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Research Article

Section Review—Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Injectable Contraceptives for the Male

Pages 537-543 | Published online: 03 Mar 2008

References

  • St IEARER SB, ALVAREZ-SANCHEZ F, ANSELMO J, BRUNNER P, COUTINHO E, LATHEON-FAUNDEZ A, FRICK J, HEINILD B, JOHANSSON EDB: Hormonal contraception for men. Int. I Androl. (1978) 2(Sup pl.):680-711 . An extensive review critically presenting the features of all hormonal contraceptives for the male.
  • STEINBERGER E, SMITI I KD: Effect of chronic administra-tion of testosterone enanthate on sperm production and plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels: a preliminary evalu-ation of a possible male contraceptive. Fertil. Steril. (1977) 28:1320–1328.
  • SWERDLOFF RS, CAMPFELD LA, PALACIOS A, MCLARE RD:
  • ••Suppression of human spermatogenesis by depot an-drogen: potential for male contraception. J. Steroid Bio-chemistry (1979) 11:663-670. Primary research opening up a new scientific direction.
  • PAULSEN CA, LEONARD JM, BURGESS EC, OSPIMA LF: Malecontraceptive development: re-examination of testos-terone enanthate as an effective single entity agent. In: Hormonal Control of Male Fertility. Patanelli DJ (Ed.). Na-tional Institute of Health, Bethesda:17–35.
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TASK FORCE ON MET1I- •ODS FOR THE REGULATION OF MALE FERTILITY: Contra-ceptive efficacy of testosterone induced azoospermia In normal men. Lancet (1990) 338(8721):955–959. A well-planned extensive clinical study which indicates that regular testosterone administration can lead to azoospermia in a majority of subjects but with considerable heterogeneity in response time.
  • BARDIN VC, SWERDOLOFF RS, SANTEN RJ: Androgens: risks and benefits. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1991) 73:4-7. Risks indicated need to be considered even in lower dose multidrug treatment using androgens.
  • BEHRE HM, NIESCHIAG E: Testosterone bucklate (20Act-1) in hypogonadal men: pharmacoidnetics and pharmacodynamics of the new long-acting androgen ester. J. Endocrinol. Metab. (1992) 75(5)1204–1210.
  • SUNDARAM K, KUMAR N, BARDIN CW: 7 alpha-methylO0nortestosterone (MENT): the optimal androgen for male contraception. Ann. Med. (1992) 25(2):199–205. Findings very promising but yet to find wide acceptance.
  • HANDELSMAN DJ, CONWAY AJ, I3OYLAN LM: Suppres-sion of spermatogenesis by testosterone implants. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1992) 75(5),1326–1332.
  • HANDELSMAN DJ, FARLEY TMM, PEREGOUDOV A, WAITES GMH: Factors in nonuniform induction of azoospermia by testosterone enanthate in normal men. Fertil. Steril. (1995) 63(1):125–133. A vague conclusion that theterogenicity during T-induced suppres-sion of spermatogenesis may be related to subtle differences intrinsic to spermatogenesis and its hormonal regulation rather than extrinsic factors' was reached.
  • KNUTH UA, YEUNG CH, NIESCHLAG E: Combination of19-nortestosterone-hexyloxyphenylpropionate (Anadur) and depot-medroxyprogesterone-acetate (Cli-novir) for male contraception. Fertil. Steril. (1989) 51(6):1011–1018.
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, TASK FORCE ON •METHODS FOR THE REGULATION OF FERTILITY: Com-parison of two androgens plus depot-medroxypro-gesterone acetate for spermatogenesis suppression to azoospermia in Indonesian men. Fertil. Steril. (1993) 60(6):1062–1068 A major study having implications for the acceptance of the drug as a product. however weight to the study should be given only after long term assessments and in populations from all races.
  • LINDE R, DOELLE C, ALEXANDER N, KIRCHNER F, VALE, W, RIVIER J, RABIN D: Reversible inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by a potent go-nadotrophin releasing hormone agonist in normal men: an approach toward the development of a male contraceptive. New Engl. J. Med. (1981) 305:663-667. Primary research opening up a new scientific direction.
  • WEINBAUER GF, SURMANN FJ, NIESCHLAG E: Suppres-sion of spermatogenesis in a non human primate (Maraca fascicularts) by concomitant gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. Acta Endocrinologica (1987) 114:138–146.
  • WEINBAUER GF, NIESCHLAG E: Gonadotrophin-releas- ing hormone analogue-induced manipulation of tes-ticular function in the monkey. Human Reproduction (1993) 8\(Suppl. 2):45–50. Various possibilities of intervention investigated.
  • BEHRE M, BOCKERS A, SCHLINGHEIDER A, NIESCHLAG E: Sustained suppression of serum LH, FSH and testoster-one and increase of high-density lipoprotein choles-terol by daily injection of the Gn.RH antagonist Cetrorelix over 8 days in normal men- Clin. Endocrinol. Oxf (1994) 40(2):241–248. Increase in FIDL has important therapeutic implications.
  • BAGATELL CJ, MATSUMOTO AM, CHRISTENSEN RB, IVIERJE, BREMNER WJ: Comparison of a gonadotropin releas-ing-hormone antagonist plus testosterone (T) versus T alone as potential male contraceptive regimens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1993) 77(2):427–432.
  • ROY S., CHATTERJEE S, PRASAD MRN: Effect of cypro- •terone acetate on reproductive functions in normalmales. Contraception (1976) 14:403-407. Primary research developing a novel scientific approach.
  • MOUDGAL NR, SAIRAM MR DIGHE, RR: Relative ability •of ovine follicle stimulating hormone and its betasubunit to generate antibodies having bioneutraliza-don potential in non human primates. J. Biosci. (1989) 14:91. Study has led to a contraceptive which is likely to become a product.
  • SHARMA RK, DAS RP: Effect of fertility regulating agentson motility and zona-free hamster egg penetration by spermatozoa of bonnet monkey. Indian J. EV. Biol. (1992) 30(11):977–961.
  • SRINATH BR, WICKINGS EJ, WITTING C, NIESCHLAG E: Active immunization with follicle stimulating hormone for fertility control: a 4 year study in male Rhesus monkeys. Fend. Steril. (1983) 40:110–117.
  • SHETH AR, GARDE SV, HURKADHI KS, SHAH, MG, SHETH, NA: Prostate. A 'non-classical' source of FSH and in-hibit': Are these hormones involved in the etiopathol-ogy of prostatic tumours? In: Perspectives in Primate Reproductive Biology. Moudgal NR, Yoshinaga K, Rao AJ, Adiga PR (Eds.). Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi (1991):235–244. A good concise review of Inhibin' physiology and pharma-cotherapeutics.
  • VANAGE GR, GARDE SV, SHETH AR, GOPALKRISIINAN K: Passive immunization against prostatic `inhibin' pep-tide as a male contraceptive. Int. J Androl. (1992) 15(2):114–126.
  • UPADHYAY SN, ALAM A, TALWAR GP: Functional mor-phology of the testis and its excurrent ducts in rats immunized with synthetic luteinizing hormone releas-ing hormone conjugated to tetanus toxoid. J. Reprod. Immunol. (1989) 16(2):151–163.
  • MADDOCKS S, SETCHELL BP: Recent evidence for im-mune privilege in the testis. J. Reprod. Immunol. (1990) 18:9–18.
  • SETCHELL RP: Possible physiological bases for contra- ceptive technique in the male. Human Reproduction (1994) 9(6):1081-1087. Suggestions regarding intervening at the level of different testicular 'barriers' have significance for future research. Implications of physi-cal modalities, like heat, are well covered.
  • NU Y, MAO FL, XU N, QIAN SZ: Effect of intra-epididymalInjection of copper partides on fertility, spermatogene-sis, and tissue copper levels in rats. Int. J. Androl. (1985) 8:168–174.
  • FARLEY TMM, MEIRIK 0, MEHTA S, WAITES GMH: The safety of vasectomy: recent concerns. Bull, of the World Health Organisation (1993) 71(3/4):413-419. A very important concern which can adversely affect contraceptive programmes but the data on which concern is based seem inade-quate.
  • CHEN ZW, GU YQ, HANG XW, WU G, YIN EJ, LI-HONG: •Safety and efficacy of percutaneous injection of poly-urethane elastomer (MPU) plugs for vas occlusion in man. Int. J. Androl. (1992)15:468-472. A large scale study.
  • ZHAO SC, ZHANG SP, YU RC: Intravasal injection of formed in place silicone rubber as a method of vas deferens occlusion. Intl. Androl. (1992) 15:460–464.
  • LI S: Clinical application of the vas deferens puncture.
  • ••Clin. Med.J.(1980) 93: 93. A major advancement in clinical procedures.
  • GUHA SK: Bioengineering in reproductive medicine.
  • ••CRC Press, Boston (1990):145–150. First comprehensive coverage of bioengineering in contraceptive field.
  • GUHA SK, ANSARI S, ANAND S, MISRO MM, FAROOQ A, •SHARMA DN: Contraception in the male monkey byintra vas deferens injection of a pH lowering polymer. Contraception (1985) 32:109-118. Primary research developing a new scientific approach.
  • GUHA SK, ANAND S, ANSARI S, FAROOQ A, SHARMA DN: Time controlled injectable occlusion of the vas defer-ens. Contraception (1990) 40: 323–331. Has important implication in developing birth spacing method.
  • SETHI N, SRIVASTAVA RK, SINGH RK: Chronic toxicity of styrene maleic anhydride, a male contraceptive, in rhesus monkeys (Maraca mulatto). Contraception (1990) 42:337–348.
  • GUHA SK, SINGH G, ANAND S, ANSARI S, KUMAR S, KOTA V: Phase! clinical trial of an injectable contraceptive for the male. Contraception (1993) 48:367-375. Clinical trial of an active vas deferens injectable compound.

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