKI M, NAPERTY S: The struc-ture of erythromycin A cyclic carbonate. Reel Tray. Cbim Pays-Bas. (1975) 94:236–238.
  • KOLWAS J: Erythromycin A carbonate. Drugs Today. (1981) 17:26–27.
  • MANNISTO P, VILUKESELA M: Hepatotoxicity of macrolides. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1990) 25:476–477.
  • BOJARSKA-DAHLIG H: Hepatotoxicity of macrolide anti-biotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1990) 25:475–476.
  • EDWARDS C, LARTEY P, PAGANO T: Novel 3'-fluoro-erythromycin derivatives. 206th National meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, USA (1993), Abstract MEDI–164.
  • BRAIN E, FORREST A, HUNT E, SHILLINGFORD C, WILSON J: Erythromycin A-oxime 11,12- carbonate and its OXIMC ethers. J. Antibiotics (1989) 42:1817–1822.
  • BAKER W, CLARK J, STEPHENS R, KIM K: Modification of macrolide antibiotics. Synthesis of 11-cleoxy-11(car-boxyamino)-6-0-methylerythromycin A 11,12-(cyr_lic esters) via an intramolecular Michael reaction of O-car-bamates with an a,I3-unsaturated ketone. J. Org. Chem. (1988) 53:2340–2345.
  • HUNT E, ICNOWLES D, SHILLINGFORD C, ZOMZYA I: Erythromycin A 11,12-methylene acetaL J. Antibiotics(1989) 41: 1644-1648.
  • HAUSKE J, GUADINLIANA M, KOSTEK G: Aglycon modi-fications of erythromycin A: Regionspecific and stereospecific elaboration of the C-12 position.1 Org. Chem. (1987) 52:4622–4625.
  • WILSON J, DURODIE J, FOULSTONE: Hydrolysis of semi-synthetic macrolides by erythromycin esterase from Escbericbia coll. j Antimicrob. Chemother. (1988) 22:84–86.
  • FERNANDES P, BAKER W, FREIBERG L, HARDY D, MCDON- ALT) E: New macrolides active against Streptococcus pyogenes with inducible or constitutive type of macrolide-lincosamicle-streptogramin B resistance. An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33:78–81.
  • AGOURIDAS C, BENEDETTI Y, DENTS A, FROMENTIN C, GOUIN S, MARTRET D, CHANTOT J: Ketolides, a new distinct semi-synthetic class of macrolkles. 34th Inter-science Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. F164.
  • AGOURIDAS C, COLLE1TE P, MAUVAIS P, CHANTOT J: Ketolides, a new distinct semi-synthetic class of macrolides: Studies on the mechnnism of action. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Or-lando, US (1994), Abstract No. F166.
  • AGOURIDAS C, BONNEFOY A, CHANTOT J: Ketolides, a new distinct semi-synthetic class of macrolides: In vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activies. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Ab-stract No. F168.
  • DJOKIC S, KOBREHEL G, LAZAREVSKI G: Erythromycin series. XII. Antibacterial in vitro evaluation of 10-dilly-dro-10-deoxo-11-azaerythromycin A: synthesis and structure-activity relationship of its acyl derivatives. J. Antibiotics (1987) 40:1006–1015.
  • BRIGHT G, NAGEL A, BORDNER J, DESAI K, DIBRINO J, NOWAKOWSKA J, VINCENT L, WATROUS R, SCIAVOLINO F, ENGLISH A, RETSEMA J, ANDERSON M, BRENNAN L, BOROVOY R, CIMOCHOWSKI C, FAIELLA J, GIRARD A, GIRARD D, HERBERT C, MANOUSOS M, MASON R: Synthe-sis in vitro and in vivo activity of novel 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A derivatives; a new class of macrolide antibiotics, the azalides. J. Antibiotics (1988) 41:1029–1047.
  • DUNKIN K, JONES S, HOWARD A: The in-vitro activity of CP-62,993 against Haemopbilus influenzae, Bran-bamella catarrbalis, staphylococci and streptococcL J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1988) 21:405–411.
  • RETSEMA J, GIRARD A, SCHELKLY W, MANOUSOS M, ANDERSON M, BRIGHT G, BOROVOY R, BRENNAN L, MASON R: Spectrum and mode of action of azithromycin (CP-62,993), a new 15-membered ring macrolide with Improved potency against gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:1939–1947.
  • TAYOR D, NICHOLAS C: In vitro susceptibilities of Cam- pylobactericluni and Campylobacter colt to azithromy-an and erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1917–1918.
  • CAPOBIANCO J, GOLDMAN R: Erythromycin and az- ithromycin transport into Haemopbilus influensae ATCC 19418 under condition of depressed proton mo-tive force. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:1787–1791.
  • EDELSTEIN P, EDELSTEIN M: In vitro activity of azithromycin against clinical isolates of Legionella spe-des. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:180–181.
  • RYLANDER M, HALLANDER H: In vitro comparison of the activity of doxycydine, tetracycline, erythromycin and anew macrolide, CP-62993, against Mycoplasma pneu-moniae, Mycoplasnta bonsinis and Ureaplasma urea-brticum. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (1988) 53(Suppl.):12–17.
  • WALSH M, KAPPUS E, QUINN T: In vitro evaluation of CP-62993, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline against Cbamydia tracbotnatis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:811–812.
  • WELSH L, GAYDOS C, QUINN T: In vitro evaluation of activities of azithromycin, erythromycin, and tetracy-dine against Cblamydia tracbomatis and Cblamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:291–294.
  • AGACFIDAN A, MONCADA J, SCHACHTER J: In vitro activity of azithromycin (CP-62,993) against Cbamydia tracbomatis and Cbamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1746–1748.
  • HAMMERSCHLAG M, QUMEI K, ROBLIN P: In vitro activi-ties of ailthromycin, cLirithromycin, L-ofioxacin, and other antibiotic against Cbamydia pneumoniae. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 36:1573–1574.
  • BERMUDEZ L, YOUNG L: Activities of amikacin, roxithromycin, and azithromydn alone or in combina-tion with tumor nercosis factor against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32:1149–1153.
  • CHAMBERLAND S, KIRST H, CURRENT W: Comparative activity of macrolides against Toxoplasma gondii dem-onstrating utility of an in vitro microassay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:903–909.
  • CHANG H, PECHERE J: In vitro effects of four macrolides (roxithromycin, spiramycin, azithromycin [CP-62,993], and A-56268) on Toxoplasma gondiL Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32:524–529.
  • CANT1N L, CHAMBERLAND S: /n vitro evaluation of the activities of azithromycin alone and combined with pyrimethamine againstToxoplasmagotulii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1993–1996.
  • PFEFFERKORN E, BOROTZ A: Comparison of mutants of Toxoplasma gondii selected for resistance to az-ithromydn, spiramycin, or clindamycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38:31–37.
  • JOHNSON R, KODNER C, JURKOVICH P, COLLINS J: Com-parative in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia butgdotferi to cef-uroxime and other antimicrobials. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:2133–2136.
  • PAJUKANTA R, ASIKAINEN S, SAARELA M, ALALUUSULA A, JOUSIMLES-SOMER H: /n vitro activity of azithromycin compared with that of erythromycin againstA ctinobac-illus actinomycetemcomitans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1241–1243.
  • MIZUKANE R, HIRAKATA Y, KAKU M, ISHII Y, FURUYA N, ISHIDA K, KOGA H, KOHNO S, YAMAGUCHI K: Compara-tive in vitro exoenzyrne-suppressing activities of az-ithromycin and other macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38:528–533.
  • MIZUKANE R, KAKU M, ISHIDA K, TAKEMURA H, TANAKA H, YOSHIDA R, TOMONO K, KOGA H, KOHNO S, USUI T, HARA K: Comparative in vitro exoenzyme-suppressing activities of azithromycin and other macrolide antibi-otics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 34th Inter-science Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. B42.
  • GORBY G, MCGEE Z: Antimicrobial interference with bacterial mechanisms of pathogenicity: Effect of sub-MIC azithromycin on Gonococcal piliation and attach-ment to human epithelian cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:2445–2448.
  • BONNET M, VAN DER AUWERA P: In vitro and in vivo intraleukocytic accumulation of azithromydn (CP-62,993) and its influence on ex vivo leukocyte chemilu-minescence. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1992) 36:1302–1309.
  • BERMUDEZ L, INDERLIED C, YOUNG L: Stimulation with cytokines enhances penetration of azithromycin into human macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2625–2629.
  • GERBAUX C, PLRET J, MONTENEZ J, 'TUL10ENS P: Az-ithromycin (Az) increases the activities of several lysosomal enzymes when measured in Lysates of rat embryo fibroblasts incubated with this antibiotic. 34th Interscience conj. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Or-lando, US (1994), Abstract No. A108.
  • GIRARD A, GIRARD D, ENGLISH A, GOOTZ T, CIMOCHOWSKI C, FAIELLA J, HASKELL S, RETSEMA J: Pharma-cokinetic and in vivo studies with azithromycin (CP-62,993), anew macrolide with an extended half-life and excellent tissue distribution. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:1948–1954.
  • STAMLER D, EDELSTEIN M, REN J, CHEN Z, LIU M, EDEL-STEIN P: Azithromycin pharmacokinetics in L pneuo-pbila-infected guinea pigs and alveolar macrophages. 33rd Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 955.
  • STAMLER D, EDELSTEIN M, EDELSTEIN P: Azithromycin pharrnacokinetics and intracellular concentrations in Legionella pneumopbila-infected and uninfected guinea pigs and their alveolar macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1994) 38:217–222.
  • ARAUJO F, SHEPARD R, REMINGTON J: In vivo activity of the antibiotics macrolides azithromydn, roxithromy-cin and spiramycln against Toxoplasma gondii. Eur. J. Clin. Micro biol. Infect. Dis. (1991) 10:519–524.
  • ARAUJO F, REMINGTON J: Synergistic activity of az ithromycin and gamma interferon in murine toxoplas-mosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1672–1673.
  • BROWN S, EDWARDS F, BERNARD E, TONG W, ARM- STRONG D: Azithromycin, rifabutin, and rffapentine for treatment and prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex in rats treated with cyclosporin. Antimicrob. Agents Cbernother. (1993) 37:398–402.
  • VALLEE E, AZOULAY-DUPUIS, POCIDALO J, BERGOGNE- BEREZIN E: Activity and local delivery of azithromydn In a mouse model of Haemopbilus influenzae lung Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1412–1417.
  • AMACHER D, SCHOMAKER S, RETSEMA J: Comparison of the effects of the new azalide antibiotic, azithromydn, and erythromycin estolate on rat liver cytochrome P-450. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1186–1190.
  • AMSDEN G: Review of drug interaction profile of az-ithromycin. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and stitptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 218.
  • FOULDS G, SHEPARD R, JOHNSON R: The pharmacoki- netics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1990)25(Suppl. A2):73–82.
  • RETSEMA J, GIRARD A, GIRARD D, MILISEN B: Relation-ship of high tissue concentrations of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1990)25(Suppl. A2):83–89.
  • '3VILDFEUER A, LAUREN H, LEITOLD M, ZIMMERMANN T: Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of three-day and five-day regimens of azithromycin in plasma and urine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1993) 31(Suppl. E):51–56.
  • CHAVE J, MUNAFO A, CHATTON J, DAYER P, GLAUSER M, BIOLLAZ J: Once-a-week azithromycin in AIDS patients: Tolerability, kinetics, and effects on zidovudine dispo-sition. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1992) 36:1013–1018.
  • DUNNE M, WILLIAMS D: Absorption of azithromycin in patients with AIDS. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 205.
  • SHIBA K, SHINDO N, SAKAI D: Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in patients with renal failure. 2nd Inter-national conference on the macrolides, azalides and strepto-gramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 188.
  • PUKANDER J: Penetration of azithromycin into middle ear effusions in acute and secretory otitis media in children. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 199.
  • FOULDS G, FERRAINA R, FOUDA H, JOHNSON R, KAMEL A, SHEPARD R, FALONE R, HANNA C: Azithromycin concentrations in gallbladder, hepatic tissue, and bile following a five day regimen in man. 33rd Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 738.
  • MULLER O: A multicentre trial comparing azithromycin and roxithromycin in the treatment of adults with acute upper respiratory tract infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and sueptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 230.
  • MULLER O: Comparison of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with upper respiratory tract infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 228.
  • KHURANA C, MCLINN S, SCOTTS-DALE A, BLOCKS, BARD-STOWN K, PICHICHERO M: Trial of azithromycin (AZ) vs augmentin (AUG) for the treatment of acute otitis media (AOM). 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. M59.
  • STILL J: Treatment of Streptococci pharyngitis in chil-dren with five days of azithromycin suspension. 34th Interscience Conf on Antimicrob. Agents Cbemother. Or-lando, US (1994), Abstract No. M67.
  • LAURENT K: Efficacy, safety and toleration of azithromy-cin versus roxithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections. 2nd International con-ference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 264.
  • ZACHARIAH J: A randomized comparative study of a short course of azithromycin versus a 10-day course of anioxyrillin/davulanic acid in the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infections. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 259.
  • HAMMERSCHLAG M, ROBLIN P, CASSELL G: Microbiologic efficacy of azithromycin for the treatment of commu-nity-acquired lower respiratory tract infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 283.
  • AMLAND P, ANDENAES K, SAMDAL F,LINGAAS E, SANDSMARK M, ABYHOLM F, GIERCKSKY K: A prospec-tive, double blind placebo controlled a7lahromydn in posoperative would infections in plastic surgery. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 309.
  • WEBER K, WILSKE B, PREAC-MURSIC V, THURMAYR R: Azithromydn versus penicillin V for the treatment of early Lyme borreliosis. Infections (1993) 21:367–372.
  • SCHONWALD S, BARSIC B, FRANCE'TIC I, KILNAR I: Clini-cal study of intravenous azithromycin. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 288.
  • HOPKINS S, WILLIAMS D, BURNSIDE R: Azithromycin safety in children: US clinical trials experience. 2nd International conference on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 211.
  • TREADWAY G, PONTANI D: Worldwide pediatric safety • experience of azithromycin. 2nd International confer-ence on the macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. Venice, Italy (1994), Abstract No. 211.
  • FINCH R, RIDGWAY G, TOWER K (Eds.): Azithromycin: clinical experience. J. Antimicrob. Chemotber. (1993) 31(Suppl. E).
  • WILKENING R, RATCLIFFE R, SZYMONIFKA M, SHANKARAN K, MAY A, BLIZZARD T, HECK J, HERBERT C, GRAHAM A, BART1ZAL K: Synthesis and in vitro activities of 9-deoxo-8a-aza-8a-homoerythromycin derivatives, a new series of azalicle antibiotics. 33rd Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Cbemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 426.
  • GILL C, ABRUZZO G, FLATTERY A, SMITH J, KROPP H, BART1ZAL K: In vivo evaluation of three acid-stable 07nlide compounds, L-701,667, L-708,299 and L-708,365 compared to erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin. 33rd Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 427.
  • PELAK B, GERCICENS L, ICROPP H: Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of novel a7211de 8a-aza-8a-homo-erythromycin derivatives. 33rd Interscience Conf. on An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. New Orleans, US (1993), Abstract No. 428.
  • EADY E, ROSS J, COVE J, HOLLAND K, CUNLIFFE W: Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MIS) resis-tance in cutaneous propionibacteria: definition of pheno-types.f Antimicrob. Chemother. (1989) 23:493–502.
  • LECLERCQ R, COURVALIN P: Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamkle, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1991) 35:1267–1272.
  • LECLERCQ R, COURVALIN P: Intrinsic and unusual resis-tance to macrolicle, lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics in bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1273–1276.
  • DUBNAU D: Translational attenuation: the regulation of bacterial resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics. Crit. Rev. Biocbem. (1986) 16:103–131.
  • WEISBLUM B: Inducible erythromycin resistance in bac-teria. Br. Med. Bull. (1984) 40:47–53.
  • FERNANDES P, BAKER W, FREIBERG L, HARDY D, MCDON- ALD E: New macrolides active against Streptococcuspyogenes with inducible or constitutive type of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance. An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33:78–81.
  • REIG M, MORENO A, BAQUERO F: Resistance of Pep- stostreptococcus spp. to macrolides and linosamides:inducible and constitutive phenotypes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotber. (1992) 36:662–664.
  • GARDEE Y, KIRBY R: The incidence of inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococci in clinical isolates from the Eastern Cape area of South Africa. Lett. Appl. Micro bio. (1993) 17:264–268.
  • VANUFFEL P, DIDIAMBATT1STA M, MORGAN E, COCITO C: Identification of a single base change in ribosomal RNA leading to erythromycin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. (1992) 267:8377–8382.
  • YAN W, TAYLOR D: Characterization of erythromycin resistance in Campylobacterfefuni and Campylobacter coll. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1989–1996.
  • GOIDMAN R, CAPOBIANCO J: Role of an energy depend-ent efflux pump in plasmid pNE24-mediated resistance to 14-,15-membered macrolides in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:1973–1980.
  • ROSS J, EADY E, COVE J, CUNLIFFE W, BAUMBERG S, WOOTON J: Inducible erythromycin resistance in staphylococci is encoded by a member of the ATP-bind-ing transport super-gene family. Mol. Microbiol. (1990) 4:1207–1214.
  • NASH K, INDERLIED C: Genetic basis of resistance to clarithromycin (CLMO) in Mycobacterium avium (MAC). 34th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Orlando, US (1994), Abstract No. C2.
  • ANDREMONT A, GERBAUD G, COURVALIN P: Plasmid-mediated high level resistance to erythromydn in Es-chericbia coiL Antitnicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986) 29:515–518.
  • ARTHUR M, ANDREMONT A, COURVAL1N P: Distribution of erythromycin esterases and rRNA methylation genes In members of family enterobacteriaceae highly resis-tant to erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31:404–409.
  • O'HARA K, KANDA T,OHMIYA K, EBISU T, KONO M: Purification and characterization of macron& 2'-phos-photransferase from a strain of Escbericbia coil that is highly resistant to erythromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33:1354–1357.
  • CUNDIFFE E: Glycosylation of maroclide antibiotics in extracts of streptontyces lividans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemothet: (1992) 36: 348–352.
  • WONDRACK L, MASSA M, YANG B, SUTCLIFFE J: A clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus produces a macrolide-specific esterase. 1st Intern. Conf. Antibiotic Res: Impact on Discovery. Englewood, CO, USA (1994), Abstract No. P7.
  • ZARA G, THOMPSON H, PILOT M, RITCHIE H: Effects of erythromycin on gastrointestinal tract motility. J. An-timicrob. Chemother. (1985) 16:175–179.
  • BROWN J: Presence of a gastric motor-stimulating prop-erty in duodenal extracts. Gastroenterology (1967) 52:225–229.
  • PEETERS T, MAITHUS G, DEPOORTERE I, CACHET T, HOOGMARTENS J, VANTRAPPEN G: Erythromycht is a motilin receptor agoinst. Am.J. Physiol. (1989) 257:G469–G474.
  • ANNESE V, JANSSENS J,VANTRAPPEN G, TACK J, PEETERS T, WILLEMSE P, VAN CUTSEM E: Erythromycin acceler-ates gastric emptying by inducing contractions and Improved gastroduodenal coordination. Gastroenterol-ogy (1992) 102:823–828.
  • ITOH Z, OMURA S: Motilide, a new family of macrolide compounds mimicking motilin. Dis. Dis. Sci. (1987) 32:915 (Abstract).
  • DEPOORTERE 1, PEETERS T, MAITHUS G, CACHET T, HOOGMARTENS J, VANTRAPPEN G: Structure-activity re-lationship of erythromycin related macrolides in in-dudng contractions and in displacing bound motilin in rabbit duodenum. J. Gastrointest. Motil. (1989) 1:150–159.
  • DEPOORTERE I, PEETERS T, VANTRAPPEN G: The eryth- romycin derivative EM-523 is a potent motilin agoinst In man and in rabbit. Peptides (1990) 11:515–519.
  • TSUZUKI K, SUNAZUKA T, MARUI S, TOYODA H, OMURA S: Motilides, macrolides with gastrointesstinal motor stimulating activity. LO-Substituted and tertiary N-sub-stituted derivatives of 8,9-anhydroerythromycin A 6,9-hemiacetaL Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1989) 37(10):2687–2700.
  • TSUZUKI K, SUNAZUKA T, MARUI S, TOYODA H, OMURA S: Motilides, macrolkles with gastrointesstinal motor stimulating activity. IL Quaternary N-substituted deriva-tives of 8,9-anhydroerrythromycin a 6,9-hemiacetal and 9,9-dihydroerythromycin a 6,9-epoxide. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1989) 37(10):2701–2709.
  • KOGA H, SATO T, TSUZUKI K, TAKANASHI H: Macrolide type motilin receptor agonists: Assessment of the bio-logical value of the 2'- and 4'-hydroxyl groups of acid-stable 8,9-atthydroerythromycin A 6,9-hemiacetals. Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Lett. (1994) 4(13):1649–1654.
  • FAGHIH R, LARTEY P, FREIBERG L, KLEIN L, NELLANS H, PETERSEN A: 9-Deoxo-4"-deoxy-6,9-epoxyerythromy-cins: potent prokinetic agents. 206th ACS national meet. Chicago, US (1993), Abstract No. MEDI 239.
  • ABBOTT LAB. US5075289.
  • ABBOTT LAB. US5217960–A
  • ABBOTT LAB. US5288709–A
  • MERCK & CO. US5215980–A
  • PIERREL SPA JP93066396–B
  • TOYO JOZO KK JP93070636–B
  • TAISHO PHARM CO LTD. W09321199–A1
  • ROUSSEL-UCLAF FR2697524–A1
  • ROUSSEL-UCLAF EP596802–A1
  • TAISHO PHARM CO. LTD. W09321200
  • TAISHO PHARM CO. LTD. W09313115–A1
  • TAISHO PHARM CO. LTD W09313116–A1
  • ROUSSEL-UCLAF FR26914644-Al
  • YAMANOUCHI PHARM CO LTD. EP596112-Al
  • MERCK & CO. EP54’9340-Al
  • ABBOTT LAB. EP579770–A1
  • CHUGAI SEIYAKU ICK W09324509–A1
  • KlTASATO KENKYUSHO EP215355–B1
  • KALICHEMIE PHAW GMBH EP550895-Al
  • ABBOTT LAB.WO9313780-Al

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.