Section Review Cardiovascular & Renal: Endothelium and atherosclerosis: monocyte accumulation as a target for therapeutic intervention

References

• ROSS R: The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspec- •tive for the 1990s. Nature (1993) 362:801-809. A thorough review of the role of various cell-types in atherosclerosis.
   Google Scholar
• HATAR DP, NICHOLSON AC: Atherosclerosis. An under-standing of the cellular and molecular basis of the disease promises new approaches for its treatment in the near future. American Scientist (1995) 83(5):460–467.
   Google Scholar
• GRIENDLING KK, ALEXANDER RW: Endothelial controlof the cardiovascular system: recent advances. FASEB J. (1996) 10:283–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIMBRONE MA, Jr., CYBULSKY MI, KUME N, COLLINS T,RESNICK N: Vascular endothelium: an integrator of pathophysiologic stimuli in atherosclerosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1995) 748:122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAXENA U, GOLDBERG IJ: Endothelial cells andatherosclerosis: lipoprotein metabolism, matrix inter- actions, and monocyte recruitment Curr. Opin. Lipidol. (1994) 5:316–322.
   Google Scholar
• FARUQI RM, DICORLETO PE: Mechanisms of monocyte recruitment and accumulation. Br. Heart J. (1993) 69(Supp I.) :S19–529 .
   Google Scholar
• GALIS ZS, SUKHOVA GK, KRANZHOFER R, CLARK S, LIBBY P: Macrophage foam cells from experimental atheroma constitutively produce matrix-degrading proteinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:402–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DICORLETO PE, SOYOMBO AA: The role of the endothe-lium in atherogenesis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. (1993) 4:364–372.
   Google Scholar
• CYBULSKY MI, GIMBRONE JR. MA: Endothelial expres- •sion of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science (1991) 251:788-791. First study to link the recruitment of monocytes during atherogenesis to the expression of a specific endothelial cell-surface protein.
   Google Scholar
• LI H, CYBULSKY MI, GIMBRONE JR. MA, LIBBY P: An atherogenic diet rapidly induces VCAM-1, a cytokine-regulatable mononuclear leukocyte adhesion mole-cule, in rabbit aortic endothelium. Artenbscler. Thromb. (1993) 13(2):197–204.
   Google Scholar
• TANAKA H, SUKHOVA GK, SWANSON SJ etal.: Endothelialand smooth muscle cells express leukocyte adhesion molecules heterogeneously during acute rejection of rabbit cardiac allografts. Am. J. Pathol. (1994) 144(5):938–951.
   Google Scholar
• LIBBY P: Molecular basis of the acute coronary syn-dromes. Circulation (1995) 91:2844–2850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'BRIEN KD, ALLEN MD, MCDONALD TO etal.: Vascularcell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coro-nary atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest. (1993) 92:945–951.
   Google Scholar
• CHARO IF: Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. (1992) 3:335–343.
   Google Scholar
• NELKEN NA, COUGHLIN SR, GORDON D, WILCOX JN: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human athero-matous plaques. J. Clin. Invest. (1991) 88(4):1121–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YLÄ-HERTTUALA S, LIPTON BA, ROSENFELD ME et al.: Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88(12):5252–5256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROLLINS BJ, YOSHIMURA T, LEONARD EJ, POBER JS: Cytokine-activated human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant MCP-1/JE. Am. J. Pathol. (1990) 136:1229–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IADEMARCO MF, BARKS JL, DEAN DC: Regulation ofvascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by IL-4 and TNF-a in cultured endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95:264–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUSHING SD, BERLINER JA, VALE NTE AJ et al.: Minimallymodified LDL induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 In human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1990) 87:5134–5138.
   Google Scholar
• KHAN By, PARTHASARATHY SS, ALEXANDER RW, MED-FORD RM: Modified low density lipoprotein and its constituents augment cytokine-activated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in human vascu-lar endothelial cells J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95:1262–1270.
   Google Scholar
• KUME N, CYBULSKY MI, GIMBRONE MA, Jr.: Lysophos-phatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipopro-teins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endo-thelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 90:1138–1144.
   Google Scholar
• COLLINS T: Biology of disease. Endothelial nuclear fac- •tor-KB and the initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion. Lab. Invest. (1993) 68(5)499-508. A good overview of the role of NFKB in atherosclerosis.
   Google Scholar
• COLLINS T, READ MA, NEISH AS et at: Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: NE-IcB and cytokine-inducible enhancers. FASEB J. (1995) 9:899–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRECK R, ALBERMANN K, BAEUERLE PA: Nuclear factorxll: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Rad. Res. Comm. (1992) 17(4):221–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAEUERLE PA: The inducible transcription activator NF-KB: regulation by distinct protein subunits Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1991) 1072:63–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAEUERLE PA, HENKEL T: Function and activation of NF-tcB in the immune system. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (1994) 12:141–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OFFERMANN MK, MEDFORD RM: Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: a molecular perspective. Heart Disease & Stroke (1994) 3:52–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHRECK R, BAEUERLE PA: A role for oxygen radicals as second messengers. Trends Cell Biol. (1991) 1:39–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHRECK R, RIEBER P, BAEUERLE PA: Reactive oxygen Intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of NF-x13 transcription factor and 11W-i. EMBO J. (1991) 10:2247–2258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRECK R, METER B, MANNEL DN, DROGE W, BAEUERLE PA: Dithiocarbatnates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor KB activation in intact cells. J. Exp. Med. (1992) 175:1181–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARUI N, OFFERMANN MK, SWERLICK R et al.: Vascular ••cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) gene transcriptionand expression are regulated through an antioxidant-sensitive mechanism in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. (1993) 92:1866-1874. First study to provide a link between endothelial cell redox status and VCAM-1 gene expression.
   Google Scholar
• WEBER C, ERL, W, PIETSCH A et at.: Antioxidants inhibit ••monocyte adhesion by suppressing nuclear factor-KB mobilization and induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells stimulated to generate radicals. Arterioscler. Tbromb. (1994) 14(10)1665-1673. This study examined the notion of an endothelial cell enzyme system that generates reactive oxygen species important for VCAM-1 ex-pression.
   Google Scholar
• ZEIHER AM, FISSLTHALER B, SCHRAY-UTZ B, BUSSE R: Nitric oxide modulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cultured human endothe-lial cells. Circ. Res. (1995) 76(6):980–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE CATERINA R, LIBBY P, PENG H-B et at: Nitric oxidedecreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 9660–68.
   Google Scholar
• KHAN By, HARRISON DG, OLBRYCH MT, ALEXANDER RW,MEDFORD EM: Nitric oxide regulates VCAM-1 gene ex-pression and redox-sensitive transcriptional events in human vascular endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996). In press.
   Google Scholar
• GERRITSEN ME, CARLEY WW, RANGES GE et at.: Fla-vono ids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhe-sion protein gene expression. Am. J. Pathol. (1995) 147(2):278–292.
   Google Scholar
• WALE J, HILL RR, FERGUSON E et at.: Selective inhibition ••of tumor necrosis factor-induced vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression by a novel fla-vonoid: lack of effect on transcription factor NFKB. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vast. Biol. (1996). In press. Results from these studies suggest the presence of NFKB activation-independent mechanisms in endothelial cells which could be ex-ploited in pharmacological regulation of VCAM-1 expression.
   Google Scholar
• KOPP E, GHOSH S: Inhibition of NF-xB by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science (1994) 265:956–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBER C, ERL W, PIETSCH A, WEBER PC: Aspirin inhibits nuclear factor-KB mobilization and monocyte adhesion In stimulated human endothelial cells. Circulation (1995) 91(7):1914–1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEBER C, ERL W, PIETSCH A, DANESCH U, WEBER PC:Docosahexaenoic acid selectively attenuates induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and subsequent monocytic cell adhesion to human endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-a. Arterioscler. Thmmb. (1995) 15(5):622–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE CATERINA R, CYBULSKY MI, CLINTON SK, GIMBRONEMA, Jr., LIBBY P: The omega-3 fatty acid docos a-hexaerioate reduces cytokine-induced expression of proatherogenic and proinflammatory proteins in hu-man endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thmmb. (1994) 14(11):1829–1836.
   Google Scholar
• WEBER C, NEGRESCU E, ERL W et al.: Inhibitors of proteintyrosine kinase suppress TNF-stimulated induction of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J. Immunol. (1995) 155:445–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENNETT CF, CONDON TP, GRIMM S, CHAN H, CHIANGM-Y: Inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression with antisense oligonucleotides. J. Immunol. (1994) 152:3530–3540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar