Section Review: Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Animal models in acute ischaemic stroke

References

• THE AMERICAN NIMODIPINE STUDY GROUP: Clinicaltrial of nimodipine in acute ischaemic stroke. Stroke (1992) 73:3–8.
   Google Scholar
• YAO H, GINSBERG MD, EVELETH DD et al.: Local cerebralglucose utilisation and cytoskeletal proteolysis as indi-ces of evolving focal ischaemic injury in core and penumbra. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabol. (1995) 15:398–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIESJO BK, ZHAO Q, PHALMARK K et al.: Glutamate, calcium and free radic21s as mediators of ischaemic brain damage. Ann. Thoracic Sum. (1995) 59:1316–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCMANUS J, HELL I, HUANG Z et al.: DNA damage consis-tent with apoptosis in transient focal ischaemic neo-cortex. Neuro. Report (1994) 5:493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON EM, Jr., GREENLUND LJ, ATICINS PT, HSU CY: Neuronal apoptosis: current understanding of molecu-lar mechanisms and potential role in ischemic brain Injury. J. Neurotrauma (1995) 12(5):843–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARRIAUT-MARLANGUE C, MARGAILL I, REPRESA A et al.: Apoptosis and necrosis after reversible focal iSehaemia• an in situ DNA fragmentation analysis. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1996) 16:186-194. Good morphological paper.
   Google Scholar
• MCMANUS J, BUCHAN A, HILL I et al.: Global ischaemia can cause DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. (1993) 164:89–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINNIK MD, ZOBRIST RH, HATFIELD MM: Evidence sup-porting a role for programmed cell death in focal ischaemia in rats. Stroke (1993) 24:2002–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINNIK MD: Role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Restorative Neurol. Neurosci. (1996) 9:219–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRUMP BF, BEREZESKY IK: Calcium-mediated cell injury and cell death. FASEBJ. (1995) 9:219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DORMAN PJ, COUSELL CE, SANDERCOCK PAG: Recently esdeveloped neuroprotective therapies for acute stroke:a qualitative systematic review of clinical trials. CNS Drugs (1996) 5(6):475–474. Excellent current state of the art review.
   Google Scholar
• SIESJO B K, KATSURA K, ZHAO Q et al.: Mechanisms ofsecondary brain death in global and focal ischsemis• a speculative synthesis. J. Neurotrauma (1995) 12:943–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACRAE I M, ROBINSON M J, GRAHAM DI, REID JL, MCCULLOCH J: Endothelin-1 reductions in cerebral blood flow: dose-dependency, time course and neuropathological consequences. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1993) 13:276–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCAULEY MA: Rodent models of focal ischaernia Cere-brovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. (1995) 7:153–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZOLA-MORGAN S, SQUIRE LR, AMARAL DG: Human am-nesia and the medial temporal region: enduring mem-ory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. j Neurosci. (1986) 6(10):2950–2967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETITO CK, FELDMANN E, PULSINELLI WA, PLUM F: De-layed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest. Neurology (1987) 37:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRIN° T: Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippo- ?campus following ischcmia Brain Res. (1982) 239:57-69. First comprehensive description of the cell death in gerbil BCAO.
   Google Scholar
• CRAIN BJ, WESTERKAM WD, HARRISON All, NADLER JV: Selective neuronal death after transient forebrain is-chaemia in the Mongolian gerbil: a silver Impregnation study. Neuroscience (1988) 27:387–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOCKINGS PD, MIDDLETON DA, PATEL S et al.: Correla-tion between high-field T2-weighted MR imaging and histology of isc.haemic lesions in gerbil brain. J. Mag. Res. Imag. (1995)5(4):437–442.
   Google Scholar
• GILL R, BRAZELL C, WOODRUFF GN, KEMP JA: The neuro-protective action of dizocilpine (MK-801) in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal ischae-mia Br. J. Pharmacol. (1991) 103:2030–2036.
   Google Scholar
• WASTERIAIN CG, ADAMS LM, WICHMANN JK, SOFIA RD: Felbamate protects CA1 neurons from apoptosis in a gerbil model of global ischaornia Stroke (1996) 27:1236–1240.
   Google Scholar
• SHEARDO'WN MJ, SUSZAK PD, NORDHOLM L: AMPA, but not NMDA, receptor antagonism is neuroprotective in gerbil global ischaemia, even when delayed 2411r. Eur. Pharrnacol. (1993) 236:347–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GILL R: The pharmacology of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5- •methy1-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)/ka 'nate antago-nists and their role in cerebral icehnemin Cembrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. (1994) 6:225-256. The definitive review of AMPA antagonists on focal and global ischaetnia models.
   Google Scholar
• BENHAM CD, BROWN TH, COOPER DG eta/.: SB 201823-A,a neuronal Ca 2+ antagonist is neuroprotective in two models of cerebral ischaemia. Neuropharmacology(1993) 32:1249–1257.
   Google Scholar
• KOHNO K, OHTA S, FURUTA S et al.: Intraventricular administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors pre-vents delayed neuronal death in gerbil hippocampal CA1 neurons. Neurosci. Lett. (1995) 199:65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALDWIN HA, JONES, JA, CROSS AJ, GREEN AR: Histologi-cal, biochemical and behavioural evidence for the neuroprotective action of chlormethiazole following prolonged carotid artery occlusion. Neurodegeneration (1993) 2:139–146.
   Google Scholar
• TAKIZAWA S, HAKIM AM: Animal models of cerebral ischemia. Rat Models. Cerebrovasc. Dis. (1991) 1(S1):16-21. Good review of all rat models.
   Google Scholar
• LEKIEFRE D, MEDLRUM BS: The pyrimidine-derivative BV71003C-87, protects CA1 and striatal neurons follow-ing transient severe forebrain ischaemia in rats. A microdialysis and histological study. Neuroscience(1993) 56(1):93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCHAN AM, GERTLER SZ, LI H et al.: A selective N-type Ca2+ channel blocker prevents CA1 injury 24 h follow-ing severe forebrain ischaemia and reduces infarction following focal ischaconia J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1994) 14:903–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NETTO CA, HODGES H, SINDEN JD et al.: Effects of fetalhippocampal field grafts on ischaemic-induced deficits • In spatial navigation in the water maze. Neuroscience (1993) 54:69–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLBOURNE F, CORBETT D: Delayed and prolonged post-ischaemic hypothermia is neuroprotective in the gerbil. Brain Res. (1994) 654:265–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCHAN A, PULSINELLI WA: Hypothermia but not the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-810, attenuates neuronal damage in gerbils subjected to transient global Ischemla.J. Neurosci. (1990) 10:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREEN AR, CROSS AJ: The neuroprotective actions of chlormethiazole. Prog. Neurobiol. (1994) 44:463-484. Really comprehensive study of one compound in various ischaemia models.
   Google Scholar
• VON LUBITZ DK, BEENHAKKER M, LIN RCS et al.: Reduc-tion of postischemia brain damage and memory deficits following treatment with the selective adenosine A (1) receptor A agonist Eur. I Pharmacol. (1996) 302(1-3):43–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICIYOTA Y, MIAYAMOTO M, NAGAOKA A: Relationshipbetween brain damage and memory impairment in rats exposed to transient forebrain ischaeinia Brain Res. (1991) 538:295–302.
   Google Scholar
• HAGAN BJ, BEAUGHARD M: The effects of forebrainischaemia on spatial learning. I3ehav. Brain Res. (1991) 41:151–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HODGES H, SOWINSKI P, FLEMING P et al.: Contrastingeffects of foetal CA1 and CA3 hippocampal grafts on deficits in spatial learning and working memory in-duced by global cerebral ischaemia in rats. Neuroscience (1996) 72:959–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHNO M, YAMAMOTO T, WATANABE S: Biockatip of 5HT2receptors protects against impairment of working memory following transient forebrain ischaemia in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. (1991) 129:185–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MACKAY KB, BAILEY SJ, KING PD etal.: Neuroprotective effect of recombinant neutrophil inhibitory factor in transient focal ischaemia in the rat. Neurodegeneration (1996). In press.
   Google Scholar
• RINGELSTEIN FB, BINIEK R, WEILI FR C et al.: Type and extent of hemispheric brain infarctions and clinical outcome in early and delayed middle cerebral artery recan2107ation. Neurology (1992) 42:289–298.
   Google Scholar
• JORGENSEN HS, SPERLING B, NAKAYAMA H, RAASCHOU HO, OLSEN TO: Spontaneous reperfusion of cerebral Infarcts in patients with acute stroke. Arch. Neural. (1994) 51:865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARK WM, ZIVIN J: Anti-adhesion molecule mono-clonal antibodies: therapeutic potential in ischaemic stroke. CNS Drugs (1996) 6:90-99. Excellent review of current status of anti-adhesion approaches.
   Google Scholar
• ZHANG RE, CHOPP M, JIANG N et al.: Anti-intercellularadhesion molecule-1 antibody reduces cell death after transient but not permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the Wistar rat. Stroke (1995) 26:1438–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACRAE IM: New models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Br. ••j Clin. Pharmacol. (1992) 34:302-308. Really good review of all the focal MCAO variants.
   Google Scholar
• TAMURA A, GRAHAM DI, MUCCULLOCH J, TEASDALE GM: Focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. L Description of technique and early neuropathological consequences following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1981) 1:53–60.
   Google Scholar
• SHIGENO T, MUCULLOCH J, GRAHAM DI, MENDELOW AD, TEASDALE GM: Pure cortical ischaemia versus striatal ischoernia Circulatory, metabolic and neuropathologic consequences. Surg. Neural. (1985) 24:47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUDGINS VVR, GARCIA JH: Transorbital approach to middle cerebral artery of the squirrel monkey: a tech-nique for experimental cerebral infarction applicable to ultrastructural studies. Stroke (1970) 1:107–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'BRIEN MD, WALTZ AG: Transorbkal approach for occluding the middle cerebral artery without craniec-tomy. Stroke (1973) 4:201–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YAMORI Y, HORIE R, HANDA H, SATO M, FUKASE M: Pathogenic similarity of strokes in stroke-prone spon-taneously hypertensive rats and humans. Stroke (1976) 7:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUNTER AJ, GREEN AR, CROSS AJ: Animal models of acute stroke: can they predict clinically successful neuropro-tective drugs? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1995) 16:123-128. Good review of animal model issues.
   Google Scholar
• LAING RJ, JAKUBOWSKI J, LAING RW: Middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Which method works best? Stroke (1993) 24:297.
   Google Scholar
• SELMAN WR, CRUMRINE RC, RICCI J et al.: Impairment of metabolic recovery with increasing periods of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke (1990) 21:467–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICAPLAN B, BRINE S, TANABE J etal.: Temporal thresholds for neocortical infarction in rats subjected to reversible cerebral ischaemia. Stroke (1991) 22:1032–1039.
   Google Scholar
• FUXE K, KLTROSAWA N, CINTRA A et al.: Involvement oflocal ischnemia in endothelist-1 induced lesions of the neostriatum of the anaesthetised rat. Exp. Brain Res. (1992) 88:131–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHARKEY J, RITCHIE IM, KELLY PAT: Perivascular micro-application of endothelin-1: a new model of focal cere-bral ischaemia in the rat J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1993) 13:865–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAWSON DA, GRAHAM DI, MCCULLOCH J, MACRAE IM: Anti•ischaemic efficacy of a nitric oxide synthase in-hibitor and a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist in models of transient and permanent focal ischaemia. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1994) 113:247-253. Good comparison of techniques, drug effects and the contribution of physiological variables.
   Google Scholar
• SAHER D, WEBER E, LeoND, DA SILVA F, ALLEGRINI PR: The competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 40116 perma-nently reduces brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1995) 15:602–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEADOWS M-E, FISHER M, MINEMATSU K: Delayed treat-ment with a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, CNS-1102, reduces infarct size in rats. Cerebrovasc. Dia. (1994) 4:26–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gam, B, DUVERGER D, BERTIN J et aL: ffenprodil andSL 82.0715 as cerebral anti-ischemic agents. A. Evidence for efficacy in models of focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol. Expt. Therap. (1988) 247(3):1211–1221.
   Google Scholar
• BARONE FC, KNUDSEN DJ, NELSON AH, FEUERSTEIN GZ, WILLEM RN: Mouse strain differences in susceptibility to cerebral ischemia are related to cerebral vascular anatomy. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1993) 13:683-692. Review of mouse strain variants.
   Google Scholar
• BARTUS RT, HAYWARD NJ, ELLIOTT PJ et al.: Calpain Inhibitor AK295 protects neurons from focal brain ischemia - effects of postocclusion intra-arterial ad-ministration. Stroke (1994) 25(11): 2265–2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAILEY SJ, WOOD NI, SAMSON NA et al.: Failure of isradipine to reduce infarct size in mouse, gerbil and rat models of cerebral ischaetnia. Stroke (1995) 26:2177-2183. Good species comparison across models although negative data.
   Google Scholar
• MOLLER A, CHRISTOPHERSEN P, DREJER J etal.: Pharma-cological profile and anti-ischemic properties of the Ca2+ - channel blocker NS-638. Neurol. Res. (1995) 17(5):353–360.
   Google Scholar
• EARLEY B, CANNEY M, CLUNE B et al.: The effects ofMK-801, IfenprodR, JO-1784, J0-1994 and 30-1997 on PK-11195 receptor binding, nitric oxide synthase (NO synthase) activity and infarct volume in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. Neurocbem. Int. (1996) 28(5-0:509–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARA H, HUANG PL, PANAHIAN N et al.: Reduced brainedema and infarction volume in mice lacking the neuronal isoforrn of nitric-oxide synthase after tran-sient MCA ocdusion. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1996) 16(4):605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CH1AMULERA C, TERRON A, REGGIANI A, CRISTOFORI P: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the progressive cerebral damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion In mice. Brain Res. (1993) 606:251-258. Good time course assessment of MCAO model in mouse.
   Google Scholar
• BARONE FC, CLARK RK, PRICE WJ et al.: Neuron-specific enolase increases in cerebral and systemic circulation following focal ischemia. Brain Res. (1993) 623:77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAUTER A, RUDIN M: Strain-dependent drug effects in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. J. Pbarmacol. Exp. Tber. (1995) 274:1008-1013. Good review on strain differences and their effects on efficacy.
   Google Scholar
• RUBINO GJ, YOUNG W: Ischaemic cortical lesions after permant occlusion of individual middle cerebral artery branches in rats. Stroke (1988) 19:870–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOX G, GALLACHER D, SHEVDE S, LOFTUS J, SWAYNE G: Anatomic variation of the middle cerebral artery in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Stroke (1993) 24:2087–2093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEARMAN GT: Effect of the NMDA Antagonist MK-801 In animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia, Chapter 8. In: Cerebrovascular Diseases. Ginsberg MD and Dietrich WD (Eds.), Ravel Press (1989):73–77.
   Google Scholar
• WHITE RF, FEUERSTEIN G, BARONE FC: Chronic isradip-ine administration produces dramatic reductions in rat focal ischaemia. Int. Stroke Soc. 2nd World Congress (1994): S96 TO C–51.
   Google Scholar
• WOOD NI, BENHAM CD, BROWN TH et al.: The effects ofSB206284A, a novel calcium channel antagonist, in two species in a focal model of cerebral ischaemia. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1995) 15(1):S384.
   Google Scholar
• HUNTER AJ, MILKOWSKI NA, WOOD NI, PATEL S, ROTHAUL AC: Fluorozine fails to reduce infarct volume in a novel model of focal ischaemia in the marmoset. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts (1993) 19:673.
   Google Scholar
• WATSON BD, DIETRICH WD, BUSTO R, WACHTELMS M,GINSBERG MD: Induction of reproducible brain in-farction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann. Neurol. (1985) 17:497–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMES MF, BURDETT NG, CARPENTER TA et al.: Marmoset and rat focal ischaemia quantitatively assessed with MRI: equivalence of stroke evolution in models and man. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1995) 15(1)560.
   Google Scholar
• BOWEN WP, WOOD NI, SMITH SJ et al.: Immunolocalisa-tion of calpain I-mediated spectrin proteolysis in a photothrombotic model of focal cortical ischaemia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. (1995) 21:87.
   Google Scholar
• BUCHKREMERRATZMANN I, AUGUST M, HAGEMANN G,WITTE OW: Electrophysiological transcortical di-aschisis after cortical thrombosis in rat brain. Stroke (1996) 27:1105–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORSTING M, REITH W, DORFLER A, MEYDING-LAMADEU, SORTOR K: MRI monitoring of experimental cerebral ischaemia: comparison of two models. Neuroradiology (1994) 36:264–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOSSMANN K-A: Animal models of cerebral ischemia. 1.Review of literature. Cerebrovasc. Dr's. (1991) l\(Suppl. 1):2–15.
   Google Scholar
• MONTALBETTI L, ROZZA A, FAVALLI L etal.: Aminoacidrecovery via microdialysis and photo-induced focal cerebral ischemia in brain cortex of rats. Neuroscience Lett. (Ireland) (1995) 192(3):153–156.
   Google Scholar
• DE RYCK M, VAN REEMPTS J, BORGERS M, WAUQUIER A, JANSSEN PAJ: Photochemical stroke model: flunarizine prevents sensorknotor deficits after neocortical in-farcts in rats. Stroke (1989) 20:1383-1390. Definitive paper of rose bengal technique.
   Google Scholar
• SNARE ME, BALDWIN HA CROSS AJ, GREEN AR: The effects of chlormethiazole and nimodipine on cortical infarct area after focal cerebral ischaeinia in the rat. Neurosci-ence (1993) 53:837–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOD NI, ROTHAUL AL, MEAKIN JE, HUNTER AJ: NBQX reduces lesion volume in model of focal ischaetnia. Br. Pbarmacol. (1993) 108:265P.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEL ZOPPO GJ: Fibrinolytic agents in animal models of cerebrovascular ischaemia. Fibrinolysis (1990) 4\(Suppl. 2):3–7.
   Google Scholar
• MORIKAWA E, GINSBERG MD, DIETRICH D et al.: Thesignificance of brain temperature in focal ischaemia: histopathological consequences of middle cerebral ar-tery occlusion in the rat. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1992) 12:380–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEDERGAARD M: Transient focal ischemia in hyper-glymic rats is associated with increased cerebral in-farction. Brain Res. 408:79–85.
   Google Scholar
• BUSTO R, DIETRICH WD, GLOBUS MY etal.: Small differ-ences in intraischemic brain temperature critically de-termine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1987) 7:729–738.
   Google Scholar
• PATEL PM, DRUMMOND JC, COLE DJ: Induced hyperten-sion during restoration of flow after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: effect on neuronal Injury and edema. Sing. Neurol. (1991) 36(3):195–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHENG D, RONG H, CSERNANSICY CA, HSU CY, CHOI DW:Very delayed infarction after mild focal cerebral is- chemia: a role of apoptosis?" Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1996) 16:195–201.
   Google Scholar
• BARTUS RT, DEAN RL, CAVANAUGH K et al.: Time-relatedneuronal changes following middle cerebral artery occlusion: implications for therapeutic interventions and the role of calpain. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. (1995) 15:969–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARACH S, BENFIELD A, EDELMAN RR: Prolonged evolu-tion of lesion volume in human stroke determined by diffusion weighted MRL Neurology (1995) 45\(Suppl. 4):287.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN HH, LIU HM: A new fluorescent histological marker for isdiemic neurons, EA-50 - correlated with FOS and JUN/AP-1 Immunoreactivky. Histol. Cell Biol. (1996) 105(5):375–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar